Transcript
Page 1: 1975.09.09 - Stefan Marinov - The Second-Order Effects in the Rotating Disk Experiment

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International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 15, No. 11 (1976), pp. 829-840

T h e S e c o n d - O r d e r E f f ec t s i n t h e " R o t a t in g D i s k "

E x p e r i m e n t

S T E F A N M A R I N O V

Laboratory .for Fu ndam ental Physical Problems, ul. E lin Pelin 22,

Sofia 1421, Bulgaria

Received. 9 Septem ber 1975

A b s t r a c t

We find the second-order in v/e effects in the fo ur different modifications o f the "rota tingdisk" experiment whose first-order effects have been analyzed and the experimental resultsobtain ed by us repor ted in another paper. Th e differences between o ur absolute space-timetheo ry and the Newtonian ether theory are within effects of second order in vie. W epropose experiments fo r the measurement of the second-order effects on the "ro tatingdisk" that can be considered as experimenta erucis between both theories.

1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n

W e h a v e d e d i c a t e d e a r li e r p a p e r s t o t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e f i r s t - o r d e r i n v /c

e f f e c t s i n t h e " r o t a t i n g d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 5 a , 1 9 7 6 a , 1 9 7 6 b ) .I n M a r i n o v ( 1 9 7 6 a ) w e g iv e t h e a c c o u n t o f t h e d i s r u p t e d " r o t a t i n g d i s k " e x p e r i -

m e n t a n d i n M a r in o v ( 1 9 7 6 b ) o f t h e H a r r es s - M a r i n o v a n d H a r r e s s - F i z e a u e x p er i-

m e n t s , p e r f o r m e d r e c e n t l y b y u s . A l l t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s , a s w e l l a s t h e " c o u p l e d -

m i r r o r s " e x p e r i m e n t ( M a f i n o v, 1 9 7 4 b , 1 9 7 6 c ) , w i t h w h o s e h e l p w e ha v e m e a s u re c

f o r th e f i r s t t i m e i n h i s t o r y t h e E a r t h ' s a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y , s h o w t h a t t h e

v e l o c i t y o f l i gh t is d i r e c t i o n d e p e n d e n t i n a n y f r a m e m o v i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o

a b s o l u t e s p a c e . W i t h i n e f f e c t s o f f ir s t o r d e r i n v / c t h i s d e p e n d e n c e i s t h e s a m e

a s t h a t p r e d i c t e d b y t h e N e w t o n i a n e t h e r t h e o r y .

H o w e v e r , o u r a b s o l u t e s p a c e - t im e t h e o r y ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 5 b ) le a d s t o e f f e c t s

o f s e c o n d o r d e r i n v / c t h a t d i f f e r f r o m t h o s e p r e d i c t e d b y t h e e t h e r t h e o r y .

I n th i s p a p e r w e s h a ll s h o w w h i c h a r e t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c ts in t h e " r o t a t i n g

d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t a c c o r d i n g t o o u r c o n c e p t i o n s . B e f o r e ta c k l in g t h is p r o b l e m

w e s ha ll f i n d b y th e h e l p o f o u r " h i t c h - h i k e r " m o d e l ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 4 a ) t h e

v e l o c i t y o f l i g ht i n a m e d i u m t h a t r e st s i n a b s o l u t e s p a ce i f th i s v e l o c i t y i s

m e a s u r e d i n a f r a m e ( i. e. , b y a n o b s e r v e r ) m o v i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o a b s o l u t e

s p a c e .

© 1 9 7 7 P l e n u m P u b l i s h i n g C o r p . , 2 2 7 W e st 1 7 t h S t r e e t , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . 1 0 0 1 1 . T o p r o -m o t e f r e e r a c c e s s t o p u b l i s h e d m a t e r i a l i n t h e s p i r it o f t h e t 9 7 6 C o p y r i g h t L a w , P l e n u ms e ll s r e p r i n t a r t i c le s f r o m a l l i t s j o u r n a l s . T h i s a v a i l ab i l i ty u n d e r l i n e s t h e f a c t t h a t n o p a r to f t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d , s t o r e d i n a r e t r ie v a l s y s t e m , o r t r a n s m i t t e d , i n a n yf o r m o r b y a n y m e a n s , e l e c t r o n i c , m e c h a n i c a l , p h o t o c o p y i n g , m i c r o f i l m i n g , r e c o r d i n g , o r

o t h e r w i s e , w i t h o u t w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e p u b l i s h e r . S h i p m e n t i s p r o m p t ; r a t e p e r

a r t i c l e i s $ 7 . 5 0 .8 2 9

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830 STEFAN MARINOV

2. Velocity o f Light in a Medium at Rest Measured by a Moving Observer

I n M a r i n o v ( 1 9 7 4 a ) w e h a ve f o u n d t h e v e l o c i t y o f l ig h t i n a m e d i u m t h a t

m o v e s a t v e l o c i t y v i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e m e a s u r e d b y a n o b s e r v e r w h o is a t r e s t.

N o w w e s h a ll f in d t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g ht i n a m e d i u m t h a t r e s t s in a b s o l u t e

s p a c e m e a s u r e d b y a n o b s e r v e r w h o m o v e s a t v e l o c i t y v . T h e t h e o r y o f

r e l a t i v i t y c a n n o t m a k e s u c h a d i s t i n c t i o n b e c a u s e fo r t h is t h e o r y o n l y t h e

r e l a ti v e v e l o c i t y b e t w e e n t h e m e d i u m a n d t h e o b s e r v e r is o f i m p o r t a n c e .

O u r a b s o l u t e s p a c e - t im e t h e o r y c a n p o s e t h is p r o b l e m a n d r e s o lv e i t , a n d , a s

w e ha v e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y e s t a b l is h e d (M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 b ) , e x p e r i e n c e h a s

s p l e n d i d l y v e r i fi e d o u r p r e d i c t i o n s .

