the chemistry of carbon building blocks of life why study carbon? all life (on our planet) is...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Chemistry of CarbonBUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE
![Page 2: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells
◦ ~72% H2O◦ ~25% carbon compounds
◦ Carbohydrates◦ Lipids◦ Proteins◦ Nucleic acids
◦ ~3% salts◦ Na, Cl, K ….
![Page 3: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Organic Chemistry The study of carbon compounds C atoms are versatile building blocks◦4 stable covalent bonds
HHC
H
H
![Page 4: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hydrocarbons Combinations of C & H
◦Nonpolar◦ Not soluble in H2O◦ Hydrophobic
◦Stable◦Very little attraction between molecules
methane(simplest HC)
![Page 6: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Hydrocarbons can grow …
![Page 7: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Isomers Molecules with same molecular formula, but different structures◦ Different chemical properties◦ Different biological functions
6 carbons
6 carbons
6 carbons
It’s the same,but different
![Page 8: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Form affects function Structural differences create important functional significance◦ Amino acid alanine
◦ L-alanine used in proteins◦ D-alanine is not
◦ Medicine◦ L-alanine is active◦ D-alanine is not
◦ Sometimes with tragic results
stereoisomers
![Page 9: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Form affects function Thalidomide
◦ Prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s◦ Reduced morning sickness, but …◦ Stereoisomer caused severe birth defects
Control isomer in production?Evidence shows that body pH
can cause racemizing
![Page 10: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Functional groups generate diversity of molecules Substitute other atoms or groups around the carbon
◦ Ethane vs ethanol◦ H replaced by an –OH◦ Nonpolar becomes polar◦ Gas becomes liquid◦ Different biological effects!
ethane (C2H6) ethanol (C2H5OH)
![Page 11: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Functional groups Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions◦ Give organic molecules distinctive properties
◦ hydroxyl◦ carbonyl◦ carboxyl
Affect reactivity◦ Makes hydrocarbons hydrophilic◦ Increases solubility in water
◦ amino◦ sulfhydryl◦ phosphate
![Page 12: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
It makes a difference! Basic structure of male & female hormones is identical
◦ Identical carbon skeleton◦ Attachment of different functional groups◦ Interact with different targets in the body
◦ Different effects
![Page 13: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hydroxyl -OH
◦ Organic compounds with OH = alcohols◦ Names typically end in –ol
◦ ethanol
![Page 14: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Carbonyl C=O
◦ O double bonded to C◦ If C=O at end of molecule = aldehyde◦ If C=O in middle of molecule = ketone
![Page 15: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Carboxyl -COOH
◦ C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group◦ Compounds with COOH = acids
◦ Fatty acids◦ Amino acids
![Page 16: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Amino -NH2
◦ N attached to 2 H◦ Compounds with NH2 = amines
◦ Amino acids◦ NH2 acts as a base
◦ Ammonia picks up H+ from solution
![Page 17: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sulfhydryl -SH
◦ S bonded to H◦ Compounds with SH = thiols◦ SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins
![Page 18: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Phosphate -PO4
◦ P bonded to 4 O◦ Connects to C through an O◦ Lots of O = lots of negative charge
◦ Highly reactive◦ Transfers energy between organic molecules
◦ ATP, GTP, etc
Becomes important withGel electrophoresis
![Page 19: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Macromolecules The Building Blocks of Life
![Page 20: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules 4 major classes of macromolecules:
◦ Carbohydrates◦ Lipids◦ Proteins◦ Nucleic acids
![Page 21: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain◦ Monomers
◦ Building blocks◦ Repeated small units
◦ Covalent bonds◦ Strong◦ Can store energy
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
Dehydration synthesis
![Page 22: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
How to build a polymer
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
Synthesis◦ Joins monomers by “taking” H2O
out◦ One monomer donates –OH◦ One monomer donates H◦ Together these form H2O
◦ Requires energy & enzymes◦ Called dehydration synthesis,
condensation reaction, or anabolic reaction
enzyme
It requires energy to form
bonds
![Page 23: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
How to break down a polymer Digestion
◦ Use H2O to breakdown polymers◦ Reverse of dehydration synthesis◦ Remove one monomer at a time◦ H2O is split into H and OH
◦ Requires enzymes◦ Releases energy◦ Called hydrolysis, digestion, or
catabolic reaction
H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
enzyme
Breaking upis hard to do!
![Page 24: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Any Questions?
![Page 25: The Chemistry of Carbon BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE Why study Carbon? All life (on our planet) is carbon-based Cells ◦~72% H 2 O ◦~25% carbon compounds ◦Carbohydrates](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032607/56649eda5503460f94be9eed/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
HomeworkCompare the thermal properties of water with those of methane
list, t-chart, venn diagram ….