Planning and Designing for CyclistsPeter Leslie – Senior Engineer
By the end of this workshop, candidates will be able to:
1. Discuss current policy and guidance aiding the delivery of cycle infrastructure in Scotland.
2. Identify design principles for planning and designing for cyclists.
3. Explain the basic principles of retrofitting cycle route design into existing infrastructure.
Learning Outcomes
3
By 2020, 10% of all journeys in
Scotland will be by bike.
180km of routes designed and installed
Over 800km reviewed/audited
Loon fae Aberdeen
Change Behaviour
Why was I not on site for the M77 / M74 / AWPR?
Cycle Action Plan for Scotland
Sustrans (Funding)
CSGN - Planning
How would you look to change people towards cycling in Aberdeen?
You - What is your role
New Bridge for Cyclists
Park and Bike
Segregation along the Parkway?
You - What is your role
9
www.satinonline.org
10
Active Travel Design Manuals
Netherlands - Crow – Design manual for bicycle traffic
UK – DFT – Cycle Infrastructure Design Scotland – TS - Cycling By Design 2010
11
Active Travel Design Manuals
UK – TFL – London Design Standards Scotland – TS – Designing Streets
12
Sustrans Publications - Guidelines
Connect 2 and Greenway Design Guide – 2007 The NCN – Guidelines and Practical Details -1997 Making Ways for the Bicycle – 1994 Greenways design guide Audit before payment Practical example
www.sustrans.org.uk/resources
11/04/202313 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Introduction
Presentation Content
• Why Cycling by Design?
• The Evolution of Cycling by Design
• A Tour of the Document
• The Cycle Audit Process
• Summary
14 11/04/2023 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Why Cycling by Design?
11/04/202315 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Trunk Road Cycling Initiative
•Trunk Road Cycling Initiative launched November 1995
•Five Actions Detailed in Office Instruction 3/96
• Trunk Road/NCN Development
• Co-operation with Sustrans
• Redetermination of footways
• A74(M) Cycleway
• Consideration of cyclists in all new schemes
Policy
Led to the Creation of Cycling by Design 1999
11/04/202316 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
CAPS
•Launched June 2010 by Transport Minister
•Contains 17 Actions to Promote Cycling in Scotland
• Skills Development
• The Network
• Delivery
•Multi-agency Approach
Policy
Vision: By 2020, 10% of All Journeys Taken in Scotland by Bike
11/04/202317 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
CAPS
CBD Supports several CAPS actions, but especially:
Action 8: To promote the use of planning policy, access legislation and design guidance to a wide range of professionals; and to promote the outcomes of access legislation in the form of leisure activities.
Outcome 8: More well designed, accessible cycling facilities across Scotland
Policy
CBD is the Design Guidance outlined in CAPS
11/04/202318 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Road Safety
•Cyclists recognised as having less protection if an accident occurs
•Accidents involving vulnerable users including cyclists one of four main accident types
•Action 11: “…improve cycling provision with cycle friendly design”
Policy
11/04/202319 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Scotland PLC Tourism
VisitScotland figures (2003):
• Cycle tourism responsible for 1 million trips to Scotland (8% of all visitors)
• Revenue from cycle tourism: £219 Million
• 50% increase in cycle tourism by 2015
• Scotland is a world leader in mountain biking
• Sustrans National Cycle Network
11/04/202320 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Scotland PLC Tourism
National Cycle Network Trunk Road Network
High Interaction between NCN and Trunk Road Network
11/04/202321 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Designing Streets
• Complements principles
• Encourages direct and coherent routes for cyclists
• Has presumption in favour of cyclists at access controls
• Promotes permeability
• Recognises at low volume/low speed dedicated facilities may not be required
• CBD intended for wider area application, not just residential streets
Policy
CBD Compliments Designing Streets
11/04/202322 Cycling by Design - 2010 Edition
Why Cycling by Design? Policy
Cycling by Design aims to Implement these Policies for Cyclists
Barriers to Cycling
What factors deter you from cycling / cycling more often?
29
7 6 610
26
1012
0
10
20
30
40
50
Dangerfromtraffic
Notenough
roadspace
Lack ofgood
routes
Noaccessto bike
Journeytime too
long
Weather Toophysical
Other
%
Barriers to Cycling
What is the principal factor that deters you from cycling/ cycling more often?
11/04/202323 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Why Cycling by Design? Policy
Infrastructure Related Issues - 49% of Responses Good Quality Design an Imperative!