T h u s l e t t h e r e b e ( s e e F ig u r e i ) a m e d i u m w i t h r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x n t h a t i s a t

r e s t in a b s o l u t e s p a c e a n d i n w h i c h l ig h t p r o p a g a t e s a l o n g a d i r e c t i o n t h a t

m a k e s a n a n g l e 0 w i t h t h e x a x i s o f a fr a m e K a t t a c h e d t o a b s o l u t e s p a c e . L e t

a n o t h e r f r a m e K ' m o v e a t v e l o c i t y v a l o n g th e p o s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e x a x i so f K a n d a s s u m e t h a t t h e x a x e s o f b o t h f r a m e s a r e c o l li n e a r a n d t h e y a x e s

p a r a l l e l .

W e c h o o s e a s a ti m e u n i t t h e t i m e b e t w e e n t w o s u c c es s iv e a b s o r p t i o n s o f a

p h o t o n o n t h e m o l e c u l e s o f th e m e d i u m . A t s u c h a c h o i c e o f th e t i m e u n i t a

p h o t o n p r o p a g a t i n g a l o n g t h e d i r e c t i o n AF in t h e r e s t f r a m e K i s " h i t c h e d "

( 1 - 1 / n ) t h p a r t o f t h e t i m e u n i t o n t o a m o l e c u l e t h a t r e s t s a t p o i n t A a n d

( 1 / n ) t h p a r t o f th e t i m e u n i t m o v e s a l o n g th e l i n e AF u n t i l it is " h i t c h e d "

a g a i n o n t o a n o t h e r m o l e c u l e , w h i c h r es t s a t p o i n t F ( s e e M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 4 a ).

Y

C D F

8 A x"

Fig . 1 . The pa ths of a photo n proceeding in a m edium that rests in abso lu te space wi th

respect to th e rest and moving frames.

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S E C O N D -O R D E R E F F E C T S I N R O T A T I N G D I S K E X P E RI M E N T 8 3 1

I n t h e m o v i n g f r a m e K ' w e s h al l h a v e t h e f o l lo w i n g p i c tu r e : D u r i n g t h e

t i m e i n w h i c h t h e p h o t o n i s " h i t c h e d " i t w i ll c o v e r t h e d i s t a n c e A B w i t h

v e l o c i ty v a n d d u r i n g t h e t i m e i n w h i c h t h e p h o t o n p r o p a g a t e s w i t h v e l o c i t y

c i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e i t w i l l c o v e r d i s t a n c e B C i n K ' ( a t a n a n g l e 0 ' t o t h e x ' a x i s )w i t h a v e l o c it y ( m e a s u r e d o n a c l o c k t h a t r e s t s i n K ' ! ) ( M a r in o v , 1 9 7 6 c )

Cco - ( 2 . 1 )

1 + ( v / c ) c o s 0 '

s in c e d u ri n g t h e t i m e i n w h i c h t h e p h o t o n h a s c o v e r e d t h e b r o k e n l i n e A B C

i n f r a m e K ' t h e m o l e c u l e t h a t r e s t s a t p o i n t F i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e h a s c o v e r e d

d i s t a n c e F C i n K ' w i t h v e l o c i t y v . W e c a ll ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 c ) c ~ t h e p r o p e r

r e l at i v e li g h t v e l o c i t y . T h e m e a n p r o p e r r e l at i v e li g h t v e l o c i t y i n f r a m e K ' ( i. e .,

t h e a v e r a g e l ig h t v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e d i n K ' b y t h e h e l p o f a c l o c k t h a t r e s t s t h e r e )

w i l t m a k e a n a n g l e 0 o w i t h t h e x ' a x i s a n d h a v e m a g n i t u d e

C'Om = A C = ( A B 2 + B C 2 - 2 A B - B C c o s 0 ' ) 1/2 ( 2 . 2 )

s in c e t h e t i m e b e t w e e n t w o s u c ce s si v e a b s o r p t i o n s o f t h e p h o t o n is t a k e n e q u a l

t o u n i t y .

S u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o ( 2 . 2 )

c !A B = v ( 1 - 1 / n ) , B C - ( 2 . 3 )

1 + ( v / c ) c o s O ' n

a n d w o r k i n g w i t h i n a n a c c u r a c y o f s e c o n d o r d e r i n v / c , w e o b t a i n

, C 13 i t s 2 ( 7 l )2Corn - n v c ° s O ' + - - c ° s 2 0 ' + ~ - - n c n c 1 - - s i n 20 ' (2 .4 )

T i le a n g l e t h a t t h e o b s e r v e r s h o u l d m e a s u r e b e t w e e n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f p r o p a -

g a t i o n o f li g h t a n d t h e x ' a x i s in f r a m e K ' i s 0 o . T h u s , s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o ( 2 . 4 )

O ' = 0 o - 7 ( 2 . 5 )

w h e r e 3 ' i s a s m a l l a n g l e a n d , a s w e s h a l l s e e f u r t h e r , w i t h i n t h e n e c e s s a r y

a c c u r a c y w e c a n t a k e

A B s i n O ' v 0 ' vs i n T - --~ ( n - 1 ) s i n - ~ - ( n - 1 ) s i n 0 o ( 2 .6 )

A C c c

w e o b t a i n

t

CO rn -

c l v 2 ( )- - - v c o s 0 o + - - c o s 2 0 o - - - - n 1 - s in Z 0o ( 2 . 7 )

n cn 2 c

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8 3 2 S T E F A N M A R I N O V

T h e a n g l e b e t w e e n t h e x a x is a n d t h e d i r e c t i o n o f p r o p a g a t i o n o f l ig h t w h i c l

s h o u l d b e m e a s u r e d i n f r a m e K is 0 . T h u s , s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o ( 2 . 7 )

O o = o + ( 2 , s )

w h e r e a i s a s m a l l a n g l e a n d , a s w e s h a l l s e e f u r t h e r , w i t h i n t h e n e c e s s a r y

a c c u r a c y w e c a n t a k e

C F s in 0 vsin a - --- - n s in 0 (2 .9)

A C c

w e o b t a i n

c v2 v 2 ( )= - - v c o s O + - - c o s 2 0 + l - - - n 1 + s i n2 0 ( 2 . 1 0 )

Co r n n c n 2 e

t !

