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MOTIVATION

How we motivate ourselves to take action is one of the keys to long-term success. (Canfield, 2005; Krauss, 2002;

Smith, 2004)

MOTIVATION DEFINED

• motive: a stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways designed to accomplish a goal

• motivation: an inner state that energizes behavior toward a goal

WHAT MOTIVATES YOU?

Which do you find most inspiring? Why?

AN OVERVIEW OF THEORIESH TT P S : / /

W W W. YO U T U B E . C O M / WATC H ? V = Y 4 F L F 6 X H J U C & L I S T = P L E X D D J SDV _ E 0 7 D Z K GT W X L 6 S S _ I K I U L C UZ

THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

• Theories of motivation focus either on internal or external influences on our behavior.• Biological Theories• Drive-reduction theory• Instinct theory• Arousal theory – Yerkes-Dodson Law

• Behavioral Theory• Incentive Theory

• Humanistic Theory• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

• Need: a condition in which we require something we don’t have• Biological: water, food,

sleep• Psychological: self-

esteem, achievement, social approval

NEEDS give rise to DRIVES

DRIVES: forces that motivate us to act

NEEDS & DRIVES

MOTIVATION

biological need for foodhunger = drive

External influences

Internal influences

Theories of motivation focus on either INTERNAL or EXTERNAL

influences on behavior

genetics

Self-actualization

incentives

Cultural expectations

BIO

LOG

ICA

LInstinct Theory

Drive-reduction

Arousal Theory

DRIVE-REDUCTION THEORY

• Our behavior is motivated by needs• Needs can by biological & psychological

• Needs give rise to drives: forces that motivate us to act

• We experience a drive based on a need unpleasant tension & we learn to do what we need

to reduce that tension.

DRIVE – REDUCTION THEORY

Our bodies seek homeostasis – an balanced internal state

(reduced tension caused by needs)

Examples: Sweating-An increase in body temperature causes physiological response

Eating-Hunger drive causes you to get a snack.

Applies to many biological drives but

others??

INSTINCT THEORY

instinct: an unlearned, inherited fixed pattern of behavior

theory proposed much of human behavior is controlled by a variety of instincts

Nesting in birds

Crying & sucking reflex in babies

Dogs shaking

off

Sea turtles to sea after hatching

INSTINCT THEORY APPLIED & SHORTCOMINGS

Lorenz and Imprinting

• rapid learning that occurs during a brief period usually right after birth or hatching

• Form of attachment – long lasting

• Konrad Lorenz (ethologist) studied imprinting and geese • 1935 Famous study – showed young

geese could be “imprinted” on anything during 1st few days of life

Problems with Instinct Theory

• Doesn’t explain behavior - ex. human aggressive

behavior is caused by the instinct aggression

* Most behavior “caused” by instincts is actually learned & shaped by experience. (ex. Aggression)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqZmW7uIPW4&feature=related

HUMANISTS: MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

We are motivated to be our

best.

But need to meet our

lower needs first.

• Your Task: In pairs, review the 5 theories from your homework. •Write a one sentence concise summary of each.•How would each theory explain your drive to SLEEP?

SHARE-PAIR

THE AROUSAL THEORY

Yerkes Dodson LawResearch indicates that animals & people perform best when their nervous system is at an optimum level of arousal

We all have a different need for excitement or arousal, and we are motivated by activities that help us achieve this level.

The “Goldilocks” principle of

motivation – too sleepy OR too

nervous perform poorly…

Motivated to

increase or

decrease levels of arousal

WHAT MOTIVATES YOU?

Your Task:

• http://teachinghighschoolpsychology.blogspot.com/2010/03/motivation-video.html

Create a personal motivational poster and a wordle that describes what motivates you.

COGNITIVE & BEHAVIORAL THEORIES

INTRINSIC & EXTRINSIC MOTIVATORS

Intrinsic motivators: desire to perform well for your own sake, for fun, or because it is interesting to YOU

Extrinsic motivators: desire to perform because of a promised reward or threat of punishment

Research of Deci & Ryan proposed if people extrinsic rewards for behavior people find satisfying less creative & productive

“motivational crowding out”

Deci & Ryan’s research had flaws…if rewarding people extrinsically for doing something they are already motivated to do decreases their productivity...why should anyone receive pay raises, promotions, or bonuses?

Self-determination theory: you can have a combination of both intrinsic & extrinsic motivators at work/school BUT the most satisfying are those that allow you to feel most in control of your behavior

THE MORE AUTONOMY YOU FEEL...THE MORE SELF-DIRECTED YOU ARE

THE MORE SATISFIED YOU’LL BE

If you feel events are controlled by factors outside your self (external)…less satisfied.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ

One way to develop intrinsic motivation: Develop self-control

Another way to develop intrinsic motivation: focus on decision making.

Strategies Including:

Self-affirmation exercises

Focusing on better times

“reflection cards”

Recognize what is and what is not in your control

-Dr. Roy Baumeister

INCENTIVE THEORY

Any stimulus you think has either a positive or negative outcome for you will be an incentive

Value of incentives change over time

Good marketing strategies cause you to want something you neither have nor thought you needed.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJcExcerpt describing a point in Daniel Pink’s book Drive

Think about it: Who controls your fate?

Internality, Chance, and Powerful Others Scale

Your Task: Record the results from the self-test on Internality & Chance.

-Do you agree with results? Why or why not?

-What’s your “take away” from this test?

-How might it relate to your own motivation?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qwd25JV-jnU