1975.09.09 - stefan marinov - the second-order effects in the rotating disk experiment

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8/3/2019 1975.09.09 - Stefan Marinov - The Second-Order Effects in the Rotating Disk Experiment http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/19750909-stefan-marinov-the-second-order-effects-in-the-rotating-disk 1/12 International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 15, No. 11 (1976), pp. 829-840 The Second-Order Effects in the "Rotating Disk" Experiment STEFAN MARINOV Laboratory .for Fundamental Physical Problems, ul. Elin Pelin 22, Sofia 1421, Bulgaria Received. 9 September 1975 Abstract We find the second-order in v/e effects in the four different modifications of the "rotating disk" experiment whose first-order effects have been analyzed and the experimental results obtained by us reported in another paper. The differences between our absolute space-time theory and the Newtonian ether theory are within effects of second order in vie. We propose experiments for the measurement of the second-order effects on the "rotating disk" that can be considered as experimenta erucis between both theories. 1. Introduction We have dedicated earlier papers to the analysis of the first-order in v/c effects in the "rotating disk" experiment (Marinov, 1975a, 1976a, 1976b). In Marinov (1976a) we give the account of the disrupted "rotating disk" experi- ment and in Marinov (1976b) of the Harress-Marinov and Harress-Fizeau experi- ments, performed recently by us. All these experiments, as well as the "coupled- mirrors" experiment (Mafinov, 1974b, 1976c), with whose help we have measurec for the first time in history the Earth's absolute velocity, show that the velocity of light is direction dependent in any frame moving with respect to absolute space. Within effects of first order in v/c this dependence is the same as that predicted by the Newtonian ether theory. However, our absolute space-time theory (Marinov, 1975b) leads to effects of second order in v/c that differ from those predicted by the ether theory. In this paper we shall show which are the second-order effects in the "rotating disk" experiment according to our conceptions. Before tackling this problem we shall find by the help of our "hitch-hiker" model (Marinov, 1974a) the velocity of light in a medium that rests in absolute space if this velocity is measured in a frame (i.e., by an observer) moving with respect to absolute space. © 1977 Plenum Publishing Corp., 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011. To pro- mote freer access to published material in the spirit of the t 976 Copyright Law, Plenum sells reprint articles from all its journals. This availability underlines the fact that no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher. Shipment is prompt; rate per article is $7.50. 829

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Page 1: 1975.09.09 - Stefan Marinov - The Second-Order Effects in the Rotating Disk Experiment

8/3/2019 1975.09.09 - Stefan Marinov - The Second-Order Effects in the Rotating Disk Experiment

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/19750909-stefan-marinov-the-second-order-effects-in-the-rotating-disk 1/12

International Journal of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 15, No. 11 (1976), pp. 829-840

T h e S e c o n d - O r d e r E f f ec t s i n t h e " R o t a t in g D i s k "

E x p e r i m e n t

S T E F A N M A R I N O V

Laboratory .for Fu ndam ental Physical Problems, ul. E lin Pelin 22,

Sofia 1421, Bulgaria

Received. 9 Septem ber 1975

A b s t r a c t

We find the second-order in v/e effects in the fo ur different modifications o f the "rota tingdisk" experiment whose first-order effects have been analyzed and the experimental resultsobtain ed by us repor ted in another paper. Th e differences between o ur absolute space-timetheo ry and the Newtonian ether theory are within effects of second order in vie. W epropose experiments fo r the measurement of the second-order effects on the "ro tatingdisk" that can be considered as experimenta erucis between both theories.

1 . I n t r o d u c t i o n

W e h a v e d e d i c a t e d e a r li e r p a p e r s t o t h e a n a l y s i s o f t h e f i r s t - o r d e r i n v /c

e f f e c t s i n t h e " r o t a t i n g d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 5 a , 1 9 7 6 a , 1 9 7 6 b ) .I n M a r i n o v ( 1 9 7 6 a ) w e g iv e t h e a c c o u n t o f t h e d i s r u p t e d " r o t a t i n g d i s k " e x p e r i -

m e n t a n d i n M a r in o v ( 1 9 7 6 b ) o f t h e H a r r es s - M a r i n o v a n d H a r r e s s - F i z e a u e x p er i-

m e n t s , p e r f o r m e d r e c e n t l y b y u s . A l l t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s , a s w e l l a s t h e " c o u p l e d -

m i r r o r s " e x p e r i m e n t ( M a f i n o v, 1 9 7 4 b , 1 9 7 6 c ) , w i t h w h o s e h e l p w e ha v e m e a s u re c

f o r th e f i r s t t i m e i n h i s t o r y t h e E a r t h ' s a b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y , s h o w t h a t t h e

v e l o c i t y o f l i gh t is d i r e c t i o n d e p e n d e n t i n a n y f r a m e m o v i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o

a b s o l u t e s p a c e . W i t h i n e f f e c t s o f f ir s t o r d e r i n v / c t h i s d e p e n d e n c e i s t h e s a m e

a s t h a t p r e d i c t e d b y t h e N e w t o n i a n e t h e r t h e o r y .

H o w e v e r , o u r a b s o l u t e s p a c e - t im e t h e o r y ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 5 b ) le a d s t o e f f e c t s

o f s e c o n d o r d e r i n v / c t h a t d i f f e r f r o m t h o s e p r e d i c t e d b y t h e e t h e r t h e o r y .

I n th i s p a p e r w e s h a ll s h o w w h i c h a r e t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c ts in t h e " r o t a t i n g

d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t a c c o r d i n g t o o u r c o n c e p t i o n s . B e f o r e ta c k l in g t h is p r o b l e m

w e s ha ll f i n d b y th e h e l p o f o u r " h i t c h - h i k e r " m o d e l ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 4 a ) t h e

v e l o c i t y o f l i g ht i n a m e d i u m t h a t r e st s i n a b s o l u t e s p a ce i f th i s v e l o c i t y i s

m e a s u r e d i n a f r a m e ( i. e. , b y a n o b s e r v e r ) m o v i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o a b s o l u t e

s p a c e .

