Download - 1. Dinamisasi ... Abd. Shomad (April 2010)

5/13/2018 1. Dinamisasi ... Abd. Shomad (April 2010) - slidepdf.com

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1-dinamisasi-abd-shomad-april-2010 1/12

R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj

DANO@A]O]A RHNGV@OON LXCX@ A]JO@

Ofd. ]lgòd

Iocxjto} Lxcx`

Xnayhv}ato} Oavjoneeo

Of}tvoc

Danoà}o}a rhngv̀ oon dojo` lxcx` A}jo` thveontxne rodo rhvfhdoon dojo` rhnhvoron don

rhvch`foneon A}jo`. Loj ana kxeo darhneovxla gjhl cgnda}a rhvch`foneon lxcx` A}jo` da fhvfoeoa Nheovo.

Lxcx` A}jo` `hvxrocon lxcx` one ladxr one anlhvagn dojo` chladxron xòt A}jo`. Gjhl covhno atx Ngvò

A}jo` tadoc joea davo}ocon }hfoeoa ngvò one daroc}ocon dova jxov gjhl xòtno. Rhvch`foneon lxcx` A}-

jo` da Andgnh}ao* datondoa rhvfhdoon }hvx one `hjocxcon dxo thgva Vhmhrtag an mg`rhthn don thgva vhmhrtayh.

Coto Cxnma; Danoà}o}a* Rhngvòon* Lxcx` A}jo`

Of}tvomt

Dnoàm noàne dhrhndhnt daiihvhnmh} an A}joàm jou igv tlh a`rjh`hntotagn ond dhyhjgr-

`hnt gi A}jo`. At a} oj}g anijxhnmhd f tlh dhyhjgr`hnt gi A}joàm jou an yovagx} mgxntvah}.

A}joàm jou a} tlh jou gi jaih tlot anlhvagn an tlh jayh} gi @x}ja`}. Tlhvhigvh tlh A}joàm ngv`} ovh ng jgn-

ehv rhvmhayhd o} tlh ngv` a`rg}hd ivg` tlh gxt}adh f la} rhgrjh. Tlh dhyhjgr`hnt gi A}joàm jou an Andg-nh}ao* òvchd daiihvhnmh} ulaml òch tlh tug tlhgvah} h|matane vhmhrtag an mg`rthn ond vhmhrtayh tlhgv.

Chqugvd}; dnoàm* ngv`* A}joàm Jou

RHNDOLXJXON

Rhnecokaon Lxcx` A}jo` da janecxneon oco-

dhà} }hòcan `hnovac }havane dhneon rvgfjhòtaco

one ̀ xnmxj }ajal fhveonta ̀ xnmxj foac dojo` fadone

adhgjgea* rgjatac* }g}aoj fxdoo* lonco`* hcgngà*

LO@ don thcngjgea one thvcodone `h`fxtxlcon

}xotx rh`hmolon dova o}rhc lxcx` A}jo`. Dojo`

totovon adhgjgea rhvdhfoton da cojoneon rh`hvlota

Lxcx` A}jo` `xnmxj totcojo rhnmononeon o}o} txne-

eoj gjhl Rvh}adhn ]ghlovtg* Rvh}adhn uonato* rovrgj

fhvjofhj oeoò don }hdhvht ò}ojol rgjatac* }hvto

x}xjon oòndh`hn ro}oj 61 XXD tadoc thvjhuotcon

rhvdhfotonno da ontovo rh`hvlota Lxcx` A}jo`.

Rhvdhfoton da ovhno rgjatac `xnmxj }havane dhneon

rhvch`foneon Lxcx` A}jo`. ,Ofdxj _olav Oj-Foe-

doda* ?15=!.

Lxcx` A}jo` dotone da fxà Andgnh}ao ,Nx-

}ontovo! fhv}oòon dhneon dotoneno gvone A}jo` da

fxà Nx}ontovo. ,@glo`òd Doxd Oja*?1<4;5! Dovacg`xnato} A}jo` one fhvthfovon fhvjonkxt dhneon

`xnmxj chvokoon-chvokoon A}jo` don fhvocafot `xn-

mxjno fodon rhvodajon one fhvdo}ovcon Lxcx`

A}jo` one daontovono `h`rhvgjhl fhntxc cht-

otonheovoon dojo` ò}o ch}xjtonon A}jo` atx. Rodo

ò}o rhnkokolon Fhjondo* rh`hvatol Landao Fhjondo

`hneocxa }hmovo igvòj chfhvodoon Rhvodajon Oeoò

dhneon chrxtx}on Voko Fhjondo Ng`gv 64 thvtoneeoj

?1 Konxova ?<<6 one da`xot dojo` ]tf. ?<<? Ng`gv

?86 one dachnoj dhneon Fhrojanehn fhtvhiihndh dh

Rvah}thvvod-dhn gr Koyo hn @odghvo fhvjocx }hkoc ? Oex}tx} ?<<6 one thv`xot dojo` ]tf. ?<<6 Ng-

`gv ?8=* one ch`xdaon davxfol dhneon ]tf. ?1=5

Ng`gv ??9. Qone ch`xdaon fhvch`fone }o`roa

dhneon daxndoneconno Xndone-xndone Ng`gv =

tolxn 6229 thntone Rhvxfolon oto} Xndone-xndone

Ng`gv 5 Tolxn ?1<1 thntone Rhvodajon Oeoò

Da janecxneon fodon rhvodajon clx}x} dhneon ch-

uhnoneon `hneodaja rhvcovo rhvdoto thvthntx don

xntxc egjgneon rhndxdxc thvthntx atxjol rhàcavon

Lxcx` A}jo` one fhvch`fone rh}ot da janecxneon

ocodhà} `hnkoda th`rot orajaco}a one xtoò. Lx-

cx` ̀ othvaaj one dathvorcon da Andgnh}ao clx}x}no

`hjojxa rhneodajon oeoò tadoc }hjoòno }oò dhn-

eon oro one daokovcon gjhl rovo olja lxcx` A}jo`

dojo` jathvotxv cjo}ac covhno thvcodone fhvrhdgòn

rodo lxcx` rg}atai one `hneotxvno.

Rhvfhdoon rhnhvoron don rhjh`foeoon

Lxcx` A}jo` da Andgnh}ao tadoc thvjhro} dova cgn-

da}a rhjh`foeoon da fhvfoeoa nheovo. Lxcx` A}jo`

`hvxrocon lxcx` one ladxr one anlhvhn dojo`

chladxron xòt A}jo`* ̀ oco lxcx` A}jo` one thjol

`hnkoda foeaon dova chladxron tadoc joea davo}ocon}hfoeoa ngvò-ngvò one daroc}ocon dova jxov dava

`hvhco. Dhneon ojo}on thv}hfxt* Lxcx` A}jo` dajoc-

}onocon dojo` Nheovo one xòt A}jo` chjg`rgc

àngvtato} }hfoeoa ocg`gdo}a rgjatac rh`hvantol

thvlodor uoveono one àngvato}. Dojo` nheovo

da òno xòt A}jo` }hfoeoa ògvato}* lxcx` A}jo`

darhvexnocon xntxc ̀ h`rhvjonmov rhjoc}onoon chfa-

koc}onoon rh`hvantol* }hrhvta rvgevo` CF don o}o}

txneeoj. ,]xdavòn Thffo*?11=;?=-?4!

@hnxvxt ]xdavòn Thffo thvdorot dxo ch-

mhndvxneon one `hngnkgj thntone rhvch`foneonLxcx` A}jo` da O}ao Thneeovo* ocna; Rhvtoò*

Lxcx` A}jo` thjol fhvxfol don fhveh}hv dova gvahn-

to}ano one `hnhconcon rodo rhv}gojon afodol da

Danoà}o}a Rhngvòon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lgòd 82




ò}o jojx `hnkoda rhv}gojon `xoòjol dhuo}o ana.

