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The French Revolution
In this unit we will attempt to answer two key questions.
Inquiry question 1: Why was there a revolution?
Inquiry question 2: Why was the revolution radicalised?
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Why was there a revolution?
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Long term causes
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Louis XVI: portrait of a kingIn an absolute monarchy, the king is the
ultimate source of all authority. In France there
had only been three kings in the century
before the revolution. In a dynamic age of
ideas, government was static. So it was very
important to have a charismatic and decisive
leader.
Unlike his grandfather, Louis lacked thesequalities. Sometimes he seemed to lack
confidence because he was very short
sighted. He took only limited interest in court
ceremony which was central to the system of
government he inherited. Louis was studious,
and spoke English well. Despite censorship,many unpleasant rumours were spread about
Louis and his wife. His wife Marie Antoinette
was thought to be frivolous and possibly
unfaithful to her husband. Neither was able to
alter this bad impression.
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The splendour of Versailles
For a hundred years, French kings lived in the palace ofVersailles. The palace had been made to be magnificent
in order to impress people (particularly foreigners) with
the power of France. But its luxury caused some
resentment.
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Versailles: the gardens
Versailles had 50
fountains like this
one
The Queens Hamlet. This is the
Queens farm hidden in the grounds
at Versailles. For the queen it waslike a playground where she could
play at being a peasant. It offered
her an escape from the luxury and
magnificence of court life. The
people did not know about this farm.
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Marie Antoinette: the reality
This picture shows theQueen dressed as apeasant she wouldhave dressed this wayat The QueensHamlet. This was howMarie Antoinettewanted to be.
Q. Do you think people
would have respectedthe Queen more orless if they had knownthis side of her?
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Versailles: inside
This is theQueens
bedroom. It was
usual for
powerful people
to stay in bed
while people
came to ask
favours. People
would stand
beyond the rail.
In the corner is
a hidden door
where the
Queen escaped
when the mob
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The power and character of the king
Read p100-101
SHP and p18-19
Citizens Minds.
1) Describe in detailthe powerof the
king.
2) Complete this table
(use half a page in
your book.)
Strengths Weaknesses
Louis XVI
Marie
Antoinette
The Characterof the king and queen
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Lafayette the image and the man
Look at these two images of Lafayette: how did Lafayette see himself?
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Money Troubles: war
and tax farming.
France had fought a series of
expensive wars. The government
owed more and more money, and
had to find a new way to pay its
debt. Taxation did not work well
because much of the money was
taken by local officials who had paidthe government for the right to do
this. This was called tax farming.
Extension: read p28-9 Citizens
Minds
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Poverty
While the king and his nobles lived at
Versailles, many people were poor.Peasants made up about 85% of the
population: when harvests failed, many
people in the country and in the towns
risked starvation.
Look at sources FR1,2 or 3. Look at
p108-9 in Societies in Change. Make a
list of reasons for poverty in C18th
France.
Extension: p14-17 Citizens Minds
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The Three Estates: a static societyJust as government was static, so
society did not allow people toadvance. Moreover, the poorestpeople had the greatest tax burden,while others had privileges over thepeasantry.
(1)Read p10-13 Citizens minds, andanswer the Think questions on p13.
(2) In the contemporary print (right)the king is seated at the front. Whoare the other characters?
Extension: The caption refers to the
people what is interesting aboutthis? (Clue: compare it to We thepeople the phrase which opensthe U.S. Constitution.)
The People Under The Ancien Regime
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The Three Estates: points of viewWhoever has something, he will be
given more; and whoever does not, he
will lose even the little he has." (From
the Christian Bible.)
Q. Imagine you are a bishop. You are
part of the First Estate. Your family are
nobles part of the Second Estate.How could you use this religious text to
justify the situation in this picture?
Remember: the poor had much more
limited expectations than poor people
have today. People born poor generallyexpected to stay poor. They were used
to a hierarchical society: the less they
had, the more they might worry about
losing it if they rebelled. The poor were
told their reward would be in Heaven
if they were obedient on Earth.
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What was in peoples minds?
In C18th France, leadingthinkers like Voltaire,Rousseau, Montesquieu andDiderot looked at society in a
new way. They wereindependent minded, andinstead of agreeing withearlier ideas, offered anoriginal approach. They were
called the philosophes.Their ideas influenced someof the nobility and bettereducated members of theThird Estate. We will look at
each philosophe in turn.
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Four Philosophes
Voltaire criticised the
1st Estate. He argued
that the Church
prevented free speech
and was intolerant. He
condemned
persecution, usingsatire.
Rousseau argued that society
could make people act badly.
In order to be free, we must
impose the general will.
Montesquieu claimed that the
powers of government should
be shared.
Diderot wanted to see a more
tolerant, better educated society.
