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1799-1815
The Napoleonic Era
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Napoleon Bonparte
1769-born in CorsicaAttended military
school in FranceJoins army of the
National AssemblyBecomes general of
the French Army by Directory in 1799. “savior of the Republic”
after successful cannonade to ward off conservatives
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Coup d'etatCoup d’etat=stroke the
state
November 9, 1799Napoleon uses his
military prestige and success to overthrow the Directory
Believed the Directory to be corrupt and not interested in promoted the betterment of French welfare
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November 10, 1799- French Consulate in place3 leaders called Consuls
1st Consul- Napoleon Bonaparte2nd Consul- Napoleon’s brother Lucien Bonaparte3rd Consul-former Director- Sieyes
Napoleon drafts a new constitution
naming him as 1st consul of France for life…unbeknownst to the other consuls
French Consolate
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Plebiscite= vote of YES or NO on specific question
1800- plebiscite votes YES-1st Consul of France
1802-plebiscite votes YES-1st Consul of France for life
1804-plebiscite votes YES- EMPEROR OF FRANCE
Napoleon becomes Emperor
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Napoleon's CoronationDecember 2,
1804 Napoleon’s
Coronation at
Notre Dame Cathedral
He crowns himself-big
controversy-WHY??
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Makes good and lasting changes to economy, society, and religion.
Enlightened but did limit some rights as well.
Reforms focused on four areas:Economic OrderSocial OrderReligious OrderLegal Order
Napoleon's Reforms
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Slowed inflationBalanced budgetNational BankControlled circulation of moneyPaid off debt
Sold Louisiana Territory to President ?? What was this purchase called?Who explored the territory?
Economic Order
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Welcomed émigrés (nobles) back on good behavior
Promoted officials by merit not nobilitySet up Lycees (public schools)
Social Order
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Establish CONCORDATNew relationship b/w church and stateAllowed freedom of religionPromoted Catholicism as “great majority” and
“true” religion of FranceEliminated any political control of Pope
Religous Order
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Established the Napoleonic Code of LawsSet of 101 new laws establishing strong sense
of law and order Many laws still in use today
Equality under the lawCensured newspapersReduced women’s rightsRestored slavery in French Colonies
Legal Order
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Military geniusExpert in use of artilleryDeveloped innovative artillery strategy still in
use todayFather of modern artillery warfare
Military Mastermind
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Napoleon quickly forced his power across Europe
Battle of Austerlitz-December 1805Invades AustriaForces emperor to make peace and forms
alliance
Battle of Jena-October 1806Invades PrussiaForces King to make peace and forms alliance
Napoleon: The Conquerer
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Battle of Friedland: June 1807Fought in PolandAgainst RussiansForces Czar Alex I to the bargaining table
PEACE OF TILSITNapoleon can have western ½ of Poland and all of
EuropeAlex I can have eastern ½ of Poland and all Ottoman
EmpirePeaceful coexistenceNon-aggression Pact
Napoleon: The Conqueror
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Battle of Trafalgar: October 1805Massive naval battle against British Royal Navy GB lead by Admiral Horatio Nelson Fought off coast of SpainBig loss for NapoleonNelson shot by sniper and dies moments after
hearing the British won
This loss sets Napoleon on a obsessive mission to “get” Great Britain
Napoleon learns he's not invincible…
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Napoleon's Europe
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he becomes blinded by success and makes three decisive mistakes…1. Continental System2. The Peninsular War3. Invasion of Russia
Napoleon's ego gets in his way…
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1806GOAL: to make Europe self-sufficient from GBBlockaded GB goods into EuropeGB blockades backEuropean economy suffersCauses War of 1812
Continental System
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1808-1813Goal: Make brother Joe King of Spain and
take Portugal from GBSpanish guerrillas fight in the name of
NATIONALISMNapoleon never gets Portugal and Joe never
gets the crownNapoleon losses 300,000 men
Penninsular War
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June, 1812GOAL: quickly take Russia as punishment for
breaking Continental SystemInvades with Grand Army of 400,000 menScorched-earth policy sucks him inNever get RussiaDecember, 1812-Returns with 10,000 menBeginning of the end for Napoleon
Invasion of Russia
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Europe has Napoleon at his weakest and decide to attack
Grand Alliance takes him on and winsExiled to Elba, but returns; Last 100 daysFinally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by
WellingtonExiled again…but much further away—St.
HelenaDies on the island in 1821
Why don’t they just kill’em?
Kick him when he's down…
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Now that he's gone…what do we do? Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)
AGENDA: Restore order and stability in Europe
4 weeks of meetings turned into 8 months
Ring Leader and HostKlemens von Metternich –
Foreign Minister of AustriaPut down the “Experiments
of Democracy”Major conservativeWants to restore all rightful
monarchs to the throne
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Legitimacy
Balance of Power
Containment of
France
Klemens von Metternich
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3 Major Goals1. Encirclement of France
Strengthen countries around France Prevent French aggression
2. Balance of Power Strengthen weaker countries to offset
France’s size and power3. Legitimacy
Restore the monarchies deposed by Napoleon Uphold conservative political ideals
Metternich's Agenda
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1. Great Britain2. Austrian Empire3. Prussia4. Russia5. France
Was it right to keep France a great power?
Great Powers of Europe