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I. Hormone overview
II. Hypothalamus &
Pituitary
III. Thyroid
IV. Parathyroid
V. Pancreas
VI. Ovaries & Testes
VII. Adrenals
Lecture Outline Ch. 46: Endocrine System
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Hormones in Animals
Hormones influence growth, development, mood
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Types of Glands:
Sweat glands
Salivary glands
Mammary glands
2) Endocrine Glands:
Release substances within the body via bloodstream
Ductless
1) Exocrine Glands:
Release substances outside
the body via ducts
Hormones in Animals
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ovarytestis
Pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Pancreas islet cells
Adrenal glands
(one at each kidney)
Thymus gland
Thyroid gland
Pineal gland
Parathyroid glands (on posteriorsurface of thyroid gland)
Heart
Kidneys
Digestive tract
Gonads
Hormones in Animals
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Hormones released in response to stimuli
Travel through the circulatory system to reach target cells
A cell is affected only if it has receptors specific to that hormone
Most hormones are controlled by negative feedback,which inhibits further release
In a few cases, positive feedback is used to amplifyhormone levels
Hormones in Animals
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General Classes of Hormones:
Hormones in Animals
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Hypothalamus:
Region of brain
Make and store
peptide hormones
Collection of
neurosecretory cells
Hypothalamus & Pituitary
Secretes to anterior
pituitary via portal system
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Pituitary Gland:
Pea-sized gland;
hangs from hypothalamus
Release hormones
Controlled by hypothalamus:
Inhibit hormones
Hypothalamus & Pituitary
hypothalamus
pituitary(anteriorlobe)
pituitary(posterior lobe)
Master regulation/coordination center
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Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary (adenohypophysis):
True gland
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH) - egg / sperm production
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) - sex hormone secretion
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) - hormones from thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - hormones from adrenal cortex
Prolactin - mammary gland development
Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) - synthesis of melanin (skin pigment)
Growth Hormone (GH) - growth of body cells
Releases hormones that affect other glands
Indirect (stimulate other glands)
Direct (stimulate tissues)
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Goiters are caused
by a lack of iodine
in the diet
Pituitary
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Pituitary
Tom Thumb
(Charles Stratton)
Robert Wadlow
811
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Pituitary
Posterior Pituitary (Neurohypophysis):
Extension of cells in hypothalamus Releases two hormones
Contains neurosecretory cells
with bodies in hypothalamus
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
water conservation (kidneys)
Oxytocin
Contraction of uterus muscles
Milk letdown reflex
Maternal behaviors
hypothalamus
pituitary(posterior lobe)
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Thyroid:
Secretes Thyroxine
(T4 - Amino Acid Hormone):
Controlled by TSH from ant. pit. (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)
Regulates metabolism & growth
Iodine required for
T4 production
Thyroid Gland
larynx
trachea
parathyroidglands
esophagusthyroid gland
Wraps around the front of the larynx in the neck
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Parathyroid:
Secretes Parathyroid
hormone (PTH)
Regulates blood calcium levels
Imbedded in thyroid gland
Parathyroid Gland
larynx
trachea
parathyroidglands
esophagus
thyroid gland
releasePTH
calcium releasefrom bone
normal blood
calcium
low blood calcium
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Pancreas:
Both exocrine and endocrine:
Pancreas
Exocrine = Digestive enzymes
(small intestine)
Endocrine = Hormones
regulating blood sugar
Insulin
Reduces blood sugar
(cells uptake glucose)
Glucagon
Increases blood sugar
(cells release glucose)
Type I Diabetes: lack cells
Type II Diabetes: low #s
insulin receptors
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Sex Organs:
1) Ovaries (Female):
Estrogen / Progesterone(steroid hormones)
2) Testes (Male):
Testosterone (steroid hormone)
Follicle-stimulating Hormone Luteinizing Hormone
Controlled by FSH and LH from ant. pit.
Ovaries & Testes
Functions:
Early development (brain development)
Puberty
Menstrual cycle; pregnancy
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1) Adrenal Medulla (center of gland)
Epinephrine (Adrenaline)/Norepinephrine (Amino acid hormones)
Prepare for fight or flight
Controlled by nervous system
Adrenal Glands
kidney
Adrenal medulla secretes
epinephrine and norepinephrine.
adrenal gland
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2) Adrenal Cortex (outside of gland)
Glucocorticoids (Steroid hormones) Released in stressful situations
Controlled by ACTH (ant. pit.)