He worked with other philosophes
to produce the worlds first
encyclopaedia.
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Lafayette and the Duke of Orleans
Two men who read and admired
the Philosophes were Lafayetteand the Duke of Orleans. Bothwere very wealthy nobles, butwere part of a youngergeneration reflecting the ideasof their time. They were restlessand keen to put their talents touse.
Lafayette had been a leadingcommander in the AmericanWar of Independence. He didnot want to go back to the life ofa courtier.
The Duke of Orleans hostedrevolutionary speakers speakingto assembled crowds at hispalace in the centre of Paris.
Lafayette was
a marquis,but we do not
remember
him using his
title. Why do
you think this
is?
Philip the Duke
of Orleansadopted a new
name during the
revolution: Philip
equal citizen.
Why do you think
he did this?
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Short term causes
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1789 Meeting of the Estates
GeneralTo solve the governments money shortage, the king called a meeting of theEstates General. There were representatives of all three Estates (see the
picture below.) The Estates General had not met for over 150 years.
Read p23 Citizens Minds
Q Why was the Third
Estate worried aboutvoting?
Now look at the second
half of p36 and p37, and
answer the two questions
on p37.
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The Tennis Court Oath
When the representatives ofthe Third Estate were locked
out of their meeting room,
they met on a nearby tennis
court. Here they made a
solemn promise to stay
together until they had a newconstitution. This was a
direct challenge to the
authority of the king.
The representatives were locked out because their room was being prepared
for a meeting of all three estates. At this meeting Louis was going to agree to
many of their demands.
Over the next few weeks, members of the First and then the Second Estates
came to join the Third Estate. Now the Third Estate were setting the agenda.
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The Storming of the Bastille
News spread that the kingwas preparing to restore his
authority in Paris using large
numbers of soldiers. The
king also dismissed a
popular finance minister
Necker. The people hadhoped Necker could solve
the financial crisis. Now they
grew afraid. They decided to
arm themselves.
Read p57-9 Citizens Minds, and answer the question on p59.
Extension: read the extracts from Carlyle on p53 and 54, following the
instruction on p53. Then
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Eyewitness account: the king comes to Paris to accept the changes to the
government.
Read SOURCE FR4
Q1. Find a quote which shows
the attitudes of the people tothe king.
Q2. Find a quote which shows
the king lacked confidence.
The American leader Thomas
Jefferson was visiting Paris at this
time. He kept a diary, and it hassurvived. We can read about what
he saw with his own eyes.
Look carefully at this modern sign in
Paris.
Q. Although it is written in French, see
what Jefferson was doing in Paris in
1789 (and what he later became.)
Extension: This modern statue of Jefferson is also in Paris. Why
do you think a statue of Jefferson is here?
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Picture source: The Awakening of the Third Estate.
This contemporaryprint is called The
Awakening of theThird Estate.
1) Describe what ishappening.
2) Who might havemade this image?
3) Look at the
background: whendo you think thisprint was made?
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man
Here you can see how the
Declaration is made to look likethe Ten Commandments. An
angel points towards an eye in a
triangle with rays of light coming
from it. This symbol (which was
also used at the time of the
American Revolution ongovernment seals) represents G-
d. G-d is not represented as a
person but by this abstract
design. This is not to avoid
idolatry. It is a presentation of G-d
as a supreme being (notnecessarily Christian.)
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Providing for the PoorWhen the National Assembly
sold off Church lands, theChurch could no longer provideany help to the poor. Half theChurch land was bought by
peasants many owning landfor the first time. But poorerpeasants were excluded. Twoyears later the National
Assembly set up a committeeto examine the problem, butthere was no money available.This may have had adestabilizing effect on society.
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The Womens March on VersaillesThere had been some plans for a
march on Versailles, but the direct
cause was a banquet given by the
king for his guards. It was feared
that these guards would be used
against the people. And while the
guards had their banquet, the
people were starving.The women began to march simply
to get bread, but as their numbers
grew, they decided to force the king
to live closer to his people to
appreciate their suffering.
When she heard the people had no
bread, the Queen is supposed to
have said: let them eat cake!
Q If this is true, what does it
suggest about the Queen?
(It is probably not true.)
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The mob surrounds VersaillesLafayette presents
the king and queento the mob below.The situation wasvery tense: thequeen had almostbeen killed andseveral guards had
been torn topieces. Lafayettetried to calm thingsdown. The king andqueen agreed to beescorted to Paris:the base of the
revolution.Q. Imagine you wereLafayette. Howwould you havehandled this trickysituation?
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Return of the Royal Family after the flight to Varennes
In 1791 the king and queen tried to escape the country. At the last moment
they were recognised and brought back to Paris. The consequence of this
was to make the king look weak and untrustworthy.