24 11/04/2023 Cycling by Design - 2010 Edition
Evolution of Cycling by Design
11/04/202325 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Background
• Cycling by Design originally published 1999 as a consultative draft
• Updated June 2010
• Contains information on cyclists’ needs, network planning, geometric standards and cycle audit
• Consideration mandatory on the Trunk Road network
• Commended for use by local authorities and others
Cycling by Design
11/04/202326 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
2010 Update Process
Cycling by Design 1999
Technical ExpertiseCycle Designers, Roads Designers, Accessibility experts, Economists,
Planners, Environmental Consultants, Maintenance experts,
Road Safety Auditors
Disability Discrimination ActTransport Scotland’s Good Practice Guide for Roads
Independent Review Fife Council
City of Edinburgh CouncilGlasgow City CouncilForestry Commission
Sustrans
Good Practice Design Examples
East RenfrewshireClackmannanshireCity of Edinburgh
FifeDumfries & Galloway
Argyll & ButeHighland
Technical GuidanceUK Cycle Design Guidance
(DfT, TfL, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, SESTRANS,
Edinburgh)UK Roads Design Guidance (DMRB, Transport Scotland)
European Cycle Design Guidance (CROW, Malmo, Copenhagen, Danish Cycle
Parking)
Cycling by Design 2010
1999 ConsultationComments received
Cycling by Design
27 11/04/2023 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
A Tour of The Document
11/04/202328 Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Cycling by Design 2010
1. Introduction
2. Planning for Cyclists
3. Geometric Design
4. Traffic Volume & Speed
5. Allocating Carriageway Space
6. Off-Carriageway Facilities
7. Junctions & Crossings
8. Cycle Parking
9. Public Transport Integration
10.Construction & Maintenance
11.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
11/04/202329
Overview
Workshop
• Cyclists’ Needs & Trip Purposes
• Core Design Principles
• Hierarchy of Measures
Review
• Link Specification Guide
• Network Planning Process
Planning for Cyclists
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202330
Hierarchy of Measures Planning for Cyclists
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202331
On or Off Carriageway? Planning for Cyclists
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202332
Network Planning Process Planning for Cyclists
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Skill Level
Skill Level• Novice;• Intermediate; and• Experienced.
Journeys completed by Cyclists
• Neighbourhood• Commuting• School• Day Trips• Touring• Sports
(Based on CBD 2010)
Design Principles
• Coherence – • Door step
• Directness – • Time Saving
• Safety – • Feel Safe
• Comfort – • Surface
• Attractiveness – • Fit Surroundings
11/04/202336
Cycling by Design 2010
1. Introduction
2. Planning for Cyclists
3. Geometric Design
4. Traffic Volume & Speed
5. Allocating Carriageway Space
6. Off-Carriageway Facilities
7. Junctions & Crossings
8. Cycle Parking
9. Public Transport Integration
10.Construction & Maintenance
11.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202337
Overview
Workshop
• Cycle Design Speed
What would you use as a design speed?
Review
• Visibility Parameters
• Alignment
Geometric Design
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202338
Design Speed & Visibility Geometric Design
1.0m(min)
Eye Height2.2m max
Visibility Envelope
Dynamic Sight Distance
1.0m(min)
Eye Height2.2m max
1.0m(min)
2.2m
Eye Height2.2m max
Visibility Envelope
Stopping Sight Distance
Dynamic Sight Distance Stopping Sight Distance
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Design parameter
Network hierarchy
Long distance/ commuter Local access
Design Speed (kph)30 20
Minimum Dynamic Sight Distance (DSD) (m)65 45
Minimum Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) (m)35 25
11/04/202339
Design Speed & Visibility Geometric Design
CycleRoute
Visibility Envelope
Carriageway
Y-Distance(Refer to Table 3.3)
Y-Distance(Refer to Table 3.3)
X-Distance(Refer to Table 3.2)
Junction/Crossing Visibility Splay
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
‘X’ distance (m) Control and Comments
4.0m Cycle route approach to a road – Desirable Minimum
2.0m Cycle route approach to a road – Absolute Minimum
1.0m ‘Jug handle’ crossing* – Absolute Minimum
85th Percentile speed of main road vehicles (kph)
120 100 85 70 60 50 30
Y-Distance (m) * 295 215 160 120 90 70 35
Also Reduced Values for Cycle/Pedestrian Networks in CBD
11/04/202340
Vertical & Horizontal Alignment Geometric Design
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Design parameter
Network hierarchy
Long distance/ commuter Local access
Design Speed (kph) 30 20
Minimum Dynamic Sight Distance (DSD) (m) 65 45
Minimum Stopping Sight Distance (SSD) (m) 35 25
Horizontal alignment Desirable Minimum Radius (m) 25 15
Minimum Bellmouth Radius at junctions (m)
4.0 4.0
Vertical alignment Desirable Minimum Crest (k) 14.1 6.8
Absolute Minimum Crest (k) 5.3 1.3
Sag values are not likely to be a controlling factor at cycle speeds and are, therefore, not specified.
