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MOTIVATION
How we motivate ourselves to take action is one of the keys to long-term success. (Canfield, 2005; Krauss, 2002;
Smith, 2004)
MOTIVATION DEFINED
• motive: a stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a goal
• motivation: an inner state that energizes behavior toward a goal
WHAT MOTIVATES YOU?
Which do you find most inspiring? Why?
AN OVERVIEW OF THEORIESH TT P S : / /
W W W. YO U T U B E . C O M / WATC H ? V = Y 4 F L F 6 X H J U C & L I S T = P L E X D D J SDV _ E 0 7 D Z K GT W X L 6 S S _ I K I U L C UZ
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
• Theories of motivation focus either on internal or external influences on our behavior.• Biological Theories• Drive-reduction theory• Instinct theory• Arousal theory – Yerkes-Dodson Law
• Behavioral Theory• Incentive Theory
• Humanistic Theory• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
• Need: a condition in which we require something we don’t have• Biological: water, food,
sleep• Psychological: self-
esteem, achievement, social approval
NEEDS give rise to DRIVES
DRIVES: forces that motivate us to act
NEEDS & DRIVES
MOTIVATION
biological need for foodhunger = drive
External influences
Internal influences
Theories of motivation focus on either INTERNAL or EXTERNAL
influences on behavior
genetics
Self-actualization
incentives
Cultural expectations
BIO
LOG
ICA
LInstinct Theory
Drive-reduction
Arousal Theory
DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY
• Our behavior is motivated by needs• Needs can by biological & psychological
• Needs give rise to drives: forces that motivate us to act
• We experience a drive based on a need unpleasant tension & we learn to do what we need
to reduce that tension.
DRIVE – REDUCTION THEORY
Our bodies seek homeostasis – an balanced internal state
(reduced tension caused by needs)
Examples: Sweating-An increase in body temperature causes physiological response
Eating-Hunger drive causes you to get a snack.
Applies to many biological drives but
others??
INSTINCT THEORY
instinct: an unlearned, inherited fixed pattern of behavior
theory proposed much of human behavior is controlled by a variety of instincts
Nesting in birds
Crying & sucking reflex in babies
Dogs shaking
off
Sea turtles to sea after hatching
INSTINCT THEORY APPLIED & SHORTCOMINGS
Lorenz and Imprinting
• rapid learning that occurs during a brief period usually right after birth or hatching
• Form of attachment – long lasting
• Konrad Lorenz (ethologist) studied imprinting and geese • 1935 Famous study – showed young
geese could be “imprinted” on anything during 1st few days of life
Problems with Instinct Theory
• Doesn’t explain behavior - ex. human aggressive
behavior is caused by the instinct aggression
* Most behavior “caused” by instincts is actually learned & shaped by experience. (ex. Aggression)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqZmW7uIPW4&feature=related
HUMANISTS: MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS
We are motivated to be our
best.
But need to meet our
lower needs first.
• Your Task: In pairs, review the 5 theories from your homework. •Write a one sentence concise summary of each.•How would each theory explain your drive to SLEEP?
SHARE-PAIR
THE AROUSAL THEORY
Yerkes Dodson LawResearch indicates that animals & people perform best when their nervous system is at an optimum level of arousal
We all have a different need for excitement or arousal, and we are motivated by activities that help us achieve this level.
The “Goldilocks” principle of
motivation – too sleepy OR too
nervous perform poorly…
Motivated to
increase or
decrease levels of arousal
WHAT MOTIVATES YOU?
Your Task:
• http://teachinghighschoolpsychology.blogspot.com/2010/03/motivation-video.html
Create a personal motivational poster and a wordle that describes what motivates you.
COGNITIVE & BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
INTRINSIC & EXTRINSIC MOTIVATORS
Intrinsic motivators: desire to perform well for your own sake, for fun, or because it is interesting to YOU
Extrinsic motivators: desire to perform because of a promised reward or threat of punishment
Research of Deci & Ryan proposed if people extrinsic rewards for behavior people find satisfying less creative & productive
“motivational crowding out”
Deci & Ryan’s research had flaws…if rewarding people extrinsically for doing something they are already motivated to do decreases their productivity...why should anyone receive pay raises, promotions, or bonuses?
Self-determination theory: you can have a combination of both intrinsic & extrinsic motivators at work/school BUT the most satisfying are those that allow you to feel most in control of your behavior
THE MORE AUTONOMY YOU FEEL...THE MORE SELF-DIRECTED YOU ARE
THE MORE SATISFIED YOU’LL BE
If you feel events are controlled by factors outside your self (external)…less satisfied.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ
One way to develop intrinsic motivation: Develop self-control
Another way to develop intrinsic motivation: focus on decision making.
Strategies Including:
Self-affirmation exercises
Focusing on better times
“reflection cards”
Recognize what is and what is not in your control
-Dr. Roy Baumeister
INCENTIVE THEORY
Any stimulus you think has either a positive or negative outcome for you will be an incentive
Value of incentives change over time
Good marketing strategies cause you to want something you neither have nor thought you needed.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJcExcerpt describing a point in Daniel Pink’s book Drive
Think about it: Who controls your fate?
Internality, Chance, and Powerful Others Scale
Your Task: Record the results from the self-test on Internality & Chance.
-Do you agree with results? Why or why not?
-What’s your “take away” from this test?
-How might it relate to your own motivation?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qwd25JV-jnU