Q Look at the two pictures of the king being brought back. Do you
think they were made for different groups of people?
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Celebration of the Constitutional Monarchy
(Bastille Day): a mass rally
Here you can see thegrand celebration
involving many
spectators in a
building like a
stadium. Unlike the
grandeur of Versailles,this magnificence is
created by the huge
gathering of people.
This idea would be
copied by future
leaders.
Q. Describe how you
think the spectators
would have felt on this
day.
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Jacobins v GirondinsThis is where the Jacobin
club met. The Jacobins
found their support amongthe sans culottes.
Robespierre and other
Jacobins were good at
manipulating the feelings
of urban tradesmen,
encouraging them to bepolitically active. The
Jacobins believed what
they were doing was very
important for the good of
the ordinary people.
A sans culottes
with a tricolour.
In 1792 the Jacobins were able to take over the
National Assembly and begin a reign of terror.
Girondins who opposed their measures were
executed.
M t d t i ti t J bi l d
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Marat: doctor, scientist, Jacobin leaderMarat had been a
doctor and a scientist
before the Revolution.
He was one of many
men excited by the
chance to support the
poor. He supported the
Jacobins. In this
picture he is beingcarried in a triumph.
The text reads:
Immortal defender of
the people and their
rights, Marat brings
down powerful peopleand the throne, and
builds our rights on the
throne of kings
Q. How does this text
show Marat was a
Jacobin?
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Marats death and legacyMarat was stabbed inhis bath by a womanwho sympathised withthe Girondin. Here hisdeath in a bathtub hasbeen made to seemheroic.
Marat used theexpressions friend ofthe people and enemyof the people. In TheTerror people woulddefend themselves asfriends of the peopleand be condemnedbecause they wereenemies of thepeople.
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The Ancient Greek Historian Thucydides writes about twisting language
Words had to change their ordinary meaning and to take that which
was now given them. Reckless audacity came to be considered the
courage of a loyal ally; prudent hesitation, specious cowardice;
moderation was held to be a cloak for unmanliness; ability to see all
sides of a question, inaptness to act on any. Frantic violence became
the attribute of manliness; cautious plotting, a justifiable means of self-defence. The advocate of extreme measures was always trustworthy;
his opponent a man to be suspected. To succeed in a plot was to have
a shrewd head, to divine a plot a still shrewder; but to try to provide
against having to do either was to break up your party and to be afraid
of your adversaries. Book III, 3.82-[4]
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The 10thAugust The Massacre of
the Swiss Guard"Could [Louis XVI] imagine...that the mob,
not content with venting their fury on the
Chateau, would massacre not only the
Swiss Guard, men of the people who had
remained at their posts, but even the
luckless servants in the kitchens of the
Palace? The horrors committed on this 10th
of August were such as no human mind
could possibly have conceived."
900 Swiss guards were brutally killed, many
tortured, some roasted, mutilated,
decapitated, with their limbs distributedthroughout Paris. Children played ball in the
streets with the heads of the brave Swiss,
and the steps of the Tuileries ran with blood,
like some gruesome altar of human sacrifice.
People dipped bread into the blood of the
victims.
Read these two modern
accounts of what happened on
the 10th August.
Imagine you are one of themoderate revolutionaries (the
Girondin.) Write a speech to the
mob persuading them to avoid
further bloodshed.
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Execution of Louis XVI: visual
sourceLook carefully at thiscontemporary cartoon(and its caption) ofLouis saying farewellto his family beforebeing executed.
Q Is this a sympatheticor hostile view of theroyal family? Give as
much evidence aspossible for youranswer.
Contemporary English cartoon by James Gilray
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Execution of Louis XVI: written source
On January 20, 1793, the National Convention condemned Louis XVI todeath, his execution scheduled for the next day. Louis spent that eveningsaying goodbye to his wife and children. The following day dawned cold andwet. Louis arose at five. At eight o'clock a guard of 1,200 horsemen arrivedto escort the former king on a two-hour carriage ride to his place ofexecution. Accompanying Louis, at his invitation, was a priest, Henry EssexEdgeworth, an Englishman living in France. Edgeworth recorded the event
and we join his narrative as he and the fated King enter the carriage tobegin their journey
Q1. Read Edgeworths eyewitness account of the execution of the king. IsEdgeworth sympathetic to the king? Find as much evidence as possible foryour answer.
Q2. Source comparison. Now compare these two sources. Which do youthink is more reliable, and why?
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Execution of Louis XVI: visual sourceLouis was
executed in thecentre of Paris.
Opposite the
guillotine (left)
you can see a
massive
pedestal. Here astatue of Louis
grandfather Louis
X1V once stood.
It had been
pulled down by
therevolutionaries.
Q. Why do you
think this place
was chosen for
the execution?