Gradient Desirable Maximum 3% 3%
Absolute Maximum* 7% 7%
Crossfall Absolute Maximum 2.5% 2.5%
11/04/202341
Vertical Alignment - DDA Geometric Design
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Location Gradient
General cycle facility Desirable Maximum 3%
Absolute Maximum 5%7%
Over 5m*Over 10m*
On the immediate approach to priority junctions Absolute Maximum 3%
On the approach ramp to a bridge or subway (7% also requires speed controls)
Desirable Maximum 3%
Absolute Maximum 5%7%
Over 5m*Over 10m*
*DDA Implication – Gradients Above 5% are Considered a Ramp
11/04/202342
Facilities for Disabled People Geometric Design
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Rest Areas on an Off-road Route Rest Areas on a Bridge Structure
11/04/202343
Cycling by Design 2010
1. Introduction
2. Planning for Cyclists
3. Geometric Design
4. Traffic Volume & Speed
5. Allocating Carriageway Space
6. Off-Carriageway Facilities
7. Junctions & Crossings
8. Cycle Parking
9. Public Transport Integration
10.Construction & Maintenance
11.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202344
Overview
• Appropriate Carriageway Conditions
• Traffic Management
• Traffic Calming
• Rural Situations
Traffic Volume & Speed
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202345
Carriageway Conditions Traffic Volume & Speed
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Good Conditions: <3,000 veh/day and <35kph 85th %ile speed
11/04/202346
Traffic Management Traffic Volume & Speed
1.5m Desirable Minimum1.2m Absolute Minimum
Tw
o way road
1.5m Desirable Minimum1.2m Absolute Minimum
Build-out may be provided to preventparked cars obstructing cyclists.
Various features may be used tocreate road closures:- Extended footway- Landscape planters/tree planting- Permanent and lockable bollards- Emergency gates
Diag No.955Diag No.616
Bollards
Diag No.616Diag No.955
1.5m Desirable Minimum1.2m Absolute Minimum
Build-out may be provided toprevent gap being obstructed by
parked cars.Bollards
Bollards
Minor Road Closure
False One-way Street
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Presumption Cyclists Exempt from Access Restrictions & One Way Streets
11/04/202347
Traffic Calming Traffic Volume & Speed
Central Island Pinch Point
1.5m desirable min1.2m absolute min
Segregation kerb of min 0.5m widthto prevent vehicles encroaching oncycle lane.
Crossing pointwhere appropriate
CycleLane
1.5m desirable min1.2m absolute min
CycleLane
Clearance strip of min 0.5mwidth to discourage
encroachment on cycle lane
Verge marker postVerge marker post
3.0m
Verge marker posts
Verge marker posts
W
A
Verge marker posts
Verge marker posts
Chicane
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Desirable Min 1.5m, Absolute Min 1.2m – But don’t forget the Gullies!
11/04/202348
Rural Situations Traffic Volume & Speed
Road closure or gate. Gatecan be left locked or unlocked.
Field Access
Signs and combinations of signs to be used forrestricted access to roads. Further options include:
- Weight/width restrictions- "unfit for Motor Traffic" sign- "Road Closed...Miles Ahead" sign- "Gated Road" sign
1.2m min1.5mpreferredmax.
Optionalcattle grid
Diag No. 619 Diag No. 816
Diag No. 620 Diag No. 954.4
Typical Restricted Access Plan
Typical Gated Road Closure
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202349
Cycling by Design 2010
Introduction
1. Planning for Cyclists
2. Geometric Design
3. Traffic Volume & Speed
4. Allocating Carriageway Space
5. Off-Carriageway Facilities
6. Junctions & Crossings
7. Cycle Parking
8. Public Transport Integration
9. Construction & Maintenance
10.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202350
Overview
Workshop
• Cycle Lanes
Width of Lanes?
• Kerb Segregated Cycle Lanes
Two Way verus One Way
• Bus Lanes
Width?
• Cycle Lanes at Bus Stops
Design out the issue
Carriageway Space
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202351
Cycle Lanes Carriageway Space
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202352
Cycle Lanes Carriageway Space
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Standard Width (m) Comments
Maximum Width 2.5*Lanes of this width should be used where cycle flows are expected to be >150 cycles/ peak hour and therefore cycles overtaking within the lane can be expected.
Desirable Minimum Width 2.0*The minimum width that should be considered for a cycle lane with width for cyclists to pass each other.
Absolute Minimum Width 1.5**The running width of the lane should be free from obstructions such as debris and unsafe gullies.
* Cycle lanes over 2.0m wide in areas of car parking may attract drivers to park in them. Physical barriers, mandatory lane markings or parking and loading restrictions can prevent this.