I f n = l , i t w i l l b e Corn = Co, s o t h a t f o r m u l a ( 2 . 7 ) r e d u c e s t o t h e f o l l o w i n go n e ( f o r n = t i t is 0o = 0 ' ) :

tCo = c - v co s O' + ( v Z / c ) c o s Z O ' ( 2 . 1 1 )

a n d f o r m u l a ( 2 . 1 0 ) r e d u c e s t o t h e f o l l o w i n g o n e :

6 ,; = 6 , - v c o s 0 + / 2 % ( 2 . 1 2 )

w h i c h c o i n c i d e w i t h in a n a c c u r a c y o f s e c o n d o r d e r i n v / c , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w i t h

t h e f i r st a n d s e c o n d f o r m u l a s f o r t h e p r o p e r r e l a t iv e l ig h t v e l o c i t y in a f r a m e

m o v i n g a t v e l o c i t y v i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 c )

, c 1 - ( v / c ) c o s 0Co - 0 ' - c (2 .13 )

1 + ( V / 6 , ) COS 1 - " 102/6 ,2

F o r 0 = 0o = O , f o r m u l a s ( 2 . 7 ) a n d ( 2 . 1 0 ) g i v e

r 6 ' /22

6,ore = - - v + - - ( 2 . 1 4 )/ 7 Cr /

F or 0 = r r /2 , 0o = r r /2 + ( v / c ) n , f o r m u l a s ( 2 . 7 ) a n d ( 2 . 1 0 ) g iv e

, _ 6 , + 1 - - - n 1 + ( 2 . 1 5 )6 ,O re = ~ 2 C

W e r e c a l l ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 c ) t h a t c o i s t h e p r o p e r r e l a t i v e l i g h t v e l o c i t y , i . e .,

6,~ i s t h e l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n t h e m o v i n g f r a m e m e a s u r e d b y t h e h e l p o f a c l o c k

w h i c h i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e m o v i n g f r a m e . T h e a b s o l u t e r e l a t i v e l i g h t v e l o c i t y ,

c a l l e d f o r s h o r t r e l a t iv e li g h t v e l o c i t y , i s t h e s a m e q u a n t i t y , b u t m e a s u r e d b y

t h e h e l p o f a c l o c k t h a t i s a t t a c h e d t o a b s o l u t e s p a c e , a n d i t i s e q u a l t o

6 , ' = C ; ( l / 2 2 /6 " 2 ) / 2 ( 2 . 1 6 )

L e t u s f i n d n o w t h e v e l o c i t y o f l ig h t i n a m e d i u m m o v i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o

a b s o l u t e s p ac e an d m e a s u r e d i n a f r a m e a t t a c h e d t o t h e m e d i u m .

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SECOND-ORDER EFFECTS IN ROTAT ING DISK EXPERIMENT 833

S i nc e i n s u c h a ca s e (1 - 1 / n ) t h p a r t o f t h e t i m e u n i t t h e p h o t o n i s

" h i t c h e d " a n d d o e s n o t m o v e w i t h r e sp e c t t o t h e m o v i n g f r a m e K ' , t h e n t h e

" e f f e c t i v e " v e l o c it y o f th e f r a m e w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e t r a j e c t o r y o f t h e " f r e e "

p h o t o n w i l l b e ( 1 / n ) v . T h u s , a c c o r d i n g t o f o r m u l a ( 2 .1 3 ) , t h e p r o p e r v e l o c i t yo f t h e " f r e e " p h o t o n w i t h re s p e c t t o K ' w i ll b e

, c 1 - ( v / c n ) c o sC o = - c ( 2 . 1 7 )

1 + ( v / c n ) c o s 0 ' 1 - - ( v 2 / c 2 n 2 )

W i t h t h is v e l o c i ty t h e p h o t o n m o v e s o n l y ( 1 / n ) t h p a r t o f th e t i m e u n i t , s o

t h a t t h e m e a n p r o p e r v e l o c i t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o K ' w i l l b e

, 1 , c 1 c 1 - ( v / c n ) c o s OCom = - Co . . . . (2 .1 8 )

n n 1+ ( v / c n ) c o s O ' n 1 - ( v Z / e Z n 2 )

w h e r e 0 ' a n d 0 a r e th e a n g le s b e t w e e n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f l ig h t p r o p a g a t i o n a n d t h e

x a x e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , i n t h e m o v i n g a n d r e s t f r a m e s .

T h i s r e s u lt c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y t h e h e l p o f F i g u re 1 i n M a r in o v ( 1 9 7 4 a ) .