Testosterone
Adrenal Glands
kidney
Adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids,
aldosterone, and
testosterone.
adrenal gland
Congenital adrenal
hyperplasia (CAH)
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1) Most Cells in Body
Prostaglandins (Fatty Acid Hormones): Target = Nearby cells
Function is varied (Inflammation; Uterine contractors)
Ibuprofen
2) Pineal Gland
Melatonin (Amino Acid Hormone): Regulate sleep/wake cycle; reproductive cycle (non-humans)
3) Thymus
Thymosin: Stimulates white blood cell production
4) Kidneys
Erythropoietin: Regulates red blood cell production
Other Sources of Hormones
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5) Adipose Cells:
Leptin: Regulates body fat
Other Sources of Hormones
Leptin tells body
how much fat is
stored anddecreases appetite
Link between
obesity and leptin
sensitivity
leptin-deficient mouse normal mouse
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ovarytestis
Pituitary glandanterior pituitary:
ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSHposterior pituitary:
releases oxytocin and ADH
Hypothalamus
produces ADH and oxytocin, regulatory
hormones for anterior pituitary
Pancreas islet cells
insulin, glucagon
Adrenal glands (one at each kidney)medulla:
epinephrine, norepinephrine
cortex:glucocorticoids (cortisol), aldosterone,testosterone
Thymus gland
(atrophies during adulthood)
Thyroid gland
thyroxine, calcitonin
Pineal gland
melatonin
Parathyroid glands (on posteriorsurface of thyroid gland)parathyroid hormone
Kidneyserythropoietin
Gonads
testes (male):
androgens, especially testosteroneovaries (female):
estrogens, progesterone
A Good Slide to Know
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Self-Check:
PituitaryAnterior Posterior
GonadsThyroid
Adrenal
Medulla
Adrenal
CortexPancreas
Kidney
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What allows animal movement in response to stimuli?
Thought Questions:
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I. Skeletal MusclesA. Structure
B. Contraction
C. Nerve Input
Lecture OutlineLecture Outline Ch.47: Muscular & SkeletalCh.47: Muscular & Skeletal
II. Skeletal Systems
III. Vertebrate Skeletons
A. Support
B. Protection
C. Movement
D. Joints
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Muscular and skeletal systems
Muscles power
movement bycontracting
Bones provide
framework formuscles
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Muscle Tissue (Muscle = little mouse):
Exerts force by
contracting
Chemical energy (ATP) Mechanical EnergyTransformation
Muscles
Movement due to actinmicrofilaments andmyosin strands
Slide past one another,
change cell shape
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Types of Muscle Tissue:
Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle
Striated Striated Not Striated
Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary
Appearance
Control
FunctionSkeletal
Movement
Pump BloodMove Substances
Through Hollow Tubes
Muscles
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connective tissuetendon (to bone)
Skeletal muscle
Muscle fiber(muscle cell)
Myofibril(contains thin sand thick
filaments)
bundle ofmuscle cells
nerve andblood vessels
Skeletal Muscles
Humans > 700 unique skeletal muscles
Muscle connected to bones by tendons
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Cross section of fiber
m
usclefiber
T tubules
plasmamembrane
myofibril
sarcoplasmicreticulum
Skeletal Muscles
- Each muscle cell runs lengthof muscle
- Multinucleate
- Made up of myofibrils
Contractile cylinders of actinand myosin
- Each myofibril surrounded bysarcoplasmic reticulum
- Fluid with high calcium levels
- T-tubules in plasma membrane relay signals
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Myofibril
myofibril
sarcomere
thick filamentthin filament
Z lines
Skeletal Muscles
Myofibrils of thickand thin filaments.
Each filament is madeof protein strands.