** Lane widths narrower than 1.5m can present a hazard to cyclists and motor vehicle drivers. Only in exceptional circumstances should widths down to 1.0m be considered where it is safe to do so – for example where stationary traffic blocks the route to an advance stop line and the proposed lane is safe from obstructions such as gullies.
Similar Tables also Provided for Contraflow and Kerbed Cycle Lanes
Diag. 1040.4 hatching.1 in 10 taper
Refer to Table 5.2
Diag 1024(1600 high)
Diag.1004
Diag. 1057 at regular intervalsover length of parking bays
Colouredsurfacing
Parking bays
Parking bays
Refer to Table 5.3
Footway
Footway
11/04/202353
Cycle Lanes Carriageway Space
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
StandardWidth
(m)Comments
Desirable Minimum
1.0*Ensures that a cyclist does not need to deviate if a car door is opened fully.
Absolute Minimum
0.5
Will require a cyclist to deviate within the cycle lane if a car door is opened. The cycle lane width in this case should be at least 1.5m, otherwise the cyclist will need to leave the cycle lane to avoid collision.
* Where required, a clearance strip of 1.5m will permit access for disabled people, without affecting cyclists using an adjacent lane.
11/04/202354
Dealing with Bus Stops Carriageway Space
Nominal footprint ofbus shelter 4.0m x 1.05m.
Mandatorycycle lane
Advisorycycle lane
Mandatorycycle lane
Back offootway Nominal 12m
Bus Layby
Nominal footprint ofbus shelter 4.0m x 1.05m
2m desirable min(1.5m absolute min)
Kerb-faceinlet gullies
Refer toTable 5.2
Footway
Tactile Paving& Drop kerbs
Tactile Paving& Drop kerbs
Mandatorycycle lane
Mandatory cycle lane
Back of footway
Refer toTable 5.2
Access kerb & transitionsNominal 7.6m
Nominal footprint ofbus shelter 4.0m x 1.05m.
ramp1.8m
ramp1.8m
Mandatorycycle lane
Mandatorycycle lane
0.5m
ramp3.6m
ramp3.6m
0.5m
Kerb faceinlet gullies
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Guidance on On/Off-Street Transitions also Given
11/04/202355
Bus Lanes Carriageway Space
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Standard Width (m) Comments*
Optimal Width 4.6
This width allows a bus to pass a cyclist within the bus lane. A 1.5m wide advisory cycle lane may be provided within the bus lane if considered desirable.
Desirable Minimum Width
4.25
Although a bus is still able to pass a cyclist within the bus lane, safe passing width is affected and this width of lane should only be provided over short distances. A 1.2m wide advisory cycle lane may be provided within the bus lane if desirable.
Absolute Minimum Width
4.0
An Absolute Minimum width of 4.0m allows cyclists to pass stopped buses within the bus lane but may encourage unsafe overtaking of cyclists by buses, particularly where the adjacent traffic lane has queuing traffic.
Limiting Width 3.0 – 3.2
The width of the bus lane to prevent overtaking within the lane itself. A bus will be required to straddle adjacent lanes to pass a cyclist, thereby encouraging safe overtaking.
Lane Widths between 3.2m and 4m Should be Avoided
11/04/202356
Cycling by Design 2010
1. Introduction
2. Planning for Cyclists
3. Geometric Design
4. Traffic Volume & Speed
5. Allocating Carriageway Space
6. Off-Carriageway Facilities
7. Junctions & Crossings
8. Cycle Parking
9. Public Transport Integration
10.Construction & Maintenance
11.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202357
Overview
• Principles
• Cycleways
• Cycle Paths
• Vehicle Restricted Areas
• Access Controls
Off-Carriageway Facilities
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202358
When to Segregate? Off-Carriageway Facilities
1000 peds/hr/metre width (0.2 peds/m length/m width)
50m length
2mwidth
Based on a walking pace of 5km / hr
500 peds/hr/metre width (0.1 peds/m length/m width)
300 peds/hr/metre width (0.06 peds/m length/m width)
200 peds/hr/metre width (0.04 peds/m length/m width)
100 peds/hr/metre width (0.02 peds/m length/m width)
50m length
50m length
50m length
50m length
2mwidth
2mwidth
2mwidth
2mwidth
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Combined density (users/hr/m)*
Recommended arrangement
< 100 Shared use is usually appropriate (cycles give way).
101 – 199 Segregation may be considered.
> 200 Segregation should be considered.