L e t u s n o t e , h o w e v e r , t h a t i f w e s h o u l d u s e t h e n o t a t i o n s g i ve n i n M a f i n o v ( 1 9 7 4 a ) ,

w e s h o u l d o b t a i n t h e f o l lo w i n g e x p r e ss i o n f o r t h e m e a n v e l o c i t y w i t h r e s p e c t

t o K ' :

B C c 1' - - ( 2 . 1 9 )

C m t m n 1 + ( v / e n ) c o s 0 ' + ½ ( v Z / e 2 n ) s in20 '

T h i s f o r m u l a g iv es t h e m e a n l ig h t v e l o c i t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e m o v i n g f r a m e

K ' m e a s u r e d in a b s o l u t e t i m e , i .e . , t h e q u a n t i t y [ se e ( 2 . 1 6 ) ]

t

c ; , = C o r n ( 1 - ~ , 2 / c 2 ) t / ~ ( 2 . 2 0 )

T h e d i f fe r e n c e in t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r t e r m s in t h e f o r m u l a s ( 2 .1 9 ) a n d ( 2 . 2 0 ),

s u b s t i t u t i n g ( 2 . 1 8 ) i n t o t h e l a t t e r , a p p e a r s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e f a c t t h a t i n

o b t a i n i n g (2 . 1 9 ) w e h a v e u s ed o n l y t r a d i t io n a l N e w t o n i a n c o n c e p t i o n s , w h il e

w h e n o b t a i n i n g ( 2 . 1 8 ) w e h a v e u s e d f o r m u l a ( 2 . 1 3 ) f o r t h e l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n

a m o v i n g f r a m e g i ve n b y o u r a b s o l u t e s p a c e -t i m e t h e o r y , w h i c h i s t h e t r u e o n e .

T h u s o n l y f o r m u l a s ( 2 . 1 8 ) a n d ( 2 . 2 0 ) c o r r e s p o n d t o p h y s i c a l r e a l i ty , w h i le

f o r m u l a ( 2 . 1 9 ) c o r r e s p o n d s t o p h y s i c a l r e a l it y w i t h i n t h e t e r m s o f fi r st o r d e r

in v / c .

3 . T h e S e c o n d - O r d e r E f f e c t s i n t h e H a r r e s s -M a r i n o v , - S a g n a c ,

- F i z e a u , a n d - P o g a n y E x p e r i m e n t s

T h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t s i n t h e " r o t a t i n g d i s k "

e x p e r i m e n t i s a t e c h n o l o g ic a l l y d if f ic u l t p r o b l e m , a n d i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y w e

c a n n o t c o p e w i t h it . F o r t h is r e a s o n w e s h al l p r o p o s e s u c h e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h -

o u t e n t e r i n g i n t o t h e d e t a i ls o f a n e v e n t u a l p r a c t i c a l r e a l i z a ti o n .

T h e s e t u p f o r a m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c ts i n th e " r o t a t i n g

d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2 . A m e d i u m w i t h r e f r ac t iv e i n d e x n m a d e

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8 3 4 S T E F A N M A R I N O V

~ S

j I ~ I

P I ~ % ~ M M I

M

F i g. 2. T h e s e t u p fo r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t so n t h e r o t a t i n g d i sk .

i n t h e f o r m o f a c y l in d r i c a l r i n g ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 b ) w i t h o u t e r r a d i u s R c a n

r o t a t e w i t h t h e m i r r o r s 11//1,M 2 . . . . M k _ 1 , M k or w i t h o u t t h e m , o r o n l y t h e

m i r r o r s c a n r o t a t e a n d t h e m e d i u m r e m a i n a t r e s t . I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e m e d i u m

w i t h r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x n = 1 , i . e . , v a c u u m ( a i r ) c an b e a l s o t a k e n . S o t h e r e a r e

f o u r d i f f e r e n t p o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s , as f o l l o w s ( se e M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 b ) :

1 . T h e H a r r e s s - M a r i n o v e x p e r i m e n t , i n w h i c h t h e m e d i u m i s a t r e st

a n d t h e m i r r o r s r o t a t e .

2 . T h e H a r r e s s - S ag n a c e x p e r i m e n t , in w h i c h t h e m e d i u m is v a c u u m

a n d t h e m i r r o r s r o t a t e .

3 . T h e H a r r e s s - F i z e a u e x p e r i m e n t , in w h i c h t h e m e d i u m r o t a t e s a n d

t h e m i r r o r s a r e a t r e s t .

4 . T h e H a r r e s s - P o g a n y e x p e r i m e n t , i n w h i c h t h e m e d i u m r o t a t e s

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e m i r r o r s .

L e t u s n o t e t h a t i t w i ll b e v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o m e a s u r e t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t s

i n t h e H a r r e s s - M a r i n o v a n d H a r r e s s - F i z e a u e x p e r i m e n t s , b e c a u s e th e r e i s a

r e la t iv e m o t i o n b e t w e e n m i r r o r s a n d m e d i u m , s o t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e

H a r r e s s - S a g n a c a n d H a r r e s s - P o g a n y e x p e r i m e n t s s h o u l d b e e a s ie r .

I n F i g u r e 2 S i s a li g h t s o u r c e e m i t t i n g c o h e r e n t l i g h t , w h i c h i s r i g i d l y

c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e m i r r o r s b e c a u s e t h e e f f e c t t o b e m e a s u r e d i s t o o s m a l l a n d

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S E C O N D - O R D E R E F F E C T S I N R O T A T I N G D I S K E X P E R I M E N T 8 3 5

t h e u s e o f a s h u t t e r t h a t i s g o v e r n e d b y t h e r o t a t i n g d i s k ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 b )

w o u l d p r o b a b l y d i s c r e d it t h e e x p e r i m e n t . P i s a p h o t o r e s i s t o r i l l u m i n a t e d b y

i n t e r f e r e n c e l i g h t . I t is p u t i n o n e a r m o f a W h e a t s t o n e b r i d g e , in w h o s e o t h e r

a r m t h e r e i s a v a r i a b le r e s is t o r . W e s h o u l d a s s u m e t h a t M L 342 . . . . . M k _ 1, M ka re p l a c e d c lo s e e n o u g h t o t h e r i m o f t h e m e d i u m ' s d i s k . T h u s w e c a n a s su m e

t h a t t h e p h o t o n s f l y a l o n g t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e o f a c i rc l e a n d c o v e r a p a t h d = 2 7 rR

L e t u s s u p p o s e f i r s t t h a t t h e d i s k i s a t r e s t. L i g h t e m i t t e d b y t h e s o u r c e S is

s p l i t b y t h e s e m i t r a n s p a r e n t m i r r o r S M i n t o f i rs t a n d s e c o n d b e a m s . T h e f i r s t

b e a m r e f l e c t s o n t h e m i r r o r M a n d a f t e r re f r a c t i o n on S M i l l u m i n a t e s P . T h e

s e c o n d b e a m r e f l e c t s s u c c e s s iv e l y o n M 1 . . . . . M k c l o c k w i s e a n d o n 3 /I . . . . . M 1

c o u n t e r c l o c k w i s e a n d a f t er r e f l e c t i o n o n S M i l l u m i n a t e s P .