© 1 9 7 7 P l e n u m P u b l i s h i n g C o r p . , 2 2 7 W e st 1 7 t h S t r e e t , N e w Y o r k , N . Y . 1 0 0 1 1 . T o p r o -m o t e f r e e r a c c e s s t o p u b l i s h e d m a t e r i a l i n t h e s p i r it o f t h e t 9 7 6 C o p y r i g h t L a w , P l e n u ms e ll s r e p r i n t a r t i c le s f r o m a l l i t s j o u r n a l s . T h i s a v a i l ab i l i ty u n d e r l i n e s t h e f a c t t h a t n o p a r to f t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n m a y b e r e p r o d u c e d , s t o r e d i n a r e t r ie v a l s y s t e m , o r t r a n s m i t t e d , i n a n yf o r m o r b y a n y m e a n s , e l e c t r o n i c , m e c h a n i c a l , p h o t o c o p y i n g , m i c r o f i l m i n g , r e c o r d i n g , o r

o t h e r w i s e , w i t h o u t w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e p u b l i s h e r . S h i p m e n t i s p r o m p t ; r a t e p e r

a r t i c l e i s $ 7 . 5 0 .8 2 9

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830 STEFAN MARINOV

2. Velocity o f Light in a Medium at Rest Measured by a Moving Observer

I n M a r i n o v ( 1 9 7 4 a ) w e h a ve f o u n d t h e v e l o c i t y o f l ig h t i n a m e d i u m t h a t

m o v e s a t v e l o c i t y v i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e m e a s u r e d b y a n o b s e r v e r w h o is a t r e s t.

N o w w e s h a ll f in d t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g ht i n a m e d i u m t h a t r e s t s in a b s o l u t e

s p a c e m e a s u r e d b y a n o b s e r v e r w h o m o v e s a t v e l o c i t y v . T h e t h e o r y o f

r e l a t i v i t y c a n n o t m a k e s u c h a d i s t i n c t i o n b e c a u s e fo r t h is t h e o r y o n l y t h e

r e l a ti v e v e l o c i t y b e t w e e n t h e m e d i u m a n d t h e o b s e r v e r is o f i m p o r t a n c e .

O u r a b s o l u t e s p a c e - t im e t h e o r y c a n p o s e t h is p r o b l e m a n d r e s o lv e i t , a n d , a s

w e ha v e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y e s t a b l is h e d (M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 b ) , e x p e r i e n c e h a s

s p l e n d i d l y v e r i fi e d o u r p r e d i c t i o n s .

T h u s l e t t h e r e b e ( s e e F ig u r e i ) a m e d i u m w i t h r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x n t h a t i s a t

r e s t in a b s o l u t e s p a c e a n d i n w h i c h l ig h t p r o p a g a t e s a l o n g a d i r e c t i o n t h a t

m a k e s a n a n g l e 0 w i t h t h e x a x i s o f a fr a m e K a t t a c h e d t o a b s o l u t e s p a c e . L e t

a n o t h e r f r a m e K ' m o v e a t v e l o c i t y v a l o n g th e p o s i t i v e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e x a x i so f K a n d a s s u m e t h a t t h e x a x e s o f b o t h f r a m e s a r e c o l li n e a r a n d t h e y a x e s

p a r a l l e l .

W e c h o o s e a s a ti m e u n i t t h e t i m e b e t w e e n t w o s u c c es s iv e a b s o r p t i o n s o f a

p h o t o n o n t h e m o l e c u l e s o f th e m e d i u m . A t s u c h a c h o i c e o f th e t i m e u n i t a

p h o t o n p r o p a g a t i n g a l o n g t h e d i r e c t i o n AF in t h e r e s t f r a m e K i s " h i t c h e d "

( 1 - 1 / n ) t h p a r t o f t h e t i m e u n i t o n t o a m o l e c u l e t h a t r e s t s a t p o i n t A a n d

( 1 / n ) t h p a r t o f th e t i m e u n i t m o v e s a l o n g th e l i n e AF u n t i l it is " h i t c h e d "

a g a i n o n t o a n o t h e r m o l e c u l e , w h i c h r es t s a t p o i n t F ( s e e M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 4 a ).

Y

C D F

8 A x"

Fig . 1 . The pa ths of a photo n proceeding in a m edium that rests in abso lu te space wi th

respect to th e rest and moving frames.

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S E C O N D -O R D E R E F F E C T S I N R O T A T I N G D I S K E X P E RI M E N T 8 3 1

I n t h e m o v i n g f r a m e K ' w e s h al l h a v e t h e f o l lo w i n g p i c tu r e : D u r i n g t h e

t i m e i n w h i c h t h e p h o t o n i s " h i t c h e d " i t w i ll c o v e r t h e d i s t a n c e A B w i t h

v e l o c i ty v a n d d u r i n g t h e t i m e i n w h i c h t h e p h o t o n p r o p a g a t e s w i t h v e l o c i t y

c i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e i t w i l l c o v e r d i s t a n c e B C i n K ' ( a t a n a n g l e 0 ' t o t h e x ' a x i s )w i t h a v e l o c it y ( m e a s u r e d o n a c l o c k t h a t r e s t s i n K ' ! ) ( M a r in o v , 1 9 7 6 c )

Cco - ( 2 . 1 )

1 + ( v / c ) c o s 0 '

s in c e d u ri n g t h e t i m e i n w h i c h t h e p h o t o n h a s c o v e r e d t h e b r o k e n l i n e A B C

i n f r a m e K ' t h e m o l e c u l e t h a t r e s t s a t p o i n t F i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e h a s c o v e r e d

d i s t a n c e F C i n K ' w i t h v e l o c i t y v . W e c a ll ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 c ) c ~ t h e p r o p e r

r e l at i v e li g h t v e l o c i t y . T h e m e a n p r o p e r r e l at i v e li g h t v e l o c i t y i n f r a m e K ' ( i. e .,

t h e a v e r a g e l ig h t v e l o c i t y m e a s u r e d i n K ' b y t h e h e l p o f a c l o c k t h a t r e s t s t h e r e )

w i l t m a k e a n a n g l e 0 o w i t h t h e x ' a x i s a n d h a v e m a g n i t u d e

C'Om = A C = ( A B 2 + B C 2 - 2 A B - B C c o s 0 ' ) 1/2 ( 2 . 2 )

s in c e t h e t i m e b e t w e e n t w o s u c ce s si v e a b s o r p t i o n s o f t h e p h o t o n is t a k e n e q u a l

t o u n i t y .