11/04/202359
Segregated Cycleways Off-Carriageway Facilities
Carriageway
2.4m
2.4m
2.4m
Fo
otp
ath
SegregatedCycleway
0.8m 0.8m
Shared Cyclepath
Reminder tactilearea
'Start' and 'End'tactile area
2.4m
SegregatedCyclepath
Tramline tactile Ladder tactile
Max 50mmvertical kerb
SEGREGATED BY KERB
SEGREGATED BY CENTRALDELINEATOR STRIP (NOTE 2)
SEGREGATED BY VERGEPedestrians
OnlyCycles Only1.0m
Verge
Cycles Only
Cycles Only
PedestriansOnly
PedestriansOnly
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202360
Shared Cycleways Off-Carriageway Facilities
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Facility Width (m) Comments
Segregated cycleway or cyclepath
One way cycles only Desirable Minimum
2.0 Operates satisfactorily for one-way flows of up to 150 cycles per hour with minimal overtaking anticipated.
Absolute Minimum
1.5 The running width required that is free from obstructions such as debris, gullies, line markings and street furniture.
Two way cycles only Desirable Minimum
3.0 Operates satisfactorily for two-way flows up to 300 cycles per hour.
Absolute Minimum
2.0* Operates satisfactorily for two-way flows of up to 200 cycles per hour free from obstructions such as debris, surface gullies, line markings and street furniture.
Pedestrian only space
Desirable Minimum
2.0 The minimum width in normal circumstances to permit unobstructed passage by opposing wheelchairs.
Absolute Minimum
1.5 Acceptable over short distances in specifically constrained environments, such as at bus stops or where obstacles are unavoidable (Transport Scotland 2009).
Shared cycleway or cyclepath
Pedestrian and cycle space
Desirable Minimum
3.0 Typically regarded as the minimum acceptable for combined flows of up to 300 per hour.
Absolute Minimum
2.0** Can operate for combined flows of up to 200 per hour but will require cycles and pedestrians to frequently take evasive action to pass each other.
* Widths as low as 1.5m may be acceptable over short distances where there is no alternative.** In particularly constrained situations or for combined flows of less than 100 per hour, a width of 1.5m may be considered over short distances
where no alternative is available.
Guidance also Provided for Clearances to Fixed Objects
11/04/202361
Cyclepaths Off-Carriageway Facilities
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202362
Access Controls Off-Carriageway Facilities
Preferably two gaps
1.5m Preferred maxGap 1.2m absolute min
Lockable/removablebollard for maintenance
3.0m desirable min
Note: Rider meets barrier on left hand side first
2.0m desirable min1.5m absolute min
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202363
Cycling by Design 2010
1. Introduction
2. Planning for Cyclists
3. Geometric Design
4. Traffic Volume & Speed
5. Allocating Carriageway Space
6. Off-Carriageway Facilities
7. Junctions & Crossings
8. Cycle Parking
9. Public Transport Integration
10.Construction & Maintenance
11.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202364
Overview
• Crossing Assessment
• At Grade Junctions & Crossings
• Grade Separated Junctions & Crossings
Junctions & Crossings
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202365
At-Grade Crossing - Urban Junctions & Crossings
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Diag No.956
Diag No.956
Build-out
Foot
way
Coloured surface preferred
Min 10m
Diag No.950Note: Distance plate DiagNo.572 may be applied.
Diag No.950
Extent of warningcontrasting colour
treatment
CyclepathCyclepath
Reflective bollards
Foot
way
Buff coloured blister tactile
Dimensions for Central Islands also Provided
11/04/202366
At-Grade Crossing - Rural Junctions & Crossings
Diag No.956
Verge
Diag No.956
Verge
Rumble strips(15mm height, verticalface not to exceed 6mm)
High Friction Surfacing(black calcined bauxite)should only be used onroads with speed limits> 40mph
Edge of carriageway marking
Diag No.1012.1(width of line 150mm)
Diag No.950 with supplementaryplate to diagram No. 950.1
XXX ydscrossingCycles
55m
XXX ydscrossingCycles
Diag No.950 with supplementaryplate to diagram No. 950.1
XXX ydscrossingCycles
XXX ydscrossingCycles
Diag No.950 with supplementaryplate to diagram No. 950.1
Diag No.950 with supplementaryplate to diagram No. 950.1
2.5mabsoluteminimum
ChicaneRefer to Note 1
5.75m min
10m
Admiral™ or similarspecification bollards
Buff coloured blister tactile
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
Diag No.956
Drop kerb at crossing pointto be flush with carriageway.
Variable width
Verge
Diag No.956
10m desirable minimum
3.0m min
ChicaneRefer to Note 1
2.5m a
bsolute min
.
Min 10.0m
Extent of warningcontrasting colour
treatment
Min 5.0m
Diag No.950 with supplementaryplate to diagram No. 950.1
CyclescrossingXXX yds
CyclescrossingXXX yds
Buff coloured blister tactile
specification bollardsWhite Admiral™ or similar
11/04/202367
At-Grade Crossing - Dual Junctions & Crossings
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202368
Side Road Crossings Junctions & Crossings
Buff coloured blister tactile Diag No.956
3.0m desirable minimum
Diag No.956
Diag No.602
Absolute min 2.5m(Refer to note 1)
Diag No.950Note: Distance plate DiagNo.572 may be applied.
