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• Overview of General Pharmacology
• Develop a Basic Knowledge of medications used by BLS Providers
• Identify situations when each medication may be indicated
Objectives
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General Pharmacology
• For every medication you may administer, you must thoroughly understand the following:
• Actions
• Indications
• Contraindications
• Dosage
• Route
• Side effects
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General Pharmacology
• Right Time• Right Patient• Right Drug• Right Dose• Right Route
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General Pharmacology
• Generic name– Original chemical name
• Trade name– Brand name given by manufacturer
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General Pharmacology
Dosage Forms• Solutions
– Liquid mixture of one or more substances
• Nebulized Solution– Pressurized gas passed over a
solution to create an aerosol mist, which is then inhaled
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Anaphylaxis
Epinephrine forBLS Providers
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Anaphylaxis
• An exaggerated immune response to an allergen
• Sudden, rapid onset• Systemic involvement• Severe allergic reaction
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Common Causes of Allergic Reactions
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Allergic Reactions
• Very Common
• Range from mild and local to severe and systemic.– Mild reactions usually affect only one
area of the body
– Slow onset, and minor symptoms
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Mild Allergic Reactions
A mild, local reaction
caused by a bee sting
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Severe Allergic Reaction
• A Clear History of Allergen Exposure AND Signs and Symptoms including:– Shock (hypoperfusion)– Respiratory Distress– Wheezing, stridor, cough– Chest / throat tightness
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• Itching, skin flushing
• Hives and/or swelling–(esp. face, extremities)
Severe Allergic Reaction
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• Increased Pulse• Decreased Blood Pressure• Nausea & Vomiting• Altered Mental Status• Allergen exposure with history
of anaphylaxis
Severe Allergic Reaction
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Patient History
• Determine if the patient’s history includes:–Anaphylaxis–Severe allergic reactions–Recent exposure to a known or
potential allergen
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Focused Physical Assessment
• Assess ABCs• Breath Sounds• Vital Signs
• O2 Saturation
• Assess Respiratory System
• Assess Cardiovascular System
• Assess for Signs & Symptoms of Anaphylaxis
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Epinephrine• Generic Name
–Epinephrine• Trade Name
–EpiPen–EpiPen Jr.•Also called– Adrenalin
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EpinephrineActions
• Dilates Bronchioles• Constricts Blood Vessels
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EpinephrineIndications
• Signs and Symptoms of Severe Allergic Reaction
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EpinephrineContraindications
• None
BUT MUST FOLLOW NYS PROTOCOLS!
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EpinephrineDosage
• Adult• One Adult Auto-injector (0.3 mg)
• Infant and Child
(< 9 y/o or < 30 kg / 66 lbs.)• One Infant/Child Auto-injector (0.15
mg)
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EpinephrineRoute
• Deep Intramuscular Injection
• Lateral thigh, midway between waist and knee
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Epinephrine Side Effects
– Increased pulse rate
–Pallor–Dizziness–Chest Pain
–Headache–Nausea–Vomiting–Excitability–Anxiety
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Epi auto-injectorProtocol
• Call ALS• Administer Oxygen• Assess Respiratory Status• Assess Cardiac Status
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Epi auto-injectorProtocol
If the patient has an epi auto-injector prescribed:
• assist the patient in administering the auto-injector
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Epi auto-injectorProtocol
• If the patient’s epi auto-injector is not available or expired:
• Administer the agency’s epi auto-injector Per Protocol
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Epi auto-injectorProtocol
If no epi auto-injector has been prescribed:
• Begin transport• Contact medical control for
authorization to administer the agency’s epi auto-injector
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Epi auto-injectorProtocol
If unable to contact Medical Control, and patient is less than 35 years of age:
• Administer agency supplied epi auto-injector per protocol
• Contact Medical Control ASAP
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What IsMedical Control?
1. A REMO Physician2. If no REMO Physician is
available, contact ED Physician at the Destination Hospital
3. Document WHO you talked to
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Epi auto-injectorProtocol
• Medical Control MUST be contacted to administer a second auto-injector.
• Be prepared to perform CPR if patient deteriorates.
• Document history, vitals, and treatment on PCR.
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Epi auto-injectorProtocol
Summary:• ALS must be called• Contact Medical Control• If Medical Control unavailable
and patient is <35 years old, administer epi auto-injector
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Epi auto-injector Administration
• Remove safety cap from auto-injector
• Hold auto-injector from center (Do Not place thumb over either end!)
• Place against patient’s thigh– Lateral portion, midway between waist
and knee
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Epi auto-injector Administration
• Push until auto-injector activates
• Hold until medication injected (10 seconds).
• Record Time• Record Response
• Dispose of auto-injector in biohazard “sharps” container.