S u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o ( 2 . 2 )

c !A B = v ( 1 - 1 / n ) , B C - ( 2 . 3 )

1 + ( v / c ) c o s O ' n

a n d w o r k i n g w i t h i n a n a c c u r a c y o f s e c o n d o r d e r i n v / c , w e o b t a i n

, C 13 i t s 2 ( 7 l )2Corn - n v c ° s O ' + - - c ° s 2 0 ' + ~ - - n c n c 1 - - s i n 20 ' (2 .4 )

T i le a n g l e t h a t t h e o b s e r v e r s h o u l d m e a s u r e b e t w e e n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f p r o p a -

g a t i o n o f li g h t a n d t h e x ' a x i s in f r a m e K ' i s 0 o . T h u s , s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o ( 2 . 4 )

O ' = 0 o - 7 ( 2 . 5 )

w h e r e 3 ' i s a s m a l l a n g l e a n d , a s w e s h a l l s e e f u r t h e r , w i t h i n t h e n e c e s s a r y

a c c u r a c y w e c a n t a k e

A B s i n O ' v 0 ' vs i n T - --~ ( n - 1 ) s i n - ~ - ( n - 1 ) s i n 0 o ( 2 .6 )

A C c c

w e o b t a i n

t

CO rn -

c l v 2 ( )- - - v c o s 0 o + - - c o s 2 0 o - - - - n 1 - s in Z 0o ( 2 . 7 )

n cn 2 c

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8 3 2 S T E F A N M A R I N O V

T h e a n g l e b e t w e e n t h e x a x is a n d t h e d i r e c t i o n o f p r o p a g a t i o n o f l ig h t w h i c l

s h o u l d b e m e a s u r e d i n f r a m e K is 0 . T h u s , s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t o ( 2 . 7 )

O o = o + ( 2 , s )

w h e r e a i s a s m a l l a n g l e a n d , a s w e s h a l l s e e f u r t h e r , w i t h i n t h e n e c e s s a r y

a c c u r a c y w e c a n t a k e

C F s in 0 vsin a - --- - n s in 0 (2 .9)

A C c

w e o b t a i n

c v2 v 2 ( )= - - v c o s O + - - c o s 2 0 + l - - - n 1 + s i n2 0 ( 2 . 1 0 )

Co r n n c n 2 e

t !

I f n = l , i t w i l l b e Corn = Co, s o t h a t f o r m u l a ( 2 . 7 ) r e d u c e s t o t h e f o l l o w i n go n e ( f o r n = t i t is 0o = 0 ' ) :

tCo = c - v co s O' + ( v Z / c ) c o s Z O ' ( 2 . 1 1 )

a n d f o r m u l a ( 2 . 1 0 ) r e d u c e s t o t h e f o l l o w i n g o n e :

6 ,; = 6 , - v c o s 0 + / 2 % ( 2 . 1 2 )

w h i c h c o i n c i d e w i t h in a n a c c u r a c y o f s e c o n d o r d e r i n v / c , r e s p e c t i v e l y , w i t h

t h e f i r st a n d s e c o n d f o r m u l a s f o r t h e p r o p e r r e l a t iv e l ig h t v e l o c i t y in a f r a m e

m o v i n g a t v e l o c i t y v i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 c )

, c 1 - ( v / c ) c o s 0Co - 0 ' - c (2 .13 )

1 + ( V / 6 , ) COS 1 - " 102/6 ,2

F o r 0 = 0o = O , f o r m u l a s ( 2 . 7 ) a n d ( 2 . 1 0 ) g i v e

r 6 ' /22

6,ore = - - v + - - ( 2 . 1 4 )/ 7 Cr /

F or 0 = r r /2 , 0o = r r /2 + ( v / c ) n , f o r m u l a s ( 2 . 7 ) a n d ( 2 . 1 0 ) g iv e

, _ 6 , + 1 - - - n 1 + ( 2 . 1 5 )6 ,O re = ~ 2 C

W e r e c a l l ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 c ) t h a t c o i s t h e p r o p e r r e l a t i v e l i g h t v e l o c i t y , i . e .,

6,~ i s t h e l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n t h e m o v i n g f r a m e m e a s u r e d b y t h e h e l p o f a c l o c k

w h i c h i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e m o v i n g f r a m e . T h e a b s o l u t e r e l a t i v e l i g h t v e l o c i t y ,

c a l l e d f o r s h o r t r e l a t iv e li g h t v e l o c i t y , i s t h e s a m e q u a n t i t y , b u t m e a s u r e d b y

t h e h e l p o f a c l o c k t h a t i s a t t a c h e d t o a b s o l u t e s p a c e , a n d i t i s e q u a l t o

6 , ' = C ; ( l / 2 2 /6 " 2 ) / 2 ( 2 . 1 6 )

L e t u s f i n d n o w t h e v e l o c i t y o f l ig h t i n a m e d i u m m o v i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o

a b s o l u t e s p ac e an d m e a s u r e d i n a f r a m e a t t a c h e d t o t h e m e d i u m .

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SECOND-ORDER EFFECTS IN ROTAT ING DISK EXPERIMENT 833

S i nc e i n s u c h a ca s e (1 - 1 / n ) t h p a r t o f t h e t i m e u n i t t h e p h o t o n i s

" h i t c h e d " a n d d o e s n o t m o v e w i t h r e sp e c t t o t h e m o v i n g f r a m e K ' , t h e n t h e

" e f f e c t i v e " v e l o c it y o f th e f r a m e w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e t r a j e c t o r y o f t h e " f r e e "

p h o t o n w i l l b e ( 1 / n ) v . T h u s , a c c o r d i n g t o f o r m u l a ( 2 .1 3 ) , t h e p r o p e r v e l o c i t yo f t h e " f r e e " p h o t o n w i t h re s p e c t t o K ' w i ll b e

, c 1 - ( v / c n ) c o sC o = - c ( 2 . 1 7 )

1 + ( v / c n ) c o s 0 ' 1 - - ( v 2 / c 2 n 2 )

W i t h t h is v e l o c i ty t h e p h o t o n m o v e s o n l y ( 1 / n ) t h p a r t o f th e t i m e u n i t , s o

t h a t t h e m e a n p r o p e r v e l o c i t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o K ' w i l l b e

, 1 , c 1 c 1 - ( v / c n ) c o s OCom = - Co . . . . (2 .1 8 )

n n 1+ ( v / c n ) c o s O ' n 1 - ( v Z / e Z n 2 )

w h e r e 0 ' a n d 0 a r e th e a n g le s b e t w e e n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f l ig h t p r o p a g a t i o n a n d t h e

x a x e s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , i n t h e m o v i n g a n d r e s t f r a m e s .