Chdxo* Rhvch`foneon cgnth`rgvhv foluo rhvdh-

foton lxcx` atx tadoc joea lono `hneomx chrodo

òd{of one darheone }hjoò ana* ocna òd{of

]oia‑a. @ojol rhvdhfoton lxcx` codone-codone

tadoc `hneomx chrodo rhàcavon dojo` thvdolxjx*

thtora jone}xne `hnelodorcon rhv}gojon lxcx` atx

chrodo txntxton ò}ovocot }hcovone. ,]xdavòn

Thffo;?11=3?9-?5!

Rhvch`foneon cgnth`rgvhv Lxcx` A}jo` da

Andgnh}ao aojol `xnmxjno Cg`rajo}a Lxcx` A}jo`*

Xndone-xndone Rhnehjgjoon [ocot don Xndone-xn-

done Loka. Cg`rajo}a Lxcx` A}jo` `hjojxa An}tvxc}a

Rvh}adhn Ng`gv ? Tolxn ?11?. Cg`rajo}a Lxcx`

A}jo` }hndava `hnelo}ajcon cokaon cvata} one thjol

fonoc dajocxcon foac dacojoneon ocodhà} òxrxn

dacojoneon x`x` joanno. Chlodavon }hocon `hneg-

fota ‚vo}o vandx‐ocon chlodavon ch}otxon rondone

ocon rhjoc}onoon lxcx` A}jo`* clx}x}no da Andg-nh}ao.

Da }a}a joan dojo` hvo nhu hmgng` dxnao

}hdone `hò}xca fxdoo ejgfoj dhneon chòkxon

thcngjgea anigvòtaco. Da }otx }a}a don chfonecaton

no}agnoja}`h don }ravatxoj da }a}a joan* kxeo ontovo

joan da}hòvoccon dhneon rhvch`foneon ‚Hcgngà

A}jo`‐ one `hvxrocon lo}aj }hvonecoaon ‚vhoctxoj-

a}o}a‐ dgctvan A}jo` thntone ò}ojol hcgngà dojo`

uokol chcanaon. Rhvò}ojolon one `hnehdhron

aojol foeoaònocol danoà}o}a rhngvòon Lxcx`

A}jo`7

COVOCTHVA]TAC DANO@ACO LXCX@

Coto ‚A}jo`‐ odojol ò}dov dova coto chvko

‚o}joò3 }ojaò3 }ojoò‐ ,]oadx} ]olov; ?1<93 <

” 1! `hnxvxt L.O.V. Eaff fhvovta ‚ }xfàttane ,gnh-

}hji gv gnh} rhv}gn tg eggd !. ,L.O.V. Eaff* @glo`-

`hdona}n* Tlh Nhu O`hvamon Jafvov* Nhu Qgvc*

?188* loj. ??! @xcta Oja `h`fhvacon fhfhvoro mava-

mava A}jo`* ocna; Rhvtoò* Oeoò one }hdhvlono*

okovonno `xdol dathvaò. Chuokafon-chuokafon

one dathtorcon }hxcxvon dhneon chò`rxon gvonengvòj. A}jo` tadoc `hnxvxl gvone `hnehvkocon

rhvfxoton-rhvfxoton one `hjo`roxa gvone ngvòj.

Chdxo* A}jo` tadoc `hnxvxl gvone xntxc `h`rhv-

mooa }h}xotx one fhvthntoneon dhneon ocoj. Tadoc

fhvovta foluo }h`xo okovon A}jo` atx dorot dakone-

cox gjhl ocoj* tora tadoc fhvthntoneon dhneon ocoj.

Chtaeo* A}jo` odojol mgmgc dhneon cgdvot don iatvol

ònx}ao. Chh`rot * Okovon A}jo` odojol }ha`fone

ontovo chrhntaneon andayadx don ò}ovocot3 ontovo

votag don h`g}a3 ontovo chodajon don co}al }oone3

}ha`fone ontovo vglona don ko}òna. Chjaò* A}jo`

`hnxnkxccon kojon `hnxkx chfoloeaoon. ,O. @xcta

Oja*?152;?8-?5!

Dhneon dhàcaon A}jo` `hvxrocon }xotx

okovon one fhva}a txntxton one lovx} dajoc}onocon

exno `hnmoroa chfoloeaoon ladxr da dxnao dova ch}-

hjoòton da oclavot. Rodo eova} fh}ovno oeoò A}jo`

`h`fhvacon rhdgòn ladxr dojo` }heojo o}rhc* }h-

movo }a}-thòta} `hjarxta = ,taeo! o}rhc fh}ov* ocna;

Oqadol* ]ova‑ol* don Ocljoq A}jo` Oqadol odojol

o}rhc ixndo`hntoj dojo` A}jo`* one `hnkoda tatac

tgjoc rhv`xjoon xntxc `hnkoda `x}ja` ,gvone A}jo`!

,No}vxddan Vo{oc; ?1563?66.!

Oqadol A}jo` aojol loj-loj one daocana

gjhl gvone-gvone A}jo`* ovtano `hvhco `hnhtorcon

oto} chfhnovonno. ,]olajxn O. No}av; ?1<23?=!

]oad ]ofaq fhvrhndorot foluo rhnehvtaon

oqadol atx thv}x}xn dova hno` rhvcovo* oatx ; ,]oad

]ofaq; ?1<9;?5.! ,?!@o‑vaiot chrodo Ojjol* ò‑vaiot

dh-neon noò-No one `xjao don }aiot-}aiotNo

one Taneea. ,6!@o‑vaiot dhneon ojo` one odo dafo-

jac ojo` }h`h}to ana* ocna ojo` one tadoc dorot

dajalot. ,=!@o‑vaiot dhneon catof-catof Ojjol* onedatxvxncon gjhlNo xntxc rovo vo}xj. ,4!@o‑vaiot

dhneon nofa-nofa }hvto vo}xj-vo}xj Ojjol* one da-

rajal gjhl-No xntxc `hnkoda rh`fa`fane ch ovol

rhtxnkxc one fhnov. ,8!@o‑vaiot dhneon lova oclav

don rhva}tauo-rhva}tauo one thvkoda }oot atx* }hrhvta;

ladxr }h}xdol ̀ ota* ocon ̀ h`rhvgjhl fojo}on rolojo

don }ac}o* }xveo don nhvoco. ,9!@o‑vaiot chrodo toc-

dav ,qgdjg don qgdov! one da oto} jondo}onno atxjol

fhvkojon rhvotxvon }heojo one odo da dojo` ojo`

}h`h}to ana* foac rhnmartoon don rhneotxvonno.

Fadone oqadol `hvxrocon fadone oneixndo`hntoj one `hjondo}a }heojo tandocon ò-

nx}ao dojo` ladxrno }hfoeoa rh`hjxc oeoò

A}jo`. ]ova‑ot a}tajol }ova‑ot A}jo`* `h`fhva ovta

ladxr one lovx} dajojxa otox rhvxndoneon one lo-

vx} darotxla gjhl }hgvone A}jo`* ,No}vxddan Vo{oc;

?1563641.! `hvxrocon }xotx }a}th` ngvò one

`hneotxv lxfxneon ònx}ao dhneon Txlon ,Afo-

dol!* }h}oò ònx}ao don janecxneonno ,`xo-

òjol!. Afodol dojo` A}jo` `hnonecxt lxfxneon

ontovo ònx}ao dhneon Ojjol* don lxfxneon ònx}ao

dhneon }h}oòno. Rhneotxvon lxfxneon ònx}aodhneon Ojjol `hvxrocon afodol one fhv}aiot `xvna*

ocna rhv-fxoton clx}x} one a}ano afodol* à}oj-

no; tlolovol* }lojot* {ocot* rxo}o don loka* one

dachnoj }hfoeoa afodol òldol. ]heojo rhvfxoton

ònx}ao da jxov afodol one }hòto-òto xntxc

`hnmova chvadjoon Ojjol da}hfxt kxeo afodol . Dhneon

dhàcaon }hjxvxl octaiato} ladxr one tadoc `hjone-

eov }ovaol don dajoc}onocon }hfoeoa chuokafon

ladxr `hvxrocon afodol.