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Reassessment Strategy
• Monitor A-B-Cs• Reassess Vitals• Oxygen!• Watch for changes in
Patient Condition
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ReassessmentStrategy
If the patient deteriorates...• Oxygenate• Contact Medical Control for order
for second dose• Prepare for resuscitation• Oxygenate• Treat for shock
Oxygenate
Did we mention Oxygenate?
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Asthma
Albuterol forBLS Providers
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Asthma
• A common but serious disease–Affects more than 10 million
Americans.–Kills 4000 to 5000 Americans
annually.
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Asthma
• Reversible smooth muscle spasm of the airway (bronchospasm) associated with hypersensitivity to various stimuli
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Bronchospasm Triggers
• Allergy• Aspiration• Exertion• Infection• Stress• Temperature change• Seasonal changes
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Asthma
• Signs and Symptoms– Dyspnea– Wheezing– Tachypnea– Tachycardia– Cyanosis– Cough
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Asthma
• Signs and Symptoms (cont.)
– Accessory muscle use– Inability to speak in complete
sentences– Anxiety (hypoxia)– Prolonged expiratory phase– Tripod positioning
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Patient History
• O• P• Q• R• S• T
•S•A•M•P•L•E
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Patient History
• Confirm Asthma History• “All That Wheezes Is Not
Asthma”• Hospital visits for asthma in
past year?• Any previous intubations due
to asthma?
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Physical Exam
• Position found• Pursed lip breathing• Vital signs• Ability to speak in complete
sentences• Accessory muscle use
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Physical Exam• Lung Sounds
• Wheezing may or may not be present
• Wheezes may be audible with or without a stethoscope
• Decreased breath sounds (poor air movement)
• Patient’s self-assessment (0-10 scale)
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Albuterol
• Generic Name• Albuterol
• Trade Names• Proventil• Ventolin
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AlbuterolActions
• Bronchodilation
• Duration of effect is up to five hours.
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AlbuterolIndications
• History of Asthma
• Respiratory Distress
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AlbuterolContraindications
• Known hypersensitivity to albuterol
• Respiratory Failure
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AlbuterolDosage
Single-dose solution of 2.5 mg in 3 ml of normal saline for use in small volume nebulizer
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AlbuterolRoute
By Mouthpiece By Mask
Nebulized Medication
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AlbuterolSide Effects
• Nervousness• Tremors• Headache• Tachycardia• Palpitations
• Muscle cramps• Weakness• Dizziness• Drowsiness• Flushing• Chest discomfort
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Asthma Severe Respiratory Distress
• Call for ALS• Do Not delay transport to
administer medication!• Do Not wait for ALS
Ø Confirm No Signs of Imminent Respiratory Failure
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AlbuterolProtocol
• If patient is in respiratory failure, assist ventilations with BVM
• Determine if patient has self-administered any nebulized albuterol
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AlbuterolProtocol
• If patient is in respiratory failure, assist ventilations with BVM
• Determine if patient has self-administered any nebulized albuterol
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AlbuterolProtocol
If agency is approved to carry albuterol, and:• Patient age is 1 to 65 Years old
and• Has previously been diagnosed
with asthma
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AlbuterolProtocol
• Administer 2.5mg albuterol in 3cc normal saline (one unit dose) by nebulizer
• If respiratory distress continues, administer second dose albuterol
• Maximum of two doses may be given!
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AlbuterolProtocol
If respiratory distress continues and ALS is not yet available:• Contact Medical Control for
further orders
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Nebulized Albuterol
aerosol tubing
mouthpiece
“tee” nebulizing chamber
oxygen supply tubing
medication
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Nebulized Albuterol
Pour Unit Dose into Nebulizing Chamber
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Nebulized Albuterol
Assemble nebulizer, hook to oxygen regulator, and run between 6 and 10 L/min
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Nebulized Albuterol
Encourage the patientto breath deeply.
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Nebulized Albuterol
If the patient is too tired to hold the mouthpiece, remove the facepiece from a non-rebreather mask, and connect it firmly to the top of the nebulizing chamber.
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Nebulized Albuterol
• Place the mask on the patient normally. • Both children and some elderly may require a
pediatric non-rebreather mask for the treatment
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Nebulized Albuterol
Try to avoid inhaling the excess aerosol mist while assessing the patient.
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Reassessment Strategy
• Monitor A-B-Cs• Position of Comfort• Reassess Vitals• Oxygen by NRB• Watch for changes in
Patient Condition
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Documentation
• Vital signs before and after meds are given.
• Current and Past medical histories
• Any changes in patient condition
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Words of Wisdom
DON’T FORGET: • A-B-C’S
• Good BLS• Call ALS
• Frequent Reassessment• Detailed Documentation
• Medical Control
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