T h i s r e s u lt c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y t h e h e l p o f F i g u re 1 i n M a r in o v ( 1 9 7 4 a ) .

L e t u s n o t e , h o w e v e r , t h a t i f w e s h o u l d u s e t h e n o t a t i o n s g i ve n i n M a f i n o v ( 1 9 7 4 a ) ,

w e s h o u l d o b t a i n t h e f o l lo w i n g e x p r e ss i o n f o r t h e m e a n v e l o c i t y w i t h r e s p e c t

t o K ' :

B C c 1' - - ( 2 . 1 9 )

C m t m n 1 + ( v / e n ) c o s 0 ' + ½ ( v Z / e 2 n ) s in20 '

T h i s f o r m u l a g iv es t h e m e a n l ig h t v e l o c i t y w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e m o v i n g f r a m e

K ' m e a s u r e d in a b s o l u t e t i m e , i .e . , t h e q u a n t i t y [ se e ( 2 . 1 6 ) ]

t

c ; , = C o r n ( 1 - ~ , 2 / c 2 ) t / ~ ( 2 . 2 0 )

T h e d i f fe r e n c e in t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r t e r m s in t h e f o r m u l a s ( 2 .1 9 ) a n d ( 2 . 2 0 ),

s u b s t i t u t i n g ( 2 . 1 8 ) i n t o t h e l a t t e r , a p p e a r s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e f a c t t h a t i n

o b t a i n i n g (2 . 1 9 ) w e h a v e u s ed o n l y t r a d i t io n a l N e w t o n i a n c o n c e p t i o n s , w h il e

w h e n o b t a i n i n g ( 2 . 1 8 ) w e h a v e u s e d f o r m u l a ( 2 . 1 3 ) f o r t h e l i g h t v e l o c i t y i n

a m o v i n g f r a m e g i ve n b y o u r a b s o l u t e s p a c e -t i m e t h e o r y , w h i c h i s t h e t r u e o n e .

T h u s o n l y f o r m u l a s ( 2 . 1 8 ) a n d ( 2 . 2 0 ) c o r r e s p o n d t o p h y s i c a l r e a l i ty , w h i le

f o r m u l a ( 2 . 1 9 ) c o r r e s p o n d s t o p h y s i c a l r e a l it y w i t h i n t h e t e r m s o f fi r st o r d e r

in v / c .

3 . T h e S e c o n d - O r d e r E f f e c t s i n t h e H a r r e s s -M a r i n o v , - S a g n a c ,

- F i z e a u , a n d - P o g a n y E x p e r i m e n t s

T h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t s i n t h e " r o t a t i n g d i s k "

e x p e r i m e n t i s a t e c h n o l o g ic a l l y d if f ic u l t p r o b l e m , a n d i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y w e

c a n n o t c o p e w i t h it . F o r t h is r e a s o n w e s h al l p r o p o s e s u c h e x p e r i m e n t s w i t h -

o u t e n t e r i n g i n t o t h e d e t a i ls o f a n e v e n t u a l p r a c t i c a l r e a l i z a ti o n .

T h e s e t u p f o r a m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c ts i n th e " r o t a t i n g

d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 2 . A m e d i u m w i t h r e f r ac t iv e i n d e x n m a d e

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8 3 4 S T E F A N M A R I N O V

~ S

j I ~ I

P I ~ % ~ M M I

M

F i g. 2. T h e s e t u p fo r t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f th e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t so n t h e r o t a t i n g d i sk .

i n t h e f o r m o f a c y l in d r i c a l r i n g ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 b ) w i t h o u t e r r a d i u s R c a n

r o t a t e w i t h t h e m i r r o r s 11//1,M 2 . . . . M k _ 1 , M k or w i t h o u t t h e m , o r o n l y t h e

m i r r o r s c a n r o t a t e a n d t h e m e d i u m r e m a i n a t r e s t . I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e m e d i u m

w i t h r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x n = 1 , i . e . , v a c u u m ( a i r ) c an b e a l s o t a k e n . S o t h e r e a r e

f o u r d i f f e r e n t p o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s , as f o l l o w s ( se e M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 b ) :

1 . T h e H a r r e s s - M a r i n o v e x p e r i m e n t , i n w h i c h t h e m e d i u m i s a t r e st

a n d t h e m i r r o r s r o t a t e .

2 . T h e H a r r e s s - S ag n a c e x p e r i m e n t , in w h i c h t h e m e d i u m is v a c u u m

a n d t h e m i r r o r s r o t a t e .

3 . T h e H a r r e s s - F i z e a u e x p e r i m e n t , in w h i c h t h e m e d i u m r o t a t e s a n d

t h e m i r r o r s a r e a t r e s t .

4 . T h e H a r r e s s - P o g a n y e x p e r i m e n t , i n w h i c h t h e m e d i u m r o t a t e s

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e m i r r o r s .

L e t u s n o t e t h a t i t w i ll b e v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o m e a s u r e t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t s

i n t h e H a r r e s s - M a r i n o v a n d H a r r e s s - F i z e a u e x p e r i m e n t s , b e c a u s e th e r e i s a

r e la t iv e m o t i o n b e t w e e n m i r r o r s a n d m e d i u m , s o t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e

H a r r e s s - S a g n a c a n d H a r r e s s - P o g a n y e x p e r i m e n t s s h o u l d b e e a s ie r .