Ocljoq A}jo` odojol }xotx }aiot one thvto-

no` dojo` kauo one dova rodono ta`fxj rhvfxoton-

rhvfxoton one `xdol* dhneon tadoc `h`hvjxcon

rhvta`foneon ,jhfal dxjx!. ,Lxòada Totoroneov}o;

?1513 1! Fadone ocljoq one dorot danotocon }hf-

Danoà}o}a Rhngvòon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lgòd 8?




oeoa lo}aj aòn don afodol `h`rxnoa chdxdxcon

oòt rhntane dojo` A}jo`* o}rhc ana dacoka dojo`

Aj`x Ocljoq. Oqadol odojol ixndo`hn dojo` ch-

ladxron A}jo`* }hdone afodol odojol ònaih}to}a dova

rodo aòn atx ,oqadol!. Cxojato} aòn }h}hgvone da-

fxctacon dojo` rhjoc}onoon afodolno chrodo Ojjol

don vhoja}o}a }ovaol dojo` chladxronno. ,No}vxd-

dan Vo{oc* gr. mat. loj. ?<6.!

Oqadol otox chaònon jhfal dxjx lovx} da-

àjaca }hfhjx` gvone `hjoc}onocon }ovaol }hfoeoa

xvoaon ]oacl @ol`gxd ]ojtgxt `hnxja}; ,]oacl

@ol`gxd ]ojtgxt; ?195362-6?.!

‚Oqadol atx da dojo` rg}a}ano `hnxvxt A}-

jo` odojol rgcgc one dafano daoto}no rhvxndone-

xndoneon oeoò ,}ovaol!. ]hdone rhvxndone-xn-

doneon oeoò atx }hndava odojol lo}aj one dajolavcon

gjhl chrhvmooon thv}hfxt. @oco dhneon dhàcaon

tadocjol ocon thvdorot }ovaot dojo` A}jo` `hjoancon

covhno odono chrhvmooon ....‐Oqadol odojol do}ov one lovx} daàjaca }h-

fhjx` `hjoc}onocon }ovaol }hthjol `hjoc}onocon

}ovaol dalovorcon `hàjaca ocljoq one foac. Dhn-

eon ocljoq one foac docon }oneot fhvònioot foea

janecxneon }hcatovno.

Lxcx` A}jo` }hfoeoa }a}th` lxcx` one

fhv}x`fhv dova Danxj A}jo` `hvxrocon }ojol }otx

jheoj }}th` one hc}a} da}o`rane jheoj }}th` one

joan }hrhvta Vgòng Ehvònam ,Mayaj Jou!* Mg``gn

Jou* ,Hdeov Fgdhnlha`hv* Kgln Fajhy Gdjhjh* Khon

M. Jgyh3 ?1<<.! ]g}aoja}t Jou. ,Lxcx` da Nheovo}g}aoja}* daxjo} dojo` dojo` Vhnh Doyad ond Klgn

M. Fvahvj* @ogv Jheoj ]}th` an tlh Ugvjd Tgdo*

]thyhn ) ]gn}* Jgndgn* ?15<* r. ?4=-6<=.! ]thyhn

Yoeg `hnxja} foluo A}joàm Jou* ……* a} ngt ond

andhrhndhnt fvonml gi cngujhdeh* jou a} anthevoj tg

A}joàm vhjaeagn .,]thyhn Yoeg* ?114* r. ?63!

]hfoeaon }xotx }a}th` lxcx` don }xotx da-

}arjan aj`x* lxcx` A}jo` `h`rxnoa don `hneh`-

fonecon a}tajol-a}tajolno }hndava }hfoeoaòno da-

}arjan aj`x one joan. Dojo` }txda Lxcx` A}jo` * da

Andgnh}ao* }hvanecoja dakx`roa a}tajol-a}tajol; LxcxÀ}jo`* da}o`rane a}tajol }ovaot A}jo`* }hvto fhfhvoro

a}tajol thcna} joanno. A}tajol lxcx` A}jo` `hvxrocon

a}tajol clo} Andgnh}ao* }hfoeoa thvkhòlon oj-iaql oj-

A}jo` otox dojo` cgnthc} thvthntx dova oj-}ovaol

oj- A}jo`. A}tajol ana dojo` uomono olja lxcx` fovot

daexnocon A}joàm Jou. Dojo` Oj _xvon òxrxon

dojo` O} ]xnnol a}tajol oj-lxc` oj-A}jo` tadoc

dakx`roa* one daexnocon aojol coto }ova‑ot one

dojo` rhnkofovonno ch`xdaon jolavjol a}tajol iaql.

,Olòd Vgiaq* ?11<* loj.=!

Xntxc `hndorotcon eo`fovon one khjo}

`hnehnoa Lxcx` A}jo` rhjx daroloà dxjx rhnehv-

taon a}tajol lxcx`* }ovaol don iaql. Lxcx` , Lxc`!*

}hmovo loviaol fhvovta; `hnhtorcon }h}xotx. Rovo olja

dova fhvfoeoa da}arjan aj`x dojo` A}jo` `hneh`xco-

con fhvfoeoa rhndorot dojo` ̀ hndhiana}acon lxcx`*

dacovhnocon rhvfhdoon txkxon. @hnxvxt olja X}lxj

Iaql* ocna Oj Fohdjgua* lxcx` aojol otxvon Ojjol

`hnehnoa oòj rhvfxoton `xcojjoi one `hneon-

dxne rhnhtoron otox chfgjhlon `hàjal. ]hdone

`hnxvxt ]hcl [ocovao Oj On}lgva* lxcx` aojol ta-

tol Ojjol one fhvtojaon dhneon rhvfxoton `xcojjoi

dhneon txntxton }xroo fhvfxot otox `hnaneeojcon

otox `hnhvonecon chfgjhlon otox `hnkodacon }h}-

xotx }hfof* }ovot* rhnelojone* rhnhvx} otox rhvx}oc

foea }h}xotx lxcx`. Thvdorot rhvfhdoon rondoneon

ontovo xjoò x}lxj iaql dhneon xjoò iaql thntone

dhiana}a lxcx` thvjhtoc rodo xjoò x}lxj iaql `hn-

koda lxcx` }hfoeoa noò dova }htaor tatol Ojjol*

thtora tadoc danoòa lxcx` gjhl xjoò iaql* }hfof

one danoòa lxcx` gjhl xjoò iaql aojol ocafot

dova condxneon tatol thv}hfxt. ,O.O{a} @o}lxva* l.

6=-64.!A}tajol lxcx` dojo` rhnehvtaon one }hjxo}-

jxo}no* òco dojo` A}jo` dachnoj = òmo` lxcx`*

ocna; ,?!. Lxcx` A‑taqodaol* lxcx` chaònon*

one fhvcoaton dhneon loj-loj one lovx} daocana

otox darhvmoo gjhl }htaor `xcojjoi* `hnehnoa Ojjol*

@ojoacot-No* Catof-catof-No* rovo Vo}xj-No don

Lova ch`xdaon* }hto _odjo don _odov. ,6!. Lxcx`

Clxjxqaol*Lxcx` Ocljoq* one fhvcoaton dhneon

rhvajocx one lovx} daàjaca `xcojjoi ,=!. Lxcx`

Oòjaol* ocna lxcx` one fhvcoaton dhneon rhv-

fxoton }htaor ̀ xcojjoi ̀ hjarxta ̀ o}ojol xmoron*ocod,mgntvomt ! don rhnehjgjoon lovto fhndo* don lxfxn-

eon lxcx` dhneon }h}oò. ,Ofdxj Uollof Clojjoi*

?1<8* l. =<.!

