Samantha ThompsonENDOCRINE SYSTEM

“Condition of excessive calcium in the blood”

Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone

Hyper- = excessiveCalc/o = calcium-emia = blood condition

HYPERCALCEMIA

When calcium levels in the blood are low, the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH)

PTH instigates an increase in osteoclast formation, which enhances bone destruction and thus an increase in blood calcium concentration

NORMAL PARATHYROID FUNCTION

Parathyroid glands sense

low serum calcium

Parathyroid glands release

PTH

Bone destruction

releases calcium into

the blood

NORMAL PARATHYROID

One of the main causes of hypercalcemia is an excessive release of PTH Overactive parathyroid glands secrete an abundance of PTH

even when blood calcium levels are normal Bone destruction occurs due to the excessive PTH and

elevated calcium levels are present

DYSFUNCTIONAL PARATHYROID

Blood calcium levels are

normal

Parathyroid glands secrete

excess PTH

Excess bone destruction

leads to high calcium levels

CancerOther diseases

Example: Tuberculosis instigates an excessive absorption of calcium in digestive tract due to high levels of vitamin D in blood

Immobility Bone destruction occurs when bones are not weight-bearing,

thus increasing blood calcium levelsMedications

Some medications may cause the parathyroid glands to overactSupplements

Excessive calcium supplements can cause elevated calcium levels

HeredityDehydration

Less fluid in blood can cause highly concentrated calcium levels

OTHER CAUSES OF HYPERCALCEMIA

Kidneys – increase in thirst and urination Kidneys must work harder to filter excess calcium

Digestive System – upset stomach, nausea, vomiting, constipation

Bones and Muscles – weakened bones and muscles Excessive bone destruction destabilizes bones and

corresponding musclesBrain – confusion, lethargy, fatigue

SYMPTOMS OF HYPERCALCEMIA

Medications Control overactive

parathyroid glands Help rebuild bones Lower calcium levels Lower vitamin D

levelsSurgery

Remove malfunctioning parathyroid gland(s) Radioactive

injection used to determine malfunctioning tissue

TREATMENT FOR HYPERCALCEMIA

“The presence of sugar or glucose in the urine”

Associated with diabetes mellitus

Glycos/o = sugar-uria = urine condition

GLYCOSURIA

Pancreas is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels Both endocrine and exocrine

functions Exocrine:

Digestive enzymes released into small intestine

Endocrine: Glucagon – Stimulates liver to

release glucose into the blood Insulin – Regulates and

promotes entry of glucose into cells

NORMAL PANCREAS FUNCTION

Metabolic disorder with hyperglycemia and glycosuria

Pancreas does not produce insulin or cells cannot respond to insulin

Insulin causes glucose from the blood to be transported to body cells

Without appropriate insulin function, blood glucose levels rise (hyperglycemia) and there is glucose in the urine (glycosuria)

DIABETES MELLITUS

There are two types of diabetes mellitus Type 1: Insuffi cient insulin production by the islets of

Langerhans in the pancreas Due to genetics

Type 2: Resistance to insulin by body cells or insuffi cient production of insulin Due to lifestyle and genetics Much more common than Type 1

Symptoms Frequent urination (polyuria) Excessive thirst (polydipsia) Excessive hunger (polyphagia)

Treatment Options Healthy lifestyle (to prevent and treat Type 2) Insulin injections to maintain normal blood glucose levels

DIABETES MELLITUS

Kidneys reabsorb fi ltered glucose into bloodstream

NORMAL KIDNEY FUNCTION

Renal glycosuria is another potential cause for glucose in the urine

While blood glucose levels may remain normal, the renal tubules in the kidneys are unable to properly fi lter glucose, resulting in excretion of glucose in urine

Generally asymptomatic

Genetic condition

DYSFUNCTIONAL KIDNEYS