I f n o w w e s e t t h e d i s k i n r o t a t i o n , t h e n t h e f i r st b e a m s h o u l d n o t c h a ng e t h e

t i m e i n w h i c h i t w i l l c o v e r i ts p a t h , b e c a u s e a l l th e t i m e i t m o v e s a l o n g t h e

r a d i u s o f t h e r o t a t i n g d i s k , w h i l e th e s e c o n d b e a m s h o u l d c h a n g e i t s t i m e w i t h

A t . N o w w e s h a ll c a l c u l a t e t h i s t i m e d i f f e r e n c e f o r t h e f o u r d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f

t h e " r o t a t i n g d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t .

L e t u s c o n s i d e r f i rs t th e H a r r e s s - M a r i n o v e x p e r i m e n t . U s i ng f o r m u l a s ( 2 . 1 4 )

a n d ( 2 . 2 0 ) w e f in d t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e in t h e a b s o l u t e t i m e s w h i c h t h e s e c o n d

b e a m s h o u l d s p e n d t o c o v e r i ts p a t h i n th e c a se s o f re s t a n d r o t a t i o n o f th e

m i r r o r s w i ll b e

d d 2d dv 2AtH_M - + - n( 2n 2 -- 1 ) ( 3 . 1 )

d ; c 3

F o r n = 1 , i .e . , f o r t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t in t h e H a r r e s s - S a g n a c e x p e r i m e n t

w e o b t a i n

d v 2

z x t H _ s = ( 3 . 2 )

I t c a n e a s i ly b e s e e n t h a t f o r t h e f i r s t - o r d e r e f fe c t s i n th e H a r r e s s - M a r i n o v

a n d H a r r e s s - S ag n a c e x p e r i m e n t s w e s h a h o b t a i n t h e s a m e f o r m u l a s a s i n

M a r i n o v ( 1 9 7 6 b ) , w h e r e t h e c a l c u l a ti o n w a s m a d e i n a s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t w a y .

L e t u s n o w c o n s i d e r th e H a r r e s s - F i z e a u e x p e r i m e n t . U s i n g f o r m u l a ( I 7)

f r o m ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 4 a ) , w e f i n d th a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e a b s o l u t e t i m e s w h i c h

t h e s e c o n d b e a m s h o u l d s p e n d t o c o v e r i t s p a t h i n t h e c a s e s o f re s t a n d r o t a t i o no f th e m e d i u m w i l l b e

d d 2d 2dr zA t H - p = - F - + - n ( n 2 - 1 ) ( 3 . 3 )

cm c ~ Cm c 3

A n d f i n a l l y l e t us c o n s i d e r t h e H a r r e s s - P o g a n y e x p e r i m e n t . U s i n g f o r m u l a

( 2 . 1 8 ) f o r 0 ' = 0 = 0 , a n d f o r m u l a ( 2 . 2 0 ) , w e o b t a i n

d d 2 d d r ;/ k t H - P = ~T + -U - - - ~ . .. .. .. .. .5 ~n ( 3 . 4 )

C m Cm m C

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8 3 6 ST E FA N MA R I N O V

F r o m t h i s f o r m u l a f o r n = 1 w e o b t a i n a g a i n t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t ( 3 . 2 )

i n t h e H a r r e s s - S a g n a c e x p e r i m e n t .

4 . T h e S ec o n d- O r de r E f f e c t s in t h e " R o t a t i n g D i s k " E x p e r i m e n t

and the Ab so lu te T ime D i la t ion

T h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c ts i n t h e " r o t a t i n g d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t a re v e r y i m p o r t -

a n t f o r t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d f o r e st a b li s h m e n t o f o u r a b s o l u t e t i m e d i l at i on

c o n c e p t i o n . L e t u s s h o w t h i s .

A s i s w e l l k n o w n ( s e e , f o r e x a m p l e , M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 5 b ) , a l ig h t c l o c k r e p r e s e n t s

t w o m i r r o r s p l a ce d i n f r o n t o f e a c h o t h e r b e t w e e n w t ~ c h a l i g h t p u l s e g o e s

" t h e r e a n d b a c k ' .' I n s t e ad o f t w o m i r r o r s w e c a n h a v e a n a rb i t r a r y n u m b e r .

O f i m p o r t a n c e i s o n l y t h a t a l ig h t p u l s e t h a t l e av e s a g iv e n p o i n t , r e t u r n s a g a i n

t o i t , a n d r e p e a t s t h i s c y c l e u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y . T h u s o u r m i r r o r s M 1 ,3 //2 . . . . .

Mk , • • . , 3 4 2, M I r e p r e s e n t a l s o a li g h t c l o c k .

L e t t h e t i m e t h a t a li g h t p u l s e s p e n d s c o v e r i n g t h e p a t h d " t h e r e a n d b a c k "

b e T w h e n t h e m i r r o r s a r e a t r e st . T h u s T = 2d /c is t h e r e s t p e r i o d o f o u r c l o c k .