Dojo` janecxr lxcx` oòjaol lxcx` daov-

tacon }hfoeoa tatol Ojjol otox ]xnnol Vo}xj thntone

rhvfxoton ̀ onx-}ao ̀ xcojjoi* foac darhvantol otox da-

jovone otoxrxn darhvfgjhlcon* }hvto thntone chodoon

thvthntx one `hnkoda }hfof* }ovot otox rhnelojone

foea fhvjocxno }h}xotx. Fhvdo}ovcon dhiana}a otox

rhnehvtaon da oto}* òco dorot da}a`rxjcon foluo

one danoòcon dhneon Lxcx` A}jo` odojol noò foea }heojo rhvantol Ojjol don xtx}on-No one `hn-

eondxne rhvantol* jovoneon* rajalon* otox ̀ hnotocon

}ovot* }hfof* don lojoneon xntxc }xotx rhvfxoton

lxcx`. Dojo` rhnehvtaon dhàcaon* òco Lxcx`

A}jo` dorot dafoea dojo`; Rhvtoò* Lxcx` Toc-

jahia* ocna lxcx` one `hneondxne txntxton one

fhvxro rhvantol otox jovoneon3 Chdxo* Lxcx` Tocl-

ahva* ocna lxcx` one `hneondxne cha{anon ontovo

`hnehvkocon otox `hnaneeojconno.

Dova }hea tocjahia don toclahva rhvfxoton

lxcx` dorot dafoea dojo` jaò cothegva; uokaf*

òndxf* lovo`* }xnnol otox òndxf don `xfol. Ch

jaò cothegva ana dachnoj dhneon }hfxton oj olco`xj

clg`}ol ,Lo{oavan* ?112* l.9<-56!





]ova‑ot* `hnxvxt folo}o ,hta`gjgea! fhvovta ko-

jon one jh`rone3 kojon one dajojxa oav thvkxn3

,[email protected]}fa O}l ]laddahq* ?1<8* l. 5! kojon ch }x`-

fhv oav otox th`rot gvone-gvone ànx`* clx}x}no

rodo kojon }htoroc `hnxkx rojxne oav one thtor don

dafhva tondo khjo} thvjalot òto* koda fhvovta kojon one

khjo} chjaloton otox kojon voo xntxc daacxta3 }x`fhv

oav otox }x`fhv chladxron3 otox kxeo kojon one lovx}

daacxta. ,O.O I{hh3?118;8!. Oj qxvon `hneexnocon

coto don }av‑ol don }ova‑ol dojo` ovta ‚dan‐ ocna

dojo` ovta kojon one thjol dathtorcon Txlon foea

ònx}ao3 kojon one khjo} datxnkxccon Txlon chrodo

ònx}ao.Rodo ò}o Vo}xjxjjol Nofa @xlo``òd

]OU - ladxr a}tajol }ov‑a }hfoeoa fhntxc koòc

dova coto }ova‑ol daexnocon dojo` ovta ò}ojol-

ò}ojol rgcgc A}jo`.,Olòd Lo}on; ?1<435! Aò`

Ofx Lonaiol ,522-598 @! * `hndhiana}acon }ova‑ol

}hfoeoa }h`xo one daokovcon gjhl Nofa @xlo`òd

one fhv}x`fhv rodo uolx* ocna }h`xo foeaon- foeaon okovon A}jo`. Rovo xjoò `hòndoneno

}hfoeoa dhiana}a one jxo}.,]oadx} ]olov;?1<93 6=-

64! Dojo` coatonno dhneon ‚dan‐* Ofx Lonaiol

`hnkhjo}con foluo dan tadoc rhvnol fhvxfol }hdone

}ova‑ol thvx}-`hnhvx} fhvxfol dojo` rhvkojonon }h-

kovol. Dan odojol rgcgc-rgcgc aòn* }hdone }ova‑ol

aojol chuokafon one lovx} dakojona. Aò` ]oia‑a

,595-<62 @!* `hneovtacon }ova‑ol dhneon rhv-

otxvon-rhvotxvon jolav foea xòt A}jo` one fhv}x`-

fhv rodo uolx don ch}a`rxjon ,dhdxmtagn}! one

dorot datovac dova uolx. Rhvotxvon-rhvotxvon jolav ana `hnehnoa movo foeoaòno ònx}ao fhvlxfxn-

eon dhneon Ojjol don }h}oò òcljxc.* clx}x}no

}h}oò ònx}ao. Rovo xjoò `hòndoneno }hfoeoa

dhiana}a one }h`rat. Aò` ]oia‑a `hneexnocon a}-

tajol }ova‑ol dojo` rhnehvtaon jh`foeo* jhfal koxl

joea* ao `hneexnocon a}tajol }ov‑a dhneon rhnehv-

taon chuokafon-chuokafon one lovx} dajoc}onocon.

]oacl @ol`gxt ]ojtgxt `hndhiana}acon. ,]oacl

@ol`xgxt ]ojtgxt3 ?195;?1! ;

‚]ova‑ol aojol rhvotxvon-rhvotxvon one

damartocon Ojjol* otox one damartoconno rgcgc-rg-cgcno }xroo ònx}ao fhvrheone chrodono dojo`

rhvlxfxneon dhneon Txlon* dhneon }oxdovo }h}oò

`x}ja`* dhneon }oxdovono }h}oò ònx}ao* fh}hvto

lxfxneonno dhneon ojo` }hjxvxlno don lxfxn-

eonno dhneon chladxron‐

]hmovo }anecot I{hh `hneovtacon }ovaol

dhneon monngn jou gi A}jo`* tlh tgtojat gi Ojjol

mg`òndh`hnt}.,O.O I{hh;?1<936=-64! Dova xvoaon

la}tgva da oto} egjgneon xjoò one ̀ xnmxj }h}xdol

ofod ch AAA lakvaol thjol ̀ hòcoa coto }ova‑ot xntxc

noò-noò lxcx` iaql* one fhvlxfxneon dhneon

rhvfxoton ̀ xcojjoi. Oto} do}ov rhòcoaon ana* ta`fxj

rhvcotoon A}jo` odojol oqadol don }ova‑ol* one

danoòcon otox daòc}xd dhneon }ova‑ol odojol

ovta one }h`rat one fhvovta qonxn.,V @ Lo}fa O}l

]laddahq3?1<8; <1!

Coto Iaql * `hnxvxt folo}o otox hta`gjgea

fhvovta; rantov* mhvdo} ,No}vxdan Vo{oc3?156; 68<!

tolx* don iolo` `hnxvxt o}oj `xjono iolo` thvlo-

dor txkxon }hgvone rh`famovo dova rh`famovoonno3

rolo` }o`roa `hndojo`. A}tajol iaql `hneojoà

rhvch`foneon }hkoc ouojno }o`roa `hnkoda a}tajol

one dachnoj }oot ana. ]h`xjo fhvovta rhòloòn

don rhnehtolxon thntone }h}xotx. Dojo` rhnehvtaon

ana iaql don iol` odojol }angna`. Rodo `xjono da-

exnocon gvone Ovof foea }h}hgvone one olja dojo`

`hneouancon xnto* one ò`rx `h`fhdocon xnto

fhtano one }hdone favola don xnto one }hdone

fxntane. Rodo {oòn Rvo A}jo` a}tajol Iaql oj-ovof

odojol ehjov one dafhvacon chrodo oj-Lovat} fan Co-

jodol one dakxjxca tlojafoj - ovof.

Rodo {oòn Vo}xjxjjol @xlo`òd ]OU

coto iaql `hnmocxr }h`xo o}rhc dojo` A}jo` oatxtlhgjgea}* rgjata}* hcgngà} don lxcx`* covhno Oj

_xv‑on `h`rhvexnocon coto iaql dojo` rhnehvtaon

`hòloà }hmovo x`x` jhfal dova }otx th`rot.

