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19-1
Cardiovascular SystemBloodBlood
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19-2
Functions of Blood
• Transport of: – Gases, nutrients, waste products– Processed molecules– Regulatory molecules
• Regulation of pH and osmosis
• Maintenance of body temperature
• Protection against foreign substances
• Clot formation
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19-3
Composition of Blood
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19-4
Plasma• Liquid part of blood
– Pale yellow made up of 91% water, 9% other
• Colloid: Liquid containing suspended substances that don’t settle out– Albumin: Important in regulation of water
movement between tissues and blood– Globulins: Immune system or transport
molecules– Fibrinogen: Responsible for formation of blood
clots
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19-5
Formed Elements• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)• White blood cells (leukocytes)
– Granulocytes• Neutrophils• Eosinophils• Basophils
– Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes• Monocytes
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
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19-6
Production of Formed Elements
• Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: Process of blood cell production
• Stem cells: All formed elements derived from single population– Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells– Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils,
neutrophils, eosinophils– Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes– Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes– Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets
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19-7
Hematopoiesis
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19-8
Erythrocytes• Structure
– Biconcave, anucleate
• Components– Hemoglobin
– Lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase
• Function– Transport oxygen from
lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
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19-9
Hemoglobin
• Consists of: – 4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide (carbonic
anhydrase involved), nitric oxide
– 4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen• Iron is required for oxygen transport
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19-10
Erythropoiesis
• Production of red blood cells– Stem cells proerythroblasts early erythroblasts
intermediate late reticulocytes
• Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC production
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19-11
Hemoglobin Breakdown
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19-12
Leukocytes• Protect body against
microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris
• Movements– Ameboid
– Diapedesis
– Chemotaxis
– Passive Immunity
– Active Immunity
– Antigen – Antibody
• Types– Neutrophils: Most common;
phagocytic cells destroy bacteria (60%)
– Eosinophils: Detoxify chemicals; reduce inflammation (4%)
– Basophils: Alergic reactions; Release histamine, heparin increase inflam. response (1%)
– Lymphocytes: Immunity 2 types; b & t Cell types. IgG-infection, IgM-microbes, IgA-Resp & GI, IgE- Alergy, IgD-immune response
– Monocytes: Become macrophages
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19-13
Leukocytes
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19-14
Thrombocytes
• Cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow
• Important in preventing blood loss– Platelet plugs
– Promoting formation and contraction of clots
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19-15
Hemostasis
• Arrest of bleeding
• Events preventing excessive blood loss– Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged
blood vessels– Platelet plug formation – Coagulation or blood clotting
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19-16
Platelet Plug Formation
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19-17
Coagulation
• Stages– Activation of
prothrombinase
– Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
– Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
• Pathways– Extrinsic
– Intrinsic
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19-18
Clot Formation
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19-19
Fibrinolysis
• Clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin
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19-20
Blood Grouping
• Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs
• Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC antigens, resulting in agglutination (clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs
• Groups– ABO and Rh
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19-21
ABO Blood Groups
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19-22
Agglutination Reaction
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19-23
Rh Blood Group
• First studied in rhesus monkeys
• Types– Rh positive: Have these antigens present on
surface of RBCs– Rh negative: Do not have these antigens present
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)– Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross
placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis of fetal RBCs
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19-24
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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19-25
Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Type and crossmatch• Complete blood count
– Red blood count
– Hemoglobin measurement
– Hematocrit measurement
• White blood count• Differential white blood
count• Clotting
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19-26
Blood Disorders
• Erythrocytosis: RBC overabundance
• Anemia: Deficiency of hemoglobin– Iron-deficiency
– Pernicious
– Hemorrhagic
– Hemolytic
– Sickle-cell
• Hemophilia• Thrombocytopenia• Leukemia• Septicemia• Malaria• Infectious
mononucleosis• Hepatitis