I n F i g u r e 2 S i s a li g h t s o u r c e e m i t t i n g c o h e r e n t l i g h t , w h i c h i s r i g i d l y

c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e m i r r o r s b e c a u s e t h e e f f e c t t o b e m e a s u r e d i s t o o s m a l l a n d

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S E C O N D - O R D E R E F F E C T S I N R O T A T I N G D I S K E X P E R I M E N T 8 3 5

t h e u s e o f a s h u t t e r t h a t i s g o v e r n e d b y t h e r o t a t i n g d i s k ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 b )

w o u l d p r o b a b l y d i s c r e d it t h e e x p e r i m e n t . P i s a p h o t o r e s i s t o r i l l u m i n a t e d b y

i n t e r f e r e n c e l i g h t . I t is p u t i n o n e a r m o f a W h e a t s t o n e b r i d g e , in w h o s e o t h e r

a r m t h e r e i s a v a r i a b le r e s is t o r . W e s h o u l d a s s u m e t h a t M L 342 . . . . . M k _ 1, M ka re p l a c e d c lo s e e n o u g h t o t h e r i m o f t h e m e d i u m ' s d i s k . T h u s w e c a n a s su m e

t h a t t h e p h o t o n s f l y a l o n g t h e c i r c u m f e r e n c e o f a c i rc l e a n d c o v e r a p a t h d = 2 7 rR

L e t u s s u p p o s e f i r s t t h a t t h e d i s k i s a t r e s t. L i g h t e m i t t e d b y t h e s o u r c e S is

s p l i t b y t h e s e m i t r a n s p a r e n t m i r r o r S M i n t o f i rs t a n d s e c o n d b e a m s . T h e f i r s t

b e a m r e f l e c t s o n t h e m i r r o r M a n d a f t e r re f r a c t i o n on S M i l l u m i n a t e s P . T h e

s e c o n d b e a m r e f l e c t s s u c c e s s iv e l y o n M 1 . . . . . M k c l o c k w i s e a n d o n 3 /I . . . . . M 1

c o u n t e r c l o c k w i s e a n d a f t er r e f l e c t i o n o n S M i l l u m i n a t e s P .

I f n o w w e s e t t h e d i s k i n r o t a t i o n , t h e n t h e f i r st b e a m s h o u l d n o t c h a ng e t h e

t i m e i n w h i c h i t w i l l c o v e r i ts p a t h , b e c a u s e a l l th e t i m e i t m o v e s a l o n g t h e

r a d i u s o f t h e r o t a t i n g d i s k , w h i l e th e s e c o n d b e a m s h o u l d c h a n g e i t s t i m e w i t h

A t . N o w w e s h a ll c a l c u l a t e t h i s t i m e d i f f e r e n c e f o r t h e f o u r d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f

t h e " r o t a t i n g d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t .

L e t u s c o n s i d e r f i rs t th e H a r r e s s - M a r i n o v e x p e r i m e n t . U s i ng f o r m u l a s ( 2 . 1 4 )

a n d ( 2 . 2 0 ) w e f in d t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e in t h e a b s o l u t e t i m e s w h i c h t h e s e c o n d

b e a m s h o u l d s p e n d t o c o v e r i ts p a t h i n th e c a se s o f re s t a n d r o t a t i o n o f th e

m i r r o r s w i ll b e

d d 2d dv 2AtH_M - + - n( 2n 2 -- 1 ) ( 3 . 1 )

d ; c 3

F o r n = 1 , i .e . , f o r t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t in t h e H a r r e s s - S a g n a c e x p e r i m e n t

w e o b t a i n

d v 2

z x t H _ s = ( 3 . 2 )

I t c a n e a s i ly b e s e e n t h a t f o r t h e f i r s t - o r d e r e f fe c t s i n th e H a r r e s s - M a r i n o v

a n d H a r r e s s - S ag n a c e x p e r i m e n t s w e s h a h o b t a i n t h e s a m e f o r m u l a s a s i n

M a r i n o v ( 1 9 7 6 b ) , w h e r e t h e c a l c u l a ti o n w a s m a d e i n a s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t w a y .

L e t u s n o w c o n s i d e r th e H a r r e s s - F i z e a u e x p e r i m e n t . U s i n g f o r m u l a ( I 7)

f r o m ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 4 a ) , w e f i n d th a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e a b s o l u t e t i m e s w h i c h

t h e s e c o n d b e a m s h o u l d s p e n d t o c o v e r i t s p a t h i n t h e c a s e s o f re s t a n d r o t a t i o no f th e m e d i u m w i l l b e

d d 2d 2dr zA t H - p = - F - + - n ( n 2 - 1 ) ( 3 . 3 )

cm c ~ Cm c 3

A n d f i n a l l y l e t us c o n s i d e r t h e H a r r e s s - P o g a n y e x p e r i m e n t . U s i n g f o r m u l a

( 2 . 1 8 ) f o r 0 ' = 0 = 0 , a n d f o r m u l a ( 2 . 2 0 ) , w e o b t a i n

d d 2 d d r ;/ k t H - P = ~T + -U - - - ~ . .. .. .. .. .5 ~n ( 3 . 4 )

C m Cm m C

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8 3 6 ST E FA N MA R I N O V

F r o m t h i s f o r m u l a f o r n = 1 w e o b t a i n a g a i n t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t ( 3 . 2 )

i n t h e H a r r e s s - S a g n a c e x p e r i m e n t .

4 . T h e S ec o n d- O r de r E f f e c t s in t h e " R o t a t i n g D i s k " E x p e r i m e n t

and the Ab so lu te T ime D i la t ion

T h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c ts i n t h e " r o t a t i n g d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t a re v e r y i m p o r t -

a n t f o r t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d f o r e st a b li s h m e n t o f o u r a b s o l u t e t i m e d i l at i on

c o n c e p t i o n . L e t u s s h o w t h i s .

A s i s w e l l k n o w n ( s e e , f o r e x a m p l e , M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 5 b ) , a l ig h t c l o c k r e p r e s e n t s

t w o m i r r o r s p l a ce d i n f r o n t o f e a c h o t h e r b e t w e e n w t ~ c h a l i g h t p u l s e g o e s

" t h e r e a n d b a c k ' .' I n s t e ad o f t w o m i r r o r s w e c a n h a v e a n a rb i t r a r y n u m b e r .