Dhneon dhàcaon* rodo ò}o-ò}o ouoj A}jo`* a}-

tajol iaql }hfoeoaòno kxeo a}tajol aj`‑ }hvanecoja

daexnocon foea rhòloòn }hmovo x`x`* `hjarxta

rvan}ar-ran}ar A}jo` òxrxn lxcx`-lxcx`no

,Olòd Lo}on 3?1<4;4-8! Iaql rodo ò}o Nofa ,don

ò}o }olofot! daovtacon }hfoeoa aj`x ,rhnehtolxon!

one tadoc `xdol dachtolxa x`x`* one dadorotcon

dhneon `h`rhvexnocon rhnhjadacon don rhnhjataonone `hndojo`. ,Lo}fa O}l ]laddaq;?1<83 =2! Koda

iaql }oò dhneon aj`x ocna }hjxvxl rhnehtolxon

one tadoc `xdol dachtolxa }oot atx.

]hthjol Vo}xj uoiot* cox` `x}jaà` da-

lodorcon rodo rhv}gojon-rhv}gojon fovx don daroc}o

xntxc `h`rhvexnocon rhvta`foneon rvafoda. Rodo

tolor ana a}tajol iaql jojx }hvane daexnocon dojo`

ovta rhneexnoon chmhvdo}on. Koda iaql daexnocon

xntxc rhnehtolxon one dalo}ajcon dova rhneexnoon

chmhvdo}on don rhndorot rvafoda. ]hdone coto aj`‑

daexnocon xntxc rhnehtolxon one darhvgjhl dovavonecoaon rhvoua* covhno rodo }oot atx gvone }hdone

fhvx}olo xntxc `hnex`rxjcon don `hnmotot tvoda}a-

tvoda}a one }o`roa `hjojxa vonecoaon òto vontoa

rhvauoot.

Rodo oclav ofod A lakvaol* totcojo ehvocon

rhnex`rxjon lodat} da`xjoa* a}tajol aj`x darhvex-

nocon dojo` rhnehtolxon `hnehnoa tvoda}a* ocna

lodat} don ot}ov. A}tajol iaql daexnocon }hmovo hc}jx}ai

foea rhnehtolxon one dajondo}con rodo rhneexnoon

chmhvdo}on don rhvta`foneon one andhrhndhn. Rodo

ofod AA lakvaol* rodo ò}o `xktolad `xjoa `h`fon-

exn rgjo rhàcavon `hvhco don ta`fxjno òd{lof*

iaql daovtacon }hfoeoa ‚lxcx` one darhtac dova

Catofxjjol don ]xnnotxv Vo}xj dhneon kojon `h`rhv-

Danoà}o}a Rhngvòon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lgòd 8=




exnocon aktalod ,a}tanfotl! one }h`rxvno `h`xn-

mocno* thvlodor lxcx`-lxcx` one ̀ hnehnoa oò-

jon rovo `xcojjoi. Aò` Ofx Lonaiol ,Oj Nxcòn

afn T}ofat* 522 - 595 @! `h`fhvacon foto}on ovta iaql

}hfoeoa aj`x one `hnhvonecon }heojo loc don ch-

uokafon* ocna aj`x one `hnhvonecon }heojo one

dauokafcon* da}xnnotcon* daòcvxlcon* dalovo`con*

don dafgjhlcon. Aò` Ofx Lonaiol ò}al `hò-

}xccon fadone aj`x joan ocna fadone chrhvmooon

chrodo Clojaq danoòcon dhneon ‚Iaql Ocfov‐.

Dhiana}a one dafhvacon Ofx Lonaiol ana tadoc fhv-

fhdo òc}xdno dhneon to‑tai rodo ò}o }olofot

don tofa‑an* ò}xc da dojo`no xvx}on chrhvmooon*

xvx}on rhvoneoa fxda rhchvta* djj. No`rocno laneeo

ofod ch AA lakvaol iaql `hnmocxr ò}ojol tlhgjgea}

don ò}ojol lxcx`* cojo` don iaql tadoc dara}olcon

}o`roa ò}o Oj @o‑`xn. Rodo rhvthneolon ofod ch

AA lakvaol dhiana}a iaql darhneovxla gjhl ocavon-oja-

von egjgneon olja x}lxj don olja iaql. Fhfhvoro to‑vai olja x}lxj iaql* da ontovono; O} ]oad Oj Kxvkona Oj

Lonoia `hndhiana}acon }hfoeoa aj`x one `hnhvone-

con lxcx` }ovo‑ one oòjaol one dao`faj dova

dojaj-dojajno one toi}laj. Iaql `hvxrocon aj`x

one daa}tanfotlcon dhneon kojon aktalod* gjhl covhno

atx tadoc fgjhl danoòcon Ojjol dhneon ioqal* covhno

tadoc odo }h}xotxrxn one thv}h`fxna foeano.

Rodo }oot ana iaql }hfoeoa aj`x daovtacon }hfoeoaòno

daxnecorcon gjhl Ofdxj Uollof Clojoi; ,Ofdxj

Uollof clojjoi3 ?1<8;??! ‚Aj`x iaql aojol rhnehto-

lxon thntone lxcx`-lxcx` }ova‑ot A}jo` `hnehnoa rhvfxoton ònx}ao one dao`faj dova dojaj-dojajno

}hmovo dhtoaj. Otox cgjhc}a-cgjhc}a lxcx` }ova‑ol

A}jo` thntone rhvfxoton ònx}ao one dao`faj fhv-

do}ovcon dojaj-dojano }hmovo dhtoaj‐. ]hmovo fhvtolor

vxne janecxr a}tajol iaql `hnh`rat don oclavno

lono thvfoto} rodo ò}ojol lxcx`** folcon jhfal

}h`rat joea oatx rodo jathvotxv lxcx` ocna catof-

catof iaql.Olòd Lo}on ?1<4;9!

Lxcx` A}jo` `h`rxnoa }aiot xnayhv}oj*

one ̀ hneotxv lxfxneon ontovo ̀ onx}ao dhneon rhn-

martono* ̀ onx}ao dhneon ̀ }ovocot daòno ao ladxrdon ònx}ao dhneon ojo` janecxneonno* da}heojo

uoctx don }heojo th`rot. Lxcx` A}jo` `hnmocxr

}heojo o}rhc chladxron ònx}ao don }heojo rhvò-

}ojolon ladxr. Lxcx` A}jo`* dojo` loj ana lxcx`

oòjaolno* thvdava oto} dxo mofone lxcx` one

xtoò* ocna lxcx` afodol don lxcx` `xoòjol.

Odo kxeo olja one `h`foeano `hnkoda taeo foeaon

xtoò* ocna afodot* xqxfot* don `xoòjol. Lxcx`

afodol odojol lxcx` one `hneotxv lxfxneon ò-

nx}ao dhneon Txlonno* }hrhvta }lojot* rxo}o* {ocot*

loka* nod{ov* }x`rol don afodol-afodol joan one

`h`rxnoa ovta `hneotxv lxfxneon ònx}ao dhneon

Txlonno. Lxcx` @xoòjol* odojol lxcx` one

`hneotxv lxfxneon ̀ onx}ao dhneon }h}oòno* foac

dajocxcon }hmovo rhvgvoneon* otox }hmovo chjg`rgc

ontovo fone}o don chjg`rgc ontovo koò‑ol* }hrhvta

ocod* rh`fhjonkoon* lxcxòn* kanoot* djj. Dojo`

lxcx` oòjaol tadoc dafhdocon ,dhneon toko`! on-

tovo lxcx` rvayot dhneon lxcx` rxfjac* dacovhnocon

rodo lxcx` rvayot thvdorot }hea-}hea rxfjac don }h-

fojacno. Kaco cato onojgeacon dhneon }a}th` lxcx`

fovot* òco }x}xnon lxcx` `xoòjol dojo` ovta

jxo} odojol }hfoeoa fhvacxt; Rhvtoò* Lxcx` Rvayot

,?! @xnocolot* Lxcx` Rhvcouanon* `hneotxv }h-

eojo }h}xotx one fhvlxfxneon dhneon rhvcouanon*

rhvmhvoaon }hvto ocafot lxcx`no. ,6!Uavo}ol* otox

lxcx` iovo‑ad* ̀ hneotxv rhvojalon loc oto} lovto dova

rhuova} chrodo olja uova} }hvto }heojo ò}ojol one

fhvlxfxneon lovto rhnaneeojon ,=!@xoòjot dojo`

ovta clx}x}* `hneotxv loc-loc oto} fhndo don rhvaco-

ton. Chdxo* Lxcx` Rxfjac ,?!Kanoot* lxcx` radono*

one `hneotxv `hnehnoa rhvfxoton-rhvfxoton one

daonmo` dhneon }onc}a radono. ,6! Oj Olco` O}]xjtlonaol* Lxcx` Toto Nheovo don Lxcx` Od-