Marie Antoinette
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Marie Antoinette
before and afterQ Compare these two images of the
queen. How are they different?
The Queen in the 1780s The Queen on her way to execution
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Robespierre: architect of The Terror
To punish the oppressors
of humanity is clemency;
to forgive them is
barbarity.
The secret of freedom lies in
educating people, whereas
the secret of tyranny is in
keeping them ignorant.
Q. Do you agree with Robespierre?
Although Robespierre
was in charge of thecountry when so
many were
condemned to death,
he had earlier voted to
abolish the death
penalty.
Extension: see
section 5 Citizens
Minds
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Victim of the Terror: Condorcet
Condorcet was one of many brilliant
men who lost their lives at this time.
He spent much of his time in hiding
but was eventually thrown into
prison. He was suspected of
sympathising with the Girondins.
Even during this time he was able to
write a book full of hope for the future
of humanity.
He died in mysterious circumstancesin prison. A friend may have given
him poison to avoid execution.
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The GuillotineThe Guillotine was used
in the French Revolution
to execute people whom
the government
condemned. It became asymbol of the Terror.
The guillotine was a quick
and easy way to kill
people and looked
frightening. Because of its
size it could be seen by a
large crowd. Executions
took place in front of huge
crowds.
Debate: should people be
allowed to watchexecutions? (Should they
be public?)
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Victims of the guillotine 1: Madame
RolandThese two pictures of
Madame Roland show
clearly how people could
express their political
ideas through their
clothing. Describe thedifferences between the
two pictures, and explain
which you think was
painted first.
Madame Roland was an influential Girondin. She was one of many whom the
government put on trial and condemned to death. Just before she died she said
a line which has been remembered:
O Liberty, what crimes are committed in your name!
Q Can you explain what Madame Roland meant?
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Women in the French Revolution
Extension: see section 6 of Citizens Minds
Excesses of the French Revolution Satirical Print
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Excesses of the French Revolution - Satirical Print
This satirical print is designed
like a coat of arms. A coat of
arms is like a logo for a
noble family: ordinarypeople would not have one.
This print shows a coat of arms
for the Jacobins.
Look at the image and find
examples of:1. The red cap of the
Jacobins.
2. The bishops mitre (hat) and
Bible being trampled on.
3. The world burning.
4. Images of death.
Q1. What impression does this
give of the Terror?
Q2. Is this print sympathetic or
hostile to the Jacobins?
Explain your answer.
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The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
In 1790 the governmenthad made the Frenchclergy (priests, monks,nuns, bishops) accept thatthe government should beobeyed even if the Popedisagree. This was one
cause of the counterrevolution in the Vendee(see next slide.)
The French governmentwas becoming more andmore powerful because it
controlled its people moredirectly.
This helped to makeFrance the most powerfulcountry in Europe in theyears to come.
This commemorative plate shows a memberof the clergy swearing to obey the
government.
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The First Estate enjoy new freedoms satirical print
The National
Assembly abolished
religious orders, just
as they had sold off
church land to pay the
countrys debts. Onthis print it says How
happy this day is
which gives you
[monks and nuns] the
same rights of Nature
that we [the people]have.
Q. What does
satirical mean?
St b C th d l b
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Strasbourg Cathedral becomes a
Temple of ReasonChurches were sometimes converted as part ofthe attack on Christianity during the Terror. Here a
church has been changed into a temple for
worshipping Reason. Slide 24 of this power point
shows the place of G-d taken by an eye from
which light shines out. This was a time when
people were rethinking their beliefs about G-d.
In the front left of this picture you can see a man
wearing a revolutionary hat.
Imagine you were giving a speech in this temple:
what would you say about using our reason?
On the next two slides you can see images of a
festival of the supreme being. Although the
revolution was hostile to Christianity, there was
still a type of worship. These festivals were
closely controlled by the government.
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The Festival of the Supreme Being
The Festival of the Supreme Being II
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The Festival of the Supreme Being II
Did th R l ti k F
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Did the Revolution make France a
Fairer Country?
See p120-121 Societies in Change.
The French Revolutionary Army and the levee en
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The French Revolutionary Army and the levee en
masse
An infantryman all
men between 18 and
25 were required to
fight. This was the
levee en masse.
Moreau: when he hadto retreat, he was able
to protect his men and
take many prisoners
Massena:
the greatest
name of mymilitary
empire
(Napoleon.)
Massena
helped
conquerItaly.
Napoleon:
the most
famous
militarycommander
ever?
Debate: should we
have conscription?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1801_Antoine-Jean_Gros_-_Bonaparte_on_the_Bridge_at_Arcole.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Jean-Victor_Moreau.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fusilier_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise.jpg -
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The Execution of Robespierre
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Execution_robespierre%2C_saint_just....jpg