O f i m p o r t a n c e i s o n l y t h a t a l ig h t p u l s e t h a t l e av e s a g iv e n p o i n t , r e t u r n s a g a i n

t o i t , a n d r e p e a t s t h i s c y c l e u n i n t e r r u p t e d l y . T h u s o u r m i r r o r s M 1 ,3 //2 . . . . .

Mk , • • . , 3 4 2, M I r e p r e s e n t a l s o a li g h t c l o c k .

L e t t h e t i m e t h a t a li g h t p u l s e s p e n d s c o v e r i n g t h e p a t h d " t h e r e a n d b a c k "

b e T w h e n t h e m i r r o r s a r e a t r e st . T h u s T = 2d /c is t h e r e s t p e r i o d o f o u r c l o c k .

W h e n t h e m i r r o rs a r e s e t i n r o t a t i o n a l m o t i o n w i t h v e l o c i t y v = ~ 2 R, w h e r e ~2

is t h e a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y , t h e p e r i o d o f t h e f ig h t c l o c k m e a s u r e d i n a b s o l u t e t i m e ,

i .e . , b y t h e h e l p o f a c l o c k t h a t r e s t s i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e , w i l l b e [ se e f o r m u l a s

( 2 . 1 3 ) a n d ( 2 . 1 6 ) ]

d d 2d T

TO = c7 ~ + c ' - c ( 1 - v2/e2 ) 1/2 (1 - - v2 /e2 ) 1 /2 ( 4 . 1 )

w h i l e t h e s a m e p e r i o d m e a s u r e d i n p r o p e r t i m e , i .e ., b y t h e h e l p o f a c l o c k t h a t

is a t t a c h e d t o t h e r i m o f t h e m o v i n g d i sk , w i ll be

d d 2d= - - - - - - T ( 4 . 2 )Too 4 + +c ; - c

T h u s t h e p e r i o d o f o u r l i g h t c l o c k r o t a t i n g w i t h v e l o c i t y v i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e ,

a s th e p e r i o d o f a n y p r o c e e d i n g a s a w h o l e w i t h v e l o c i t y v l ig h t c l o c k ( M a r i n o v ,

1 9 7 5 b ) , b e c o m e s l o n g e r , a c c o r d i n g t o f o r m u l a ( 4 . 1 ) . W e h av e c a ll e d t h i s e f f e c t

t h e a b s o lu t e k i n e m a t i c t i m e d i l a ti o n . L e t us n o t e t h a t t o t h e a b s o l u te d y n a m i c

t i m e d i l a t io n , i .e . , t o t h e d i l a t io n o f t h e p e r i o d s o f l i g h t c lo c k s p l a c e d n e a r l o c a l

c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f m a t t e r , w e h a ve d e d i c a t e d o u r p a p e r ( M a r in o v , 1 9 7 6 d ) .

F u r t h e r , i n t h e p r e s e n t p a p e r w e s h a l l c o n s i d e r o n l y t h e k i n e m a t i c t i m e d i l a t i o n .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e t e n t h ( h i g h- v e lo c i ty ) a x i o m o f o u r a b s o l u t e s p a ce - ti m e

t h e o r y ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 c , 1 9 7 6 d ) , t h e t i m e u n i t f o r a n y o b s e r v e r i s d e t e r m i n e d

b y t h e p e r i o d o f a l i g h t c l o c k t h a t h a s t h e s a m e " a r m " f o r al l o b s e r ve r s . W h e n

t h e " a r m " i s d = 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 k m , t h e n t h i s ti m e u n i t is c a l le d a s e c o n d . I f t h e

o b s e r v e r i s a t r e s t i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e , h i s s e c o n d i s c a l l e d a b s o l u t e . I f t h e o b s e r v e r

m o v e s w i t h c e r t a i n v e l o c i t y i n a b s o l u t e s p a c e , h i s s e c o n d i s c a l le d p r o p e r .

O b v i o u s l y , a n y p r o p e r s e c o n d i s l a r g e r t h e n t h e a b s o l u t e s e c o n d a n d t h e

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SECOND-ORDER EFFECTS IN ROTATING DISK EXPERIMENT 837

r e l a t i on is g iven by fo rm ula (4 -.1 ), where To i s t he du ra t ion o f t he p rop e r s ec ond

i n a b s o l u t e t i m e a n d T is t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e a b s o l u t e s e c o n d i n a b s o l u t e t im e .

H o w e v e r t h is c h a n g e i n th e d u r a t i o n o f t h e p e r i o d o f a li g h t c l o c k , w h e n b e i n g

p u t i n m o t i o n , c a n b e e s t a b li s h e d o n l y c o m p a r i n g it s p e r io d w i t h a p e r i o d i ca lp roces s o f a sys t em tha t i s a t r e s t i n abso lu t e space ( i n gene ra l , wh ich does no t

change i t s ve loc i ty wh en the l i gh t c lock unde r i nves t i ga t ion changes i ts ve loc i ty ) .

I f w e s h o u l d c o m p a r e t h e p e r i o d o f th e l i g h t c lo c k c o n s i d e r e d w i t h t h e p e r io d i c al

p r o c e s s o f a s y s t e m t h a t a ll th e t i m e m o v e s w i t h t h e s a m e v e l o c i t y as t h e l i gh t

c lock , t hen no change can be r eg i s t e r ed , a s fo l l ows f rom fo rmula (4 .2 ) . Th i s

is d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r h y t h m o f a n y per iod ica l p roces s dec reases acco rd ing

t o f o r m u l a ( 4 . 1 ) i f th e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s y s t e m i s s e t i n m o t i o n w i t il v e l o c i t y v .

Al l t hese a s se r t i ons o f ou r abso lu t e space - t ime theo ry can be ve r i f i ed

e x p e r i m e n t a l l y i f o n e m e a s u r e s t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r e f f e c t i n th e H a r r e s s - S a g n a c

e x p e r i m e n t .T h e s e c o n d . o r d e r e f f e c t in t h e H a r r e s s -S a g n a c e x p e r i m e n t w a s tr e a t e d b y

B u r c e v ( 1 9 7 4 ) , w h o h a s p r o p o s e d a l so a n e x p e r i m e n t f o r it s m e a s u r e m e n t .