Restrict on-street parkingto ensure visibility
Bendout
Diag 610Illuminated Bollard
(Refer to note 2)
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202369
Roundabouts Junctions & Crossings
a) COMPACT ROUNDABOUTFOR USE BY MIXED TRAFFIC
Central overrun areamay be provided
Single lane entry andexit width (4.25m)
Narrow circulatinglane width (5-7m)
Toucan crossing(staggered)
Segregated cyclewayfacility
Priority crossing
Cycle lanes
Shared cycleway
b) ROUNDABOUT WITHCYCLEWAYS
ICD range of 25m-35m
Entry and exits are perpendicularto the centre of roundabout
Central island diameterrange of 16-25mm
Minimal flares on entries
It is recommended that the cyclewayshould be two-way wherever possible.
Red colouredblister tactile
Buff coloured blister tactile
Ladder tactile
For transitions referto Figure 6.8
Ladder tactile
Tramline and ladder tactiles toindicate segregated cycleway
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202370
Grade Separation Junctions & Crossings
Pedestrians Cycles
Central delineator strip
1.4m
FIGURE 7.17A : NEW BRIDGE SECTION
3.0m min two way2.0m min one way 0.5m Clearance where practical
(Refer to Table 6.3)
Shared cycleway
FIGURE 7.17B : EXISTING ROAD BRIDGE SECTION
Existing parapets should be retained subjectto safety audit and monitoring
Where required, consideration shouldbe given to reducing carriageway lanewidths in order to widen the cycleway.
(Refer to Table 6.2) (Refer to Table 6.2 and 6.3)
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202371
Cycling by Design 2010
1. Introduction
2. Planning for Cyclists
3. Geometric Design
4. Traffic Volume & Speed
5. Allocating Carriageway Space
6. Off-Carriageway Facilities
7. Junctions & Crossings
8. Cycle Parking
9. Public Transport Integration
10.Construction & Maintenance
11.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202372
Planning for Cycle Parking
• Basic Requirements
• User Requirements
• Demand and Capacity Requirements
Cycle Parking
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
11/04/202373
Location & Access
• Proximity to Destinations
• Security
• On-street/Off-Street
Cycle Parking
Cycling by Design – A User’s Guide
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Detailed Design Cycle Parking
Sheffieldstands
1.8m Absoluteminimumclearance
0.9m
1.2m Desirable Min1.0m Absolute Min
0.6m Desirable Min0.5m Absolute Min
2.0m Desirable Min1.8m Absolute Min
2.0m Desirable Min1.8m Absolute Min
0.9m
2.5m Desirableminimumclearance
1500mm
1500mm
Parallel Configuration
150
0m
m
In Line Configuration
Recommended 1500mm access aisles around three sides of units.
Note: All dimensions are in millimetres
650mm 900mm typ. 1500mm
190
0m
m1
50
0m
m1
50
0m
m
Unit height : 1400mmDoor Opening : /50mmDoor Arcs : 95°
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Cycling by Design 2010
1. Introduction
2. Planning for Cyclists
3. Geometric Design
4. Traffic Volume & Speed
5. Allocating Carriageway Space
6. Off-Carriageway Facilities
7. Junctions & Crossings
8. Cycle Parking
9. Public Transport Integration
10.Construction & Maintenance
11.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
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Overview
• Importance of Integration
• Bike and Ride
• Cycle Carriage
• Public Cycle Hire
Public Transport
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Integration
• Links to Rail Stations
• Parking at Stations
• Buses, Coaches & Ferries
• Cycle Hire Schemes
Public Transport
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Cycling by Design 2010
1. Introduction
2. Planning for Cyclists
3. Geometric Design
4. Traffic Volume & Speed
5. Allocating Carriageway Space
6. Off-Carriageway Facilities
7. Junctions & Crossings
8. Cycle Parking
9. Public Transport Integration
10.Construction & Maintenance
11.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
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Overview
• Sustainability
• Construction within Carriageway
• Construction outwith Carriageway
• Lighting
• Maintenance Regime
Construction/Maintenance
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Cycleway Construction/Maintenance
Fall=2.5%
Surface Course
Binder Course
Subbase
300x100mm Class ST 1concrete kerb foundation and haunch
200x50mm flat-toppedP.C heel kerb, laid flush
FORMATION
Kerb detail asrequired
375x150mm Class ST1concrete kerb foundation
and haunch
Typical road drainageRefer to note ii
Margin. (refer to note iii)
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Rural Cyclepath Construction/Maintenance
Minimum 60mm deep layer of DBM(14mm stone). Path to have minimum
2.5% camber on dismantled railway, fallto suit tie-ins at disused road.