Filaments arranged in sarcomeres
Separated by Z-lines of fibrous protein
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Thick and thin filaments
tropomyosin
thin filament
thick filament(myosin)
myosin heads
accessoryproteins
troponin
actin
Skeletal Muscles
Thick filaments: made mostly of myosin, havesmall moveable heads
Thin filaments: primarily actin, have points towhich the myosin heads temporarily attach
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binding sites
thick filament
thin filament
ATP
ADP
myosin head
Skeletal Muscles
Each actin subunit has
binding site for myosinhead
Contraction exposes bindingsites, allowing filaments tobind to one another
Myosin heads thenrepeatedly bend, pull,release, and reattach(using ATP-energy)
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Sliding filaments shorten each sarcomere
Skeletal Muscles
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Neuromuscular junctions between axons and fibers
All or nothing response:
Skeletal muscle excited
All sarcomeres respond
Skeletal Muscles
postsynaptic
membrane
axon of motor neuron
synaptic terminalsynaptic vesicles
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Strength of Muscle Contractionp # of Fibers Stimulated
Motor Unit:A single motor
neuron and all the
muscle fibers
innervated by it
Skeletal Muscles
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Action potential travels through T-channels and opensCa++ channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum
These ions allow binding of thin and thick fibers
Ca++ is pumped back out after action potential ends
Unless youre dead
Skeletal Muscles
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You cannot add
muscle fibers
You can add moremyofibrils
Skeletal Muscles
muscle
Muscle fiber(muscle cell)
Myofibril
bundle ofmuscle cells
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Slow-twitch fibers:
Lots of myoglobin (provides O2) and mitochondria.Fast-twitch fibers:
Less myoglobin and mitochondria
More able to use glycolysis to quickly produce ATP
Different people (& muscles) different ratios of two fibers.
80% slow twitch
80% fast twitch
50% slow
50% fast
Skeletal Muscles
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A supporting framework for the body
Skeletal System
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Hydrostatic skeleton
Fluid provides support
Muscles contract and move fluid
Skeletal System
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Exoskeleton
Hard shells cover outside of body
Muscles contract and move frameat joints
Skeletal System
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Endoskeleton
Internal framework - least commonskeleton type
Muscles contract and move frame atjoints
Skeletal System
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Support body
Protect fragile organsAllow movement
Produce blood cells
Store minerals
Transmit vibrations (hearing)
Vertebrate Skeletons
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Bodily Support
Axial skeleton- main body axis
Appendicular skeleton- appendages and supporting structures
Vertebrate Skeletons
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Protection
Skull- brainVertebral column- nerve cord
Ribcage soft internal organs
Vertebrate Skeletons
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Movement
Three skeletal connective tissuesCartilage- tough, but flexible
Skeletal development
Cushioning joints
Ligaments- toughConnect bones at joints
Bone- tough and rigid
Vertebrate Skeletons
bone
cartilage
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Bone = hardened by deposits of calcium phosphate
Compact bone (exterior) is dense and strongSpongy bone (interior) is lightweight and porous
Vertebrate Skeletons
collagenmatrixcollagenmatrix
osteon
cartilage
compactbone
spongybone
(containsmarrow)
chondrocyteschondrocytes
osteocytes
capillary
central
canal
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Blood cell production
Red blood cells, whiteblood cells, platelets
Produced by bone marrow
Vertebrate Skeletons
Leukemia: cancer of the bone
marrow, leads to decreasedblood cells
Mineral storage
Bones store and releasecalcium and phosphorous tomaintain constantconcentrations
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Bone cells work together
Osteoclasts- bone dissolving cells
Dissolve cartilage
Osteoblasts- bone forming cells
Replace cartilage with bone
Osteocytes- mature bone cells
Cannot produce more bone,but can remodel it
Vertebrate Skeletons
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Bone remodeling
Can alter skeletal shape in response to useOsteoclasts create channels invaded by
capillaries and osteoblasts to formnew bone
Osteoporosis is when activity ofosteoclasts outstrips osteoblasts
Vertebrate Skeletons
Normal bone section Osteoporosis
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Movement of bones
Joints are where two bones meetLubricated by cartilage
Attached by ligaments
Muscles are attached to bone oneither side of the joint
Attached by tendons
Ligaments
Origin - attachment to still bone
Insertion - attachment to movingbone
Vertebrate Skeletons
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MovementAntagonistic muscle pairs pull the
bone in opposite directs whenthey contract
Flexor muscle bends the jointExtensor muscle straightens it
Vertebrate Skeletons
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JointsImmovable- joints do not move (skull)
Vertebrate Skeletons
Ball & Socket rotational movement in alldirections (hip, shoulder)
Hinge extend or retract an appendage in onedirection (knee)
Gliding permit sliding of two surfaces (spine)
Combination utilize more than one of above (jaw)
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Lecture 11 Summary1. Overview (Ch. 46)
- Gland types
- Classes of hormones2. Hormones (Ch. 46)
- Hypothalamus & Pituitary (anterior and posterior)
- Thyroid & Parathyroid
- Pancreas
- Gonads- Adrenals
3. Muscles (Ch. 47)
- Muscle cell types
- Structure of muscles
- Contraction/relaxation
4. Skeleton (Ch. 47)
- Skeleton types
- Cell types and building bone
Joints and attachments