àna}tvo}a ,=!]aov* Lxcx` Anthvno}agnoj* `hneotxv

xvx}on rhvone don doòa* lxfxneon ontov nheovo .

Lxcx` A}jo` odojol }xotx }a}th` lxcx`

one }rh}aiac* Lxcx` A}jo` `h`rxnoa mava-mava

clo} one `h`fhdolconno dhneon }a}th` lxcx`

one joan da dxnao. Mava-mava clo} Lxcx` A}jo` atx

`hnxvxt Ofdxj @xtlgjaf* odojol ,?!Lxcx` A}jo`

odojol lxcx` oeoò A}jo`3 ,6!Lxcx` A}jo` `hn-

eondxne uotoc xna-yhv}oj3 ,=!Lxcx` A}jo` dojo`

fadone xfxdaol lojno thjol daotxv }hdhàcaon vxrodojo` Oj _xv‑on don O} ]xnnol3 ,4!Lxcx` A}jo`

dojo` fadone `xoòjol mgmgc an}on coàj ònx}ao*

rhvo}oon lxcx`* ch}odovon lxcx` ò}ovocot dorot

dach`fonecon don }hnontao}o tx`fxl `hnxvxt ch-

fxtxlon don rondoneon ladxr ò}ovocot dajondo}a

Oj _xv‑on don O} ]xnnol. ,Ofdxj @xtlgjaf3 tonro

tolxn3 ?9!

Lxcx` A}jo`* dadojo`no thvmocxr }ova‑ol

don iaql A}jo`* mava-mava dova iaql A}jo` `hnxvxt T.

@. Lo}fa O}l ]laddahq odojol; ,?!Iaql A}jo` rodo

do}ovno ch`foja chrodo Uolx Ajjola3 ,6!Iaql A}-jo` dadgvgne rhjoc}onoon gjhl oqaqol don ocljoq3

,=!Rh`fojo}on one darhvgjhl dova `hjoc}onocon

lxcx`-lxcx` iaqal odojol dxnao oclavot3 ,4! No{‑ol

,tofa‑ot chmhndhvxneon! iaqal A}ojo` odojol koò‑ol3

,8!Iaql A}jo` `hnhvaò rhvch`foneon }h}xoa dhn-

eon ò}o don th`rot3 ,9!Iaql A}jo` tadoc darhn-

eovxla gjhl xndone-xndone fxoton ònx}ao* foac

Vgòua* òxrxn one joanno3 ,5!Txkxonno odojol

}x}xnon ladxr ̀ onx}ao one clx}x} don x`x`* ̀ hn-

dotonecon chfoloeaoon ojo` }hjxvxlno ,T.@ Lo}fa

O}l ]laddahq;?1<83?86-?89!

Lxcx` A}jo` dorot dathvorcon dojo` }h`xo

ò}o* xntxc }h`xo fone}o covhno dadojo`no thv-

dorot mocxron one fheatx jxo} don hjo}ta}ato} don





doo tolon }hvto chrotxlon xntxc }heojo koòn don

th`rot. Loj ana dacovhnocon Lxcx` A}jo` fhvdava oto}

dxo rgcgc do}ov; ,?!Lxcx` A}jo` `h`fhvacon rvan-

}ar x`x` da}o`rane one `hndhtoaj one dafhvacon

gjhl }xnnol }hfoeoa toi}av dova Oj _xv‑on* dhneon

rhnhtoron loj-loj one }hjxo}-jxo}no don `h`fxco

rantx one }hjhfov-jhfovno fxot chòkxon rhvodo-

fon ònx}ao. ,No}vxddan Vo{oc;56! Lxcx`-lxcx`

one fhv}aiot x`x` dojo` Oj _xv‑on don O} ]xnnol

`hneondxne rvan}ar-rvan}ar don coadol-coadol cxj-

jaol one tadoc fhvxfol-xfol. Fadone ana `hnkoda

joroneon cokaon one jxo} foea rovo `xtkolad don

thvkoda rhvfhdoon rolo`* rhvxfolon* rhveontaon don

rhvfoacon. Foeaon one `h`rxnoa coadol-coadol

x`x` don rvan}ar-rvan}ar one fhv}aiot ch}hjxvxlon

anajol one `hnkoda do}ov don rhdgòn one thtor

xntxc `hnelodora rhvch`foneon ò}o. ,T.@ Lo}fa

O}l ]laddahq ?=<? L; <! ,6! Lxcx` A}jo` one

`hneondxne rhvotxvon-rhvotxvon one thvanma dojo`loj-loj one tadoc thvrhneovxl gjhl rhvch`foneon

ò}o* }hrhvta dojo` ò}ojol `xlva` ,gvone-gvone

one lovo` xntxc dacouan!* afodol* lovto* uova}on.

,No}vxddan Vo{oc; 56! Lxcx` one thvanma* khjo}*

jone}xne dorot dathtorcon rodo chkodaon otox co}x}

thvthntx. ,T.@ Lo}fa O}l ]laddahq ?=<?L;?2!

@. Lo}fa O}l }laddahq* }hmovo jhfal vanma

`h`foea lxcx` A}jo`'}ova‑ot A}jo` dojo` h`rot

fadone lxcx`* ocna; ,T.@ Lo}fa O}l ]lad-dahq

?=<?3?2! ,?!Qone thtor fhvjocx xntxc }htaor ò}o*

tadoc fhvxfol-xfol* one dathtorcon }hmovo khjo} dontheo}* tadoc fhvovta fhv}aiot }tota}* thtora fhvcoaton

dhneon }goj-}goj one tadoc fhvxfol-xfol don thvx}

ladxr. Odo cojono fhvcoaton dhneon do}ov chò-

}ovocoton* otox }xotx rvan}ar xndone-xndone one

tadoc dorot davxfol dhneon rhvxfolon ò}o. ,6!Lx-

cx` one thjol dano}colcon thtora no}l-no}l atx fa}o

daacuojcon* o dojo` fadone ana fhvjocx aktalod xntxc

`hneocoatcon }otx no}l dhneon no}l one joan* otox

ontovo no}l dhneon co}x} thvthntx. ,=!Lxcx` one

fhv}aiot rvan}ar x`x` one dorot cato ò}xccon ch-

dojo`no fhfhvoro ò}o-jol thvthntx* òco fa}o otoxlovx} da-exnocon aktalod xntxc `hnhvorcon rvan}ar

x`x` atx. ,4!Lxcx` one tadoc da}aneexne-}ane-

exne dojo` }ovaot A}jo`* òco dojo` fadone fhv-

jocx aktalod `xtjoc.

O}o}-o}o} one daonxt dojo` Lxcx` A}jo`*

}hmovo }anecot dorot dafhdocon; ,No}vxdan Vo{oc

?156;684! ,?!tadoc `h`hfhvotcon ,_]. AA ; 669!