2500mm Shared cyclepath
Formation to be sprayed with approvednon-toxic weedkiller
Minimum 100mm deep sub-base ofType 1, compacted to refusal.
Use additional Type 1 to blind off anyexposed geotextile, and build up edgeof path. Difference between level ofpath edge and verge to be between40mm and 60mm.
Desirable width of soft verge 500m
Geotextile
3500mm
500mm
Absolute minimum width of Type 1verge to be 300mm. Desirableminimum width to be 500mm.
FORMATION
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Maintenance - Sweeping Construction/Maintenance
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Maintenance - Cutting Construction/Maintenance
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Cycling by Design 2010
1. Introduction
2. Planning for Cyclists
3. Geometric Design
4. Traffic Volume & Speed
5. Allocating Carriageway Space
6. Off-Carriageway Facilities
7. Junctions & Crossings
8. Cycle Parking
9. Public Transport Integration
10.Construction & Maintenance
11.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
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Trunk Road Audit Process Cycle Audit Overview
• Cycle Audit part of wider audit process on Trunk Roads
• Road Safety Audits and Accessibility Audits also undertaken
• Key Principle – Designers design, Auditors audit
• Audits to advise Designers/Project Sponsor of issues for consideration
• Final decisions on priorities taken by the Designer/Project Sponsor, not the Auditors
• Audits need to be seen in the context of the scheme as a whole
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Avoiding Imbalanced Needs Cycle Audit Overview
Source: David Owen / Warrington Cycle Campaign
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Audits in Scotland
The objectives of Cycle Audit are as follows:
• To ensure that the current and future needs of cyclists within a scheme are recognised and developed;
• To ensure that the infrastructure provided for cyclists is in accordance with current best practice; and
• To ensure that there are no elements of infrastructure within a scheme that will endanger or unnecessarily impede cyclists or other users.
Cycle Audit Overview
Key Objective – Meeting the Needs of Cyclists
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Roles & ResponsibilitiesProject Sponsor • Key responsibility: approval• Agreeing the terms of reference for the scheme• Providing appropriate background information • Approves proposed Design Team Cycle Auditor
Design Team Leader • Key responsibility: facilitation. • Ensure that the objectives of the scheme are fully understood by
team• Ensures audit findings process flows through to the design itself• Proposes the Design Team Cycle Auditor
Design Team Cycle Auditor • Key responsibility: to set cycling objectives and audit design
against them• Consults with stakeholders, analyses & gathers of background data• Available to discuss issues and advise design team – a continuous
process
Cycle Audit Overview
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Process Overview
Objective Setting and Context Report
Cycle Audit in Action
Preliminary Design Audit (Stage 1 Cycle Audit)
Detailed Design Audit (Stage 2 Cycle Audit)
Post-Construction Audit(Stage 3 Cycle Audit)
Progression from Each Stage only after Project Sponsor Approval
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Context Report
• Undertaken before design commences
• Aim: to provide designers with an understanding of cyclists’ needs
• Review trip patterns
• Generators/attractors
• User characteristics
• Opportunities and constraints
• Consult with stakeholders
• Define scheme objectives
Cycle Audit in Action
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S1 & S2 Design Audits
• Undertaken at key points in design process
• Aim: to check that design meets with defined objectives
• Demonstrate to Project Sponsor that cyclists’ needs are being met
• Check compliance with current best practice
• Highlight scheme constraints where limitations may apply for consideration
Cycle Audit in Action
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Post Construction Audit
• Undertaken once scheme in use
• Aim: check the detail
• Have objectives been met in practice?
• How are cyclists using the scheme?
• Is the route clear as expected?
• Is the quality of infrastructure right?
• Did anything change during construction?
• Are Improvements Possible?
Cycle Audit in Action
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Cycling by Design 2010
1. Introduction
2. Planning for Cyclists
3. Geometric Design
4. Traffic Volume & Speed
5. Allocating Carriageway Space
6. Off-Carriageway Facilities
7. Junctions & Crossings
8. Cycle Parking
9. Public Transport Integration
10.Construction & Maintenance
11.Cycle Audit System
Appendices
Document Tour
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Appendix A
• Details key features of principal legislation
• Roads (Scotland) Act
• Road Traffic Regulation Act
• Town & Country Planning (Scotland) Act
• Land Reform (Scotland) Act
• Disability Discrimination Acts 1995 and 2005
• Equality Act 2010
Appendices
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Appendix B
• General design principles on signs and markings
• Sign sizes
• Avoiding ambiguity and coherence
• Legislation and guidance
• Examples
Appendices
Diag No 955Route for use by pedal cycles only
Diag No 956Route for use by pedal cycles
and pedestrians only
Diag No 957Route comprising two ways, separatedby the marking shown in Diag No. 1049or 1049.1 or by physical means, for useby pedal cycles only and by pedestrians
Diag No 958With-flow bus lane ahead
Diag No 958.1With-flow cycle lane ahead
Diag No 956With-flow bus lane which pedal cycles may
also use. Note: Any vehicle may enter the buslane to stop, load or unload where this is
not prohibited
Diag No 959.1With-flow cycle lane
Diag No 960Contra-flow bus lane.