B u r c e v 's p r o p o s a l c o n s i s ts i n t h e f o l lo w i n g : L e t th e r e b y a n u m b e r ( > 3 ) o f

a r t if i c ia l s at e l li t e s mov ing a long the sam e c i r cu la r t r a j ec to ry roun d the Ea r th

w i t h a c e r t a i n v e l o c i t y v. I f a r a d a r p u l se i s e m i t t e d f r o m t h e o n e o f t h e

sa t e ll i te s , then by m eans o f r e f l ec t i ons i n t he o the r s a t e l li t e s t h i s r ada r pu l se

c a n b e a g a i n re c e i v ed a f t e r h a v in g c o v e r e d a c l o se d p a t h r o u n d t h e E a r t h ,

a n d t h e t i m e o f d e l a y c a n b e m e a s u r e d w i t h h i g h p r e c is i o n . I f w e s u p p o s e

t h a t t h e s a t e ll it e s a r e p l a c e d c lo s e e n o u g h t o e a c h o t h e r , t h e n t h e t r a j e c t o r y

o f t h e r a d a r w a v e c a n b e a s s u m e d a s c ir c u la r a n d t h e g r a v i t a t io n a l p o t e n t i a l s

a t a l l p o i n t s c r o s s e d b y t h e w a v e a s eq u a l . T h u s a n y r e f e r e n c e m a d e b y B u r c e vt o S h a p i r o ' s e x p e r i m e n t ( S h a p i r o , 1 9 6 8 ) [ w h e r e t h e c o v e r t i m e s o f r a d a r

signals passing the s a m e d i s t ance i n r eg ions wi th d i f f e r en t grav i t a t i ona l

p o t e n t i a l s a r e m e a s u r e d - s e e M a r i n ov ( 1 9 7 6 d ) ] is o u t o f p l a ce , a n d w e c a n

t r e a t B u r c e v ' s p r o p o s a l b y t h e h e l p o f o u r F i g u re 2 , a s s u m i n g t h a t c l o c k C ( a n

a t o m i c c l o c k ) i s a t t a c h e d t o t h e m i r r o r s M 1 a n d M k, s o t h a t t h e t i m e i n w h i c h

a li gh t pu l se cove r s t he pa th f ro m M 1 to M k, o r f ro m M k to M 1, can be

m e a s u r e d .

Accord ing to t he E ins t e in t heo ry o f gene ra l r e l a t i v i t y (Burcev , 1974 ;

Landau and L i f sh i t z , 1955 ; Tonne la t , 1964) t h i s t ime , r e spec t ive ly , f o r t he

" d i r e c t " ( + ) a n d " o p p o s i t e " ( - ) p u ls e is

1 + - v / c

= t ( 1 - v 2 / c 2 ) 1 / 2 ( 4 . 3 )

where t = d / c = 2r rR / c i s t he t im e r eg i s t e r ed on th e s ame c loc k i f t he d i sk i s a t

res t .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e t r a d i ti o n a l N e w t o n i a n e t h e r t h e o r y t h i s t i m e i s

tt } - ( 4 .4 )

1 ~ v / e

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8 3 8 STEFA N M A R IN O V

A c c o r d i n g t o o u r a b s o l u t e s p a c e - t im e t h e o r y t h is t i m e i s [ s ee f o r m u l a ( 2 . 1 3 )]

t 0 - ~ = t 1 -+ ( 4 . 5 )

C o-

I f t h is t i m e s h o u l d b e m e a s u r e d o n a c l o c k t h a t r e s t s in a b s o l u t e s p a c e , i t

w i l l b e

t + d I + _ v / c= - ; ÷ = t ( 4 . 6 )

c - (1 - - V2/C2)112

W h e n w e h a v e t o m e a s u r e t h e a b s o l u t e t i m e i n t e r v a l t -+ b y t h e h e l p o f a

c l o c k t h a t r e st s i n a b s o l u te s p a c e , t h e p r o b l e m a ri se s a b o u t t h e t i m e s y n c h r o n i z a -

t i o n o f s p a t i a l ly s e p a r a t e d c l o c k s . T h i s p r o b l e m i s s o l v e d b y u s ( t h e o r e t i c a l l y a n d

p r a c t i c a l l y ) b y t h e h e l p o f a r o t a t i n g r ig id s h a f t . H o w e v e r , in th e " r o t a t i n g d i s k "

e x p e r i m e n t t h e p r o b l e m a b o u t t h e t i m e s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n o f s p a t ia l l y s e p a r a t e d

c l o c k s c a n b e e l i m i n a t e d f f w e c h o o s e a n a p p r o p r i a t e r o t a t i o n 7 ~_ v e l o c i t y v , s o

t h a t t h e l i g h t p u ls e , e m i t t e d b y M 1 w h e n i t p a s s e s n e a r t h e c l o c k C , w h i c h i s a t

r e s t, w i l l a rr iv e a t M k w h e n M k p a s s e s ( a f t e r o n e o r m o r e r e v o l u t i o n s ) n e a r C .

L e t u s n o t e t h a t B u r c e v ( 1 9 7 4 ) w r o n g l y w r i te s f o r m u l a ( 4 . 5 ) as c o r re s p o n d i n g

t o t h e N e w t o n i a n e t h e r t h e o r y . I n a l e t te r t o th e a u t h o r o f 1 8 S e p t e m b e r 1 9 7 4

h e a g r e e d t h a t t h e t ru e f o r m u l a t h a t m u s t b e w r i t te n w h e n p r o c e e d i n g f r o m t h e

t r a d i t i o n a l N e w t o n i a n t h e o r y is ( 4 . 4 ) .