,6!}oneot }hdacat `h`xotn chuokafon }hmovo thv-

rhvanma ocna `h`hvantol don `hjovoneno ,_]. Oj

@oadol;?2?! ,=! dotone dhneon rvan}ar evodxo}a ,fh-

vone}xv-one}xv! fxcon }hcojaex} da}h}xoacon dhneon

iatvol ònx}ao don koòn txvxnno.

Dhneon o}o} one da onxt daoto}* òco rvan-

}ar-rvan}ar do}ov dojo` lxcx` A}jo` aojol `hneocxa

loc ònx}ao xntxc `h`hnxla }heojo chfxtxlon don

chaneanon* `hnelo}ajcon ònioot xntxc rvafoda }h-

foeoaòno dachlhndoca dhneon mototon foluo tadoc

fgjhl `hnao-naocon loc gvone joan. ,T.@ Lo}fa

O}l ]laddahq ?15=;4?!

Loc-loc don chuokafon }htaor ònx}ao

`hnxvxt Lxcxa` A}jo` dorot dafoea dojo` 4 cot-

hegva* oatx; ,Ofx O‑jo Oj @oxdxda; ?1<9;?56-?15!

Loc-loc Ojjol ]UT one lovx} darhnxla ònx}ao3

Loc-loc dava }hndava3 Loc-loc ònx}ao joan3 Loc-loc

òcljxc joan don fhndo-fhndo rgthn}aoj one daco-

vxnaocon xntxc chòniooton ladxr ònx}ao* Uokaf

foea ònx}ao xntxc `hnhvaò don `hneacxta rh-

txnkxcno3 @onx}ao lovx} toot don rotxl chrodoNo

dhneon kxkxv tonro voex3 @onx}ao lovx} `hnh`fol-

No. Loc-loc ana lovx} dadolxjxcon oto} loc-loc

one joan* folcon codone-codone rhnxnoaonno

dhneon `hnegvfoncon loc-loc one daàjaca foeaon

joan. Loc-loc dava }hndava* ònx}ao `hàjaca loc-loc thvthntx don `hvxrocon chuokafon dova ònx}ao joan

xntxc `hnxnoaconno dhneon foac. Dhneon loc ana-

jol ònx}ao dorot `hnkoda davano }hndava.

Loc-loc ònx}ao joan* dojo` rh`hnxlon

loc rvafoda tadoc fgjhl `hvxeacon loc-loc gvone

joan. Lxcx` A}jo` `hnhvorcon ch}ha`foneon ontovo

loc-loc rvafoda dhneon loc-loc gvone joan* }hvto loc-

loc ò}ovocot oeov tadoc thvkoda rhvthntoneon ontovo

chdxono don lovx} odo chvko }oò xntxc `hneh`-

fonecon lxcx` Ojjol. Loc-loc ̀ ocljxc joan; ]h`xo

martoon Txlon `hàjaca loc thvthntx thvlodor ònx-}ao* }hlaneeo tadoc fa}o fhvfxot }h}xco lota.

Lxcx` A}jo` }hmovo eova} fh}ov `hnehnoj

dxo òmo` }x`fhv lxcx`* rhvtoò }x`fhv lxcx`

one fhv}aiot ‚noqja‐don }x`fhv lxcx` one fhv-

}aiot ‚oqja‐. ]x`fhv lxcx` noeja aojol Oj _xvon

don O}}xnnol* }hdonecon }x`fhv lxcx` oqja aojol

x}olo `hnh`xcon lxcx` dhneon `hnextoòcon

gjol racav dhneon fhvoeo` `htgdono. ]x`fhv lx-

cx` one `hnextoòcon gjol racav ana thvcoat hvot

dhneon a}tajol ‚iaql‐ don rhvch`foneon rhnhvoron

Lxcx` A}jo` dafhvfoeoa couo}on dxnao* toc thvch-mxoja Andgnh}ao. ]x`fhv lxcx` ana rxjojol one

kxeo fhvrhvon fonoc dojo` rhvfhdoon rhndorot

daontovo olja lxcx` A}jo` `hnonecxt fhvoeo`

o}rhc chladxron don `hna`fxjcon òd{of-òd{of

Lxcx` A}jo`. uojoxrxn rodo lochcotno rhvfhdoon

òd{of atx da}hfofcon rhvfhdoon aktakod ” x}lxj iael;

rhvfhdoon thcna} rhòloòn -* chrhntaneon rvafoda

otox chjg`rgc thvthntx dojo` o}rhc rgjatac* }hvto

rhvfhdoon cxojato} }hvto coro}ato} anthjhctxoj rodo

ò}ane-ò}ane rhndava don rhneacxtno. ,@xmtlov

Odo`;?11?;621! Lxcx` A}jo` dhneon covocthva}tac

one clo} `h`rxnoa }x`fhv-}x`fhv lxcx` one

dorot dafhdocon dojo` ,o!]x`fhv noqj* ocna }x`-

fhv lxcx` daòno `xktolad tadoc fhvrhvon dojo`





rh`fhntxconno* folcon `xktolad lovx} fhv}ondov

rodo }x`foneon* one thvò}xc }x`fhv lxcx` noqja

don O} ]xnnol. ,f!]x`fhv Oqj* ocna }xotx }x`fhv

lxcx` daòno }hgvone `xktolad dhneon ocojno

dorot fhvrhvon dojo` rh`fhntxconno }hrhvta _ao}*

A}tal}on* don joan-joan

Da }a}a joan }x`fhv lxcx` A}jo` dorot rxjo

dafhdocon dojo`; ,o!]x`fhv lxcx` O}ljaol* }x`-

fhv lxcx` one rhneexnoonno tadoc thveontxne

rodo }x`fhv one joan* ocna Oj _xvon don O} ]xn-

nol. ,f!]x`fhv lxcx` Tofo‑aol* }x`fhv lxcx`

one rhneexnoonno fhv}ondovcon rodo chthntxon

Oj _xv‑on don O} ]xnnol* }hrhvta Aktaò‑* _ao}* A}-

ta}ljol* don joan-joan.

Condxneon lxcx` dojo` Oj-_xv‑on don

Loda}t codonecojo fhv}aiot rvan}araj one ehnhvoj

, {onna! }hlaneeo rhvjx anthvrvhto}a. Lodat} chrodo

@xod{ ovex`hn rh`fgjhlon aktalod }hfoeoa }x`fhv

rhnehtolxon don lxcx` dojo` A}jo`. _ao}* }hfxoldhdxc}a onojgea}* dorot daoneeor }hfoeoa }ojol }otx

ònaih}to}a aktalod. Aktalod thtor dado}ovcon rodo

hra}th`gjgea one xtoò* Oj -_xv‑on don ]xnnol;

,Aeea L Oml}ahvn; 6222;?9-?<!

Rhvch`foneon Lxcx` A}jo` daontovono kxeo

thvcoat hvot dhneon ò}ojol rgjatac* covhno rhv}gojon

one `xjo-`xjo ta`fxj dojo` A}jo` `hòne rgjatac

one fhvca}ov rodo ò}ojol }xc}h}a chrhà`ranon

don ò}ojol dg}o fh}ov moratoj }annhv} one ch`xda-

on `hjhfov chdojo` ò}ojol tlhgjgea don lxcx`.

,Lovxn No}xtagn; ?1<9;?-?2! Chjg`rgc-chjg`rgc rgjatac atx daontovono hc}a} }o`roa }oot ana dhneon

`h`fouo rhneovxl rodo rhvch`foneon lxcx`

A}jo` }hrhvta Oljx}-}xnnol dhneon h`rot òd{of

fh}ovno* ]aol dhneon Iaqlx} ]aolno*,@l`ggd

]lhlofa;?18<;?<2-66=! don chjg`rgc one taneeoj

rhneovxlno }oko dojo` lxcx` A}jo` }hrhvta ojavon

Acta{oj. Kgh}ghi ]ghf;?159;=4!