W h e n t h e m i r r o rs a r e s e t i n r o t a t i o n a l m o t i o n w i t h v e l o c i t y v = ~ 2 R, w h e r e ~2

is t h e a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y , t h e p e r i o d o f t h e f ig h t c l o c k m e a s u r e d i n a b s o l u t e t i m e ,

i .e . , b y t h e h e l p o f a c l o c k t h a t r e s t s i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e , w i l l b e [ se e f o r m u l a s

( 2 . 1 3 ) a n d ( 2 . 1 6 ) ]

d d 2d T

TO = c7 ~ + c ' - c ( 1 - v2/e2 ) 1/2 (1 - - v2 /e2 ) 1 /2 ( 4 . 1 )

w h i l e t h e s a m e p e r i o d m e a s u r e d i n p r o p e r t i m e , i .e ., b y t h e h e l p o f a c l o c k t h a t

is a t t a c h e d t o t h e r i m o f t h e m o v i n g d i sk , w i ll be

d d 2d= - - - - - - T ( 4 . 2 )Too 4 + +c ; - c

T h u s t h e p e r i o d o f o u r l i g h t c l o c k r o t a t i n g w i t h v e l o c i t y v i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e ,

a s th e p e r i o d o f a n y p r o c e e d i n g a s a w h o l e w i t h v e l o c i t y v l ig h t c l o c k ( M a r i n o v ,

1 9 7 5 b ) , b e c o m e s l o n g e r , a c c o r d i n g t o f o r m u l a ( 4 . 1 ) . W e h av e c a ll e d t h i s e f f e c t

t h e a b s o lu t e k i n e m a t i c t i m e d i l a ti o n . L e t us n o t e t h a t t o t h e a b s o l u te d y n a m i c

t i m e d i l a t io n , i .e . , t o t h e d i l a t io n o f t h e p e r i o d s o f l i g h t c lo c k s p l a c e d n e a r l o c a l

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f m a t t e r , w e h a ve d e d i c a t e d o u r p a p e r ( M a r in o v , 1 9 7 6 d ) .

F u r t h e r , i n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r w e s h a l l c o n s i d e r o n l y t h e k i n e m a t i c t i m e d i l a t i o n .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e t e n t h ( h i g h- v e lo c i ty ) a x i o m o f o u r a b s o l u t e s p a ce - ti m e

t h e o r y ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 c , 1 9 7 6 d ) , t h e t i m e u n i t f o r a n y o b s e r v e r i s d e t e r m i n e d

b y t h e p e r i o d o f a l i g h t c l o c k t h a t h a s t h e s a m e " a r m " f o r al l o b s e r ve r s . W h e n

t h e " a r m " i s d = 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 k m , t h e n t h i s ti m e u n i t is c a l le d a s e c o n d . I f t h e

o b s e r v e r i s a t r e s t i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e , h i s s e c o n d i s c a l l e d a b s o l u t e . I f t h e o b s e r v e r

m o v e s w i t h c e r t a i n v e l o c i t y i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e , h i s s e c o n d i s c a l le d p r o p e r .

O b v i o u s l y , a n y p r o p e r s e c o n d i s l a r g e r t h e n t h e a b s o l u t e s e c o n d a n d t h e

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SECOND-ORDER EFFECTS IN ROTATING DISK EXPERIMENT 837

r e l a t i on is g iven by fo rm ula (4 -.1 ), where To i s t he du ra t ion o f t he p rop e r s ec ond

i n a b s o l u t e t i m e a n d T is t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e a b s o l u t e s e c o n d i n a b s o l u t e t im e .

H o w e v e r t h is c h a n g e i n th e d u r a t i o n o f t h e p e r i o d o f a li g h t c l o c k , w h e n b e i n g

p u t i n m o t i o n , c a n b e e s t a b li s h e d o n l y c o m p a r i n g it s p e r io d w i t h a p e r i o d i ca lp roces s o f a sys t em tha t i s a t r e s t i n abso lu t e space ( i n gene ra l , wh ich does no t

change i t s ve loc i ty wh en the l i gh t c lock unde r i nves t i ga t ion changes i ts ve loc i ty ) .

I f w e s h o u l d c o m p a r e t h e p e r i o d o f th e l i g h t c lo c k c o n s i d e r e d w i t h t h e p e r io d i c al

p r o c e s s o f a s y s t e m t h a t a ll th e t i m e m o v e s w i t h t h e s a m e v e l o c i t y as t h e l i gh t

c lock , t hen no change can be r eg i s t e r ed , a s fo l l ows f rom fo rmula (4 .2 ) . Th i s

is d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r h y t h m o f a n y per iod ica l p roces s dec reases acco rd ing

t o f o r m u l a ( 4 . 1 ) i f th e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s y s t e m i s s e t i n m o t i o n w i t il v e l o c i t y v .

Al l t hese a s se r t i ons o f ou r abso lu t e space - t ime theo ry can be ve r i f i ed

e x p e r i m e n t a l l y i f o n e m e a s u r e s t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t i n th e H a r r e s s - S a g n a c

e x p e r i m e n t .T h e s e c o n d . o r d e r e f f e c t in t h e H a r r e s s -S a g n a c e x p e r i m e n t w a s tr e a t e d b y

B u r c e v ( 1 9 7 4 ) , w h o h a s p r o p o s e d a l so a n e x p e r i m e n t f o r it s m e a s u r e m e n t .