W e h a v e t o a d d h e r e t h a t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m a j o r i t y o f th e r e l a ti v is t s t h e

" r o t a t i n g d i s k " e x p e r i m e n t c a n b e t re a t e d o n l y w i t h t h e h e l p o f t h e m a t h e -

m a t i c a l a p p a r a t u s o f g e n e r a l r e l a ti v i ty . H o w e v e r c e r t a i n r e la t i v is t s ( s e e , f o re x a m p l e , L a u e , 1 9 5 5 ) a s s e rt t h a t t h is c a n b e d o n e a l s o b y t h e a p p a r a t u s o f

s p e ci al r e la t i v it y a n d p e r f o r m s u i ta b l e c a l c u l a ti o n s m a k i n g u s e o f t h e L o r e n t z

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n .

L e t u s s e e w h a t r e s u l t s t h e s p e c i a l r e l a t i v i t y w a y l e a d s t o . L e t u s a t t a c h a

m o v i n g f r a m e K ' t o t h e r o t a t in g d i sk a n d a re s t f ra m e K t o a b s o l u t e s p a c e .

O b v i o u s l y ' , K ' i s n o t a n i n e rt ia l f r a m e b e c a u s e a t a n y m o m e n t i ts v e l o c i ty

c h a n g e s i ts d i re c t i o n . H o w e v e r , t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e o f t h e v e l o c i t y r e m a i n s

c o n s t a n t a n d t h is m a k e s i t p o s s i b l e t o u se t h e L o r e n t z t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f o r m u l a s .

F o r t h e i n i t ia l e v e n t ( s e n d i n g o f a li g h t p u l s e f r o m M ~ ) l e t u s t a k e x 'l = 0 ,

t '1 = 0 a n d f o r t h e f i n a l e v e n t ( a r ri v i n g o f t h e s i g n al a t M k ) x ; = d , t ; = d / c .S u b s t i tu t i n g t h e s e v a lu e s i n t o t h e L o r e n t z t r a n s f o r m a t i o n f o r m u l a s f o r t i m e

( s e e, f o r e x a m p l e , M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 5 b ) a n d s u b t r a c t i n g t h e f i r st f o r m u l a t h u s

o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e s e c o n d , w e o b t a i n t h e r e s u l t ( 4 .6 ) . N o w t h i s t i m e is

m e a s u r e d o n a c l o c k t h a t i s a t r e st . T h e t i m e m e a s u r e d o n a c l o c k t h a t i s

a t t a c h e d t o t h e m o v i n g d i sk m u s t b e e q u a l t o t ' = d / c , b o t h f o r t h e " d i r e c t "

a n d f o r t h e " o p p o s i t e " p u l s es .

I n F i g u r e 3 w e g i ve th e g r a p h s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s t+ / t v e r s u s v / c d r a w n

a c c o r d i n g t o f o r m u l a s ( 4 . 3 ) - ( 4 .5 ) . T h u s a n e x p e r i m e n t s u c h a s t h e o n e

p r o p o s e d b y B u r c e v c a n c h o o s e b e t w e e n t h e s e t h r e e r iv a l t h e o ri e s . H o w e v e r ,

s in c e t h e r e l a ti v i ty t h e o r y w a s k n o c k e d o u t b y o u r " c o u p l e d - m i r r o r s "

e x p e r i m e n t ( M a r i n o v , 1 9 7 6 c ) , a s w e l l a s b y t h e d i s r u p t e d " r o t a t i n g d i s k "

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S E C O N D - O R D E R E F F E C T S I N R O T A T I N G D I SK E X P E R I M E N T

tO I-

8 3 9

Z ~- / / Mar~ r

[ I I 0 1 ¢ ~ I I I I I I

o o . 1 ~ Z o . ,~ o , ~ o . t O . Z o . a , , #

Fig. 3. The relative times in which the "d irec t" light pulse makes a wholerevolution on the rotatin g disk, according to th e theories of New ton,Einstein, an d M arinov.

e x p e r i m e n t ( M a r in o v , 1 9 7 6 a ) , s u c h a s e c o n d - o r d e r e x p e r i m e n t h a s t o c h o o s e

o n l y b e t w e e n t h e N e w t o n i a n a n d o u r t h e o ri e s . T a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t , h o w e v e r ,

t h a t m a n y s e c o n d - o r d e r ex p e r i m e n t s ( t h e M i c h e l s o n - M o r l e y e x p e r i m e n t , t h e

I v e s - S t il w e l l e x p e r i m e n t , a n d a l l e x p e r i m e n t s w h e r e t h e t i m e d i l a t i o n a p p e a rs ,

i .e . , t h e w h o l e o f h i g h - v e l o c i t y p h y s i c s ) h a v e k n o c k e d o u t t h e t r a d i t i o n a l

N e w t o n i a n e t h e r t h e o r y , t h e n t h e c o n c l u s i o n is t o b e d r a w n t h a t a t t h e p r e s e n t

t i m e o n l y o u r a b s o l u t e s p a c e - t i m e t h e o r y c o r r e s p o n d s t o p h y s i c a l r e a l i t y .

R e f e r e n c e s

Burcev, P. ( t974) . Ph ys i cs L e t t e rs , 47A, 365.Landau, L. D., and Lifshitz, E. M. (1955). The Class ica l Theory o f Fie lds (Pergamon P ress,

London).Laue, M . von. (1955). Die Rela t iv i td t s theor ie (Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, Braunschweig).

Marinov, S. (1974a). In ternat ional Journal o f Theoret ica l Phys ics ' , 9, 139.

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840 S T E F A N M A R I N O V

Vfarinov , S. ( t9 74 b) . Czechoslovak Journal of Physics, B 2 4 , 9 6 5 .~ a r in o v , S . ( 1 9 7 5 a) . Physics Letters, 5 4 A, 1 9 .Vlarinov , S. (197 5b) . International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 13, 189 .Vlarinov, S. (1 976 a). International Journal of Theoretical Physics ( to b e p u b l i sh ed ) .

Vlarinov , S. (19 76b ) . Foundations of Physics ( to b e p u b l i sh ed ) .Vlarinov, S. (19 76 c). Journal de Physique, ( to b e p u b l i sh ed ) .Vlarinov , S. (1976 d) . Foundations of Physics,6 , 5 7 1 .~hapiro , I . I . ( t9 68 ) . Physical Review Letters, 20, 1265.ro n n e la t , M. -A. ( 1 9 6 4 ) . Les v~rifications expdrimentales de la relativitd gdndrale (Masse

et C ie, Paris).