Note: Any vehicle may enter thebus lane to stop, load or unload
where this is not prohibited.(Cycle symbol may be added
below the bus symbol)
Diag No 960.1Contra-flow cycle lane
Diag No 962.1Cycle lane on road at junction
ahead or cycle track crossing roadDiag No 963.1
Cycle lane with traffic proceeding from right(Sign for pedestrians)
Diag No 952.1Cycle lane on road at junction
ahead or cycle track crossing road
Diag No 962.2Contra-flow bus lane which pedalcycles may also use on road at
junction ahead
Diag No 968Parking for pedal cycles
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Evolution of Cycling By Design Beyond 2010 Edition
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Beyond CBD 2010
• Account will be taken of future legislation/design changes
• Learning from implementation
• Comments welcomed from users of the document, cycling groups and individuals
• Document will evolve over time
• Acknowledgement that UK research base limited
• Further research may be undertaken
Evolution
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Summary
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Summary
• CBD 2010 incorporates changes to legislation, latest best practice and stakeholder comment
• Document includes simpler navigation; more focus on guidance rather than policy
• Clearer definitions and emphasis on cyclist needs
• Cycle Audit system - an objective led approach
• Complements Other Scottish Government Policy
• Requirement on Trunk Roads
• Commended to others
• Understanding needs is key to success
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Are we different from the market leaders
CROW vs CBD?
101
Cycling Scotland 2012 Conference
Think Bike Workshop
102
How to design Bicycle facilitiesSafety
Attractiveness
Directness
Cohesion
Comfort
5 mainrequirements
103
Sustainable Safety
Function, form and usein balance, from road
safety point of view
function: use of the road as intended by the road authoritydesign: the physical design and layout properties of the infrastructureuse: actual use of the infrastructure and behaviour of the road user
Functionof road
Designof road
Useof road
104
Road categorization Through roads: Long distance traffic Distributor roads: Connects areas Access roads: Access to properties Urban area: Distributor road Access road
Consequences:• Network• Routes
• Sections• Junctions
105
1970’s: Turning point
Workshop - What changed their mind?
106
Space
107
Traffic lights at National Museum:
± 20 cars in 40 seconds
> 50 cyclists in 10 seconds
Time
108
109
How to design Network
110
Single lane roundabout:
Outside build-up areaPriority to cars
Multi lane roundabout:
Junction / crossing
111
112
Bicycle is King
A81
TP&E 2013/14 - Initial Design (Funding)
Design - Issues• Car Parking • Residential
• Railway Stations• Shop - Hubs• Side Roads
• Existing Design (Monoblock)• Driveways
• Drainage (Cost)• White Lining (Removal)
• Existing Surface
Review Segregation
Question – What type of segregation?
TP&E 2013/14 - Initial Design (Funding)
Review Segregation
What type? Segregation (Recent)
1) Ireland – Design Manual2) London
3) Barcelona4) Glasgow
Design Considerations
·Bus Corridor (3.2m)·Development (Cala and Waitrose)·Segregated Cycle Infrastructure ·Behaviour Change·Local Hub Design (Kessington and Hillfoot)·Links with existing network·Residential Car Parking·Junction Capacity
Considered during Initial Design• Cost • Drainage• Underground Services – Water
Workshop
Which segregation and why
What would you do at the hubs? Shared Space / Segregation?
What would you do at driveways?
120
Route Objectives
1. Remove Physical Barrier2. Segregated Facility
3. Quality Infrastructure – Central Station – Destination
4. Deprived Area5. Active Travel and Route Connections
121
Existing Route - Characteristics
Town CentreGrid Plan
Main East / West LinksOrigin / Destination
Route set by Bridge and Station
122
Workshop - On Road Design
Waterloo Street
One Way Street – Towards M8
3 Travelling Lanes – Bus Stops/RouteNorth Side of Street – Horizontal Parking
123
Workshop – On Road Design
On Road Designs – Split into your groups and discuss the provisions including the width of cycle facility you would install on Waterloo Street:
124
125
Workshop
Junctions and Crossings
126
Workshop - Crossing
Waterloo Street
Side Road Entrances
Pedestrians
The floor is open to you to question or discuss any of the topics we’ve discussed
Thank You