B u r c e v 's p r o p o s a l c o n s i s ts i n t h e f o l lo w i n g : L e t th e r e b y a n u m b e r ( > 3 ) o f

a r t if i c ia l s at e l li t e s mov ing a long the sam e c i r cu la r t r a j ec to ry roun d the Ea r th

w i t h a c e r t a i n v e l o c i t y v. I f a r a d a r p u l se i s e m i t t e d f r o m t h e o n e o f t h e

sa t e ll i te s , then by m eans o f r e f l ec t i ons i n t he o the r s a t e l li t e s t h i s r ada r pu l se

c a n b e a g a i n re c e i v ed a f t e r h a v in g c o v e r e d a c l o se d p a t h r o u n d t h e E a r t h ,

a n d t h e t i m e o f d e l a y c a n b e m e a s u r e d w i t h h i g h p r e c is i o n . I f w e s u p p o s e

t h a t t h e s a t e ll it e s a r e p l a c e d c lo s e e n o u g h t o e a c h o t h e r , t h e n t h e t r a j e c t o r y

o f t h e r a d a r w a v e c a n b e a s s u m e d a s c ir c u la r a n d t h e g r a v i t a t io n a l p o t e n t i a l s

a t a l l p o i n t s c r o s s e d b y t h e w a v e a s eq u a l . T h u s a n y r e f e r e n c e m a d e b y B u r c e vt o S h a p i r o ' s e x p e r i m e n t ( S h a p i r o , 1 9 6 8 ) [ w h e r e t h e c o v e r t i m e s o f r a d a r

signals passing the s a m e d i s t ance i n r eg ions wi th d i f f e r en t grav i t a t i ona l

p o t e n t i a l s a r e m e a s u r e d - s e e M a r i n ov ( 1 9 7 6 d ) ] is o u t o f p l a ce , a n d w e c a n

t r e a t B u r c e v ' s p r o p o s a l b y t h e h e l p o f o u r F i g u re 2 , a s s u m i n g t h a t c l o c k C ( a n

a t o m i c c l o c k ) i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e m i r r o r s M 1 a n d M k, s o t h a t t h e t i m e i n w h i c h

a li gh t pu l se cove r s t he pa th f ro m M 1 to M k, o r f ro m M k to M 1, can be

m e a s u r e d .

Accord ing to t he E ins t e in t heo ry o f gene ra l r e l a t i v i t y (Burcev , 1974 ;

Landau and L i f sh i t z , 1955 ; Tonne la t , 1964) t h i s t ime , r e spec t ive ly , f o r t he

" d i r e c t " ( + ) a n d " o p p o s i t e " ( - ) p u ls e is

1 + - v / c

= t ( 1 - v 2 / c 2 ) 1 / 2 ( 4 . 3 )

where t = d / c = 2r rR / c i s t he t im e r eg i s t e r ed on th e s ame c loc k i f t he d i sk i s a t

res t .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e t r a d i ti o n a l N e w t o n i a n e t h e r t h e o r y t h i s t i m e i s

tt } - ( 4 .4 )

1 ~ v / e

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8 3 8 STEFA N M A R IN O V

A c c o r d i n g t o o u r a b s o l u t e s p a c e - t im e t h e o r y t h is t i m e i s [ s ee f o r m u l a ( 2 . 1 3 )]

t 0 - ~ = t 1 -+ ( 4 . 5 )

C o-

I f t h is t i m e s h o u l d b e m e a s u r e d o n a c l o c k t h a t r e s t s in a b s o l u t e s p a c e , i t

w i l l b e

t + d I + _ v / c= - ; ÷ = t ( 4 . 6 )

c - (1 - - V2/C2)112

W h e n w e h a v e t o m e a s u r e t h e a b s o l u t e t i m e i n t e r v a l t -+ b y t h e h e l p o f a

c l o c k t h a t r e st s i n a b s o l u te s p a c e , t h e p r o b l e m a ri se s a b o u t t h e t i m e s y n c h r o n i z a -

t i o n o f s p a t i a l ly s e p a r a t e d c l o c k s . T h i s p r o b l e m i s s o l v e d b y u s ( t h e o r e t i c a l l y a n d

p r a c t i c a l l y ) b y t h e h e l p o f a r o t a t i n g r ig id s h a f t . H o w e v e r , in th e " r o t a t i n g d i s k "

e x p e r i m e n t t h e p r o b l e m a b o u t t h e t i m e s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n o f s p a t ia l l y s e p a r a t e d

c l o c k s c a n b e e l i m i n a t e d f f w e c h o o s e a n a p p r o p r i a t e r o t a t i o n 7 ~_ v e l o c i t y v , s o

t h a t t h e l i g h t p u ls e , e m i t t e d b y M 1 w h e n i t p a s s e s n e a r t h e c l o c k C , w h i c h i s a t

r e s t, w i l l a rr iv e a t M k w h e n M k p a s s e s ( a f t e r o n e o r m o r e r e v o l u t i o n s ) n e a r C .

L e t u s n o t e t h a t B u r c e v ( 1 9 7 4 ) w r o n g l y w r i te s f o r m u l a ( 4 . 5 ) as c o r re s p o n d i n g

t o t h e N e w t o n i a n e t h e r t h e o r y . I n a l e t te r t o th e a u t h o r o f 1 8 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 4

h e a g r e e d t h a t t h e t ru e f o r m u l a t h a t m u s t b e w r i t te n w h e n p r o c e e d i n g f r o m t h e

t r a d i t i o n a l N e w t o n i a n t h e o r y is ( 4 . 4 ) .

W e h a v e t o a d d h e r e t h a t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m a j o r i t y o f th e r e l a ti v is t s t h e

" r o t a t i n g d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t c a n b e t re a t e d o n l y w i t h t h e h e l p o f t h e m a t h e -

m a t i c a l a p p a r a t u s o f g e n e r a l r e l a ti v i ty . H o w e v e r c e r t a i n r e la t i v is t s ( s e e , f o re x a m p l e , L a u e , 1 9 5 5 ) a s s e rt t h a t t h is c a n b e d o n e a l s o b y t h e a p p a r a t u s o f

s p e ci al r e la t i v it y a n d p e r f o r m s u i ta b l e c a l c u l a ti o n s m a k i n g u s e o f t h e L o r e n t z

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .

L e t u s s e e w h a t r e s u l t s t h e s p e c i a l r e l a t i v i t y w a y l e a d s t o . L e t u s a t t a c h a

m o v i n g f r a m e K ' t o t h e r o t a t in g d i sk a n d a re s t f ra m e K t o a b s o l u t e s p a c e .

O b v i o u s l y ' , K ' i s n o t a n i n e rt ia l f r a m e b e c a u s e a t a n y m o m e n t i ts v e l o c i ty

c h a n g e s i ts d i re c t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f t h e v e l o c i t y r e m a i n s

c o n s t a n t a n d t h is m a k e s i t p o s s i b l e t o u se t h e L o r e n t z t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f o r m u l a s .

F o r t h e i n i t ia l e v e n t ( s e n d i n g o f a li g h t p u l s e f r o m M ~ ) l e t u s t a k e x 'l = 0 ,

t '1 = 0 a n d f o r t h e f i n a l e v e n t ( a r ri v i n g o f t h e s i g n al a t M k ) x ; = d , t ; = d / c .S u b s t i tu t i n g t h e s e v a lu e s i n t o t h e L o r e n t z t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f o r m u l a s f o r t i m e

( s e e, f o r e x a m p l e , M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 5 b ) a n d s u b t r a c t i n g t h e f i r st f o r m u l a t h u s

o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s e c o n d , w e o b t a i n t h e r e s u l t ( 4 .6 ) . N o w t h i s t i m e is

m e a s u r e d o n a c l o c k t h a t i s a t r e st . T h e t i m e m e a s u r e d o n a c l o c k t h a t i s

a t t a c h e d t o t h e m o v i n g d i sk m u s t b e e q u a l t o t ' = d / c , b o t h f o r t h e " d i r e c t "

a n d f o r t h e " o p p o s i t e " p u l s es .

I n F i g u r e 3 w e g i ve th e g r a p h s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s t+ / t v e r s u s v / c d r a w n

a c c o r d i n g t o f o r m u l a s ( 4 . 3 ) - ( 4 .5 ) . T h u s a n e x p e r i m e n t s u c h a s t h e o n e

p r o p o s e d b y B u r c e v c a n c h o o s e b e t w e e n t h e s e t h r e e r iv a l t h e o ri e s . H o w e v e r ,

s in c e t h e r e l a ti v i ty t h e o r y w a s k n o c k e d o u t b y o u r " c o u p l e d - m i r r o r s "

e x p e r i m e n t ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 c ) , a s w e l l a s b y t h e d i s r u p t e d " r o t a t i n g d i s k "

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S E C O N D - O R D E R E F F E C T S I N R O T A T I N G D I SK E X P E R I M E N T

tO I-

8 3 9

Z ~- / / Mar~ r

[ I I 0 1 ¢ ~ I I I I I I

o o . 1 ~ Z o . ,~ o , ~ o . t O . Z o . a , , #

Fig. 3. The relative times in which the "d irec t" light pulse makes a wholerevolution on the rotatin g disk, according to th e theories of New ton,Einstein, an d M arinov.

e x p e r i m e n t ( M a r in o v , 1 9 7 6 a ) , s u c h a s e c o n d - o r d e r e x p e r i m e n t h a s t o c h o o s e

o n l y b e t w e e n t h e N e w t o n i a n a n d o u r t h e o ri e s . T a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t , h o w e v e r ,

t h a t m a n y s e c o n d - o r d e r ex p e r i m e n t s ( t h e M i c h e l s o n - M o r l e y e x p e r i m e n t , t h e

I v e s - S t il w e l l e x p e r i m e n t , a n d a l l e x p e r i m e n t s w h e r e t h e t i m e d i l a t i o n a p p e a rs ,

i .e . , t h e w h o l e o f h i g h - v e l o c i t y p h y s i c s ) h a v e k n o c k e d o u t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l

N e w t o n i a n e t h e r t h e o r y , t h e n t h e c o n c l u s i o n is t o b e d r a w n t h a t a t t h e p r e s e n t

t i m e o n l y o u r a b s o l u t e s p a c e - t i m e t h e o r y c o r r e s p o n d s t o p h y s i c a l r e a l i t y .

R e f e r e n c e s

Burcev, P. ( t974) . Ph ys i cs L e t t e rs , 47A, 365.Landau, L. D., and Lifshitz, E. M. (1955). The Class ica l Theory o f Fie lds (Pergamon P ress,

London).Laue, M . von. (1955). Die Rela t iv i td t s theor ie (Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig).

Marinov, S. (1974a). In ternat ional Journal o f Theoret ica l Phys ics ' , 9, 139.

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840 S T E F A N M A R I N O V

Vfarinov , S. ( t9 74 b) . Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, B 2 4 , 9 6 5 .~ a r in o v , S . ( 1 9 7 5 a) . Physics Letters, 5 4 A, 1 9 .Vlarinov , S. (197 5b) . International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 13, 189 .Vlarinov, S. (1 976 a). International Journal of Theoretical Physics ( to b e p u b l i sh ed ) .

Vlarinov , S. (19 76b ) . Foundations of Physics ( to b e p u b l i sh ed ) .Vlarinov, S. (19 76 c). Journal de Physique, ( to b e p u b l i sh ed ) .Vlarinov , S. (1976 d) . Foundations of Physics,6 , 5 7 1 .~hapiro , I . I . ( t9 68 ) . Physical Review Letters, 20, 1265.ro n n e la t , M. -A. ( 1 9 6 4 ) . Les v~rifications expdrimentales de la relativitd gdndrale (Masse

et C ie, Paris).


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