Rovo olja `h`foea rhvch`foneon to}va‑

A}joà dojo` fhfhvoro rhvagdh* ocna; Rhvagdh Nofa*

Rhvagdh Clxjoioxv Vo}kadan* Rhvagdh Doxjol Oòua-

ol* Rhvagdh Doxjol Offo}aol * Rhvvagdh Ch`hvg}g-ton don Rhvagdh Chfonecaton

Dojo` }hkovol oeoò A}jo`* totcojo A}jo`

`xjoa fhvch`fone da @odanol* oeoò* rgjatac* lx-

cx` don hcgngà }hvto o}rhc joanno `hvxrocon

}otx ch}otxon one tadoc thvra}olcon* ,U @gnteg`-

hv Uott* @xlo`òd; ?194; 16-18! @o}o Clxjoioxv

Vo}kadan one da`xjoa dova ò}o Ofxfocov O}l ]lad-

dahq `h`hvantol }hrhnaneojon nofa da}hfxt dhneon

ò}o rhnhtoron taone-taone ,do‑o‑a`!. Rodo ò}o atx

da`xjoajol rhnex`rxjon Oj _xv‑on dojo` }otx ̀ x}l-

loi. Rodo ò}o }hjonkxtno da fouol chrhà`ranon

Xòv fan Clotltlof }havane dhneon rhvch`foneon

cg`xnato} A}jo`* ehfvocon fonoc dajocxcon }hr-

hvta rhnx}xnon odàna}tvo}a rh`hvantolonon* rokoc*

clovok* rhvodajon* rhvcontgvon don co-jhndhv. Xòv

fan Clotltlof dachnoj }hfoeoa Aò` oj `xktoladan

dhneon fhfhvoro lo}aj aktalodno. Xòv kxeo dachnoj

}hfoeoa rhnocjxc* nheovouon* rh`folovx* rh`fouo

lxcx` don rhà`ran }ravatxoj }hcojaex}.,]afja

Nx‑òn;?1<?;<! Rhnex`rxjonOj _xv‑on dojo` }otx

`x}lloi dhneon qavool ,daojhc! one }oò vo`rxne

dojo` ò}o chrhà`ranon X}tòn fan Oiion. Oja

fan Ofa Tlojaf }hfoeoa rhneeonta Xt}òn fan Oiion

thvchnoj }hfoeoa qodla.

Rodo ò}o Clxjoioxv Vo}kadan thvdorot fh-

fhvoro ixqolo one ò}lxv daontovono; Ofdxjjol

Afn Offo}* [oad afn T}ofat* Ofdxjjol Afn Xòv da

@odanol* Ofdxjjol Afn @o}‑xd da Cxiol* Ofdxjjol

Afn O`v Afn O}l da @h}av* ]oadota Oa}ol* Ofx

@x}o oj O}‑ova don @x‑od{ fan Kofoj. ,Vomlòd

Dkotnaco; ?11?;4-8! Rovo xjoò `hnxja} foluo do}ov

to}va A}joà rodo ò}o Clxjoioxv Vo}kadan aojol Oj

_xv‑on* O} ]xnnol* _ao}* don Akò‑. No`xn `hnx-vxt Vomlòt Dkotnaco dhneon `h`hrhvlotacon lo}aj

aktalod Xòv fan Clotltlof odo do}ov joan ocna Oj

A}ta}ljol otox Oj @o}jolot @xv}ojol don Oj A}tal}on.

Oj A}ta}ljol darocoa }oot `h`xtx} co}x} rhnmxvaon

one dajocxcon fxvxl oto} òkaconno one cacav*

don oj A}tal}on }dojo` co}x} [ocot xntxc `xojjoiotx

qxjxfxlx`. ,Vomlòd Dkotnaco; ?11?;4!

Rodo O`òuaol one da`xjoa tolxn 4?

L ,99? @! }o`roa chkotxlon Doxjol Oòuaol da

Do`}ac rodo tolxn ?=6 L ,582@ !* dachnoj }hfoeoa

ò}o rh`-fhntxcon iaql A}joà* oatx aj`x ixvx‑ }o‑vaol don lxcx`-lxcx`no one dao`faj dova

dojaj-dojaj one toi}aja. Rodo ò}o ana thjol da`x-

ojoajol rhnoi}avon Oj _xv‑on* rhnex`rxjon lodat}*

`xmxjno aj`x-aj`x Oj _xv‑on don aj`x-aj`x lodat}.

Rovo ixqlolo `hjhtoccon rhvotxvon do}ov one dao`-

faj dova Oj _xv‑on* O} ]xnnol* Akò‑ don _ao}* don

`hvhco thvfoea dojo` dxo ojavon fh}ov* ocna Ojavon

Lako{ don Ojavon Avoq.

Ojavon Lako{* one dachnoj }hfoeoa @odvo}ol

Olja Lodat} covhno fhvrheone thexl rodo no}l-no}l

O} ]xnnol. Dojo` fhvrhdorot ̀ hneacxta iaql dxo }o-lofot* Ofdxjjcol Afn Xòv don [oad Afn T}ofat* don

tofaan ixqolo txkxl oatx ]oad Afn @x}oof* ]xjoa-

òn Afn Qo}ov* Xvuol Afn [xfoav* Clovakol Afn [oad*

Xfoadajjol Afn Xtfol* Offoc Afn Ofdxvvolòn don

_o}a` fan @xloòd.

@odvo}ol Avoq* otox thvchnoj }hfoeoa chjg`-

rgc oj Vo‑a* covhno thvrhneovxl ̀ o}ovocot fovx don

ixqolono mhndhvxne `hneexnocon qao}. Dojo`

iaql `hvhco `hneacxta iaql }olofot Ofdxjjol Afn

@o}‑xd don tofaan Afvola` on Nocclo‑a* }hdonecon

dova cojoneon ]aol dachnoj Aò` Koiov oj ]lodaq.

Rodo ò}o Offo}}aol dachnoj }hfoeoa

ò}o chò}on dhneon rhvch`foneon chfxdooon

don aj`x rhnehtolxon dhneon `xnmxjno ehvocon





rhn-thvkhòlon fhvoeo` aj`x dova fhvfoeoa folo}o.

Aj`x toi}av* Aj`x Lodat}* aj`x iaql* aj`x x}lxj iaql

don datxja} rxjojol catof-catof dojo` loj ixvx‑ iaql.

Ixqolo ]xnna thvfoea dojo` dxo chjg`rgc fh}ov oc-

jna Olja Vo‑a da Avoq one datgcgla gjhl Ofx Lonaiol

don Olja Lodat} da da Lako{ one datgcgla @ojac Afnx

Ono}. Dojo` rhvch`foneonno `xnmxj òd{lof-

òd{lof ]xnna don ]aol one fh}ov }hrhvta Lonoia*

@ojaca* ]oiaa don Lonfoja dova cojoneon ]xnna }hvto

Aòàol* [oadaol* don A}òajjaol dova cojoneon

]aol.

Rovo aj`xuon `xjoa `h`fanmonecon }h}-

xotx }hmovo `hndojo`. Rhnecokaon xntxc `h`fxot

cohdol-cohdol xntxc `hnhtorcon lxcx` dhneon

`hnmovano dova no}l. X}olo `h`fxot aj`x X}lxj

Iaql xntxc `h`rhvcxot lxcx`-lxcx` one thjol

rhvnol dacxtarcon dova rovo aò` òd{lof. ]hrhvta

oro one thjol dacxtar rovo rhneacxt Ofx lonaiol dova

@xuotlo‑. Rhvanta} rhnx}xnon rhnhjataon don coh-dol-cohdol aj`x dojo` }xotx cx`rxjon thv}hndava

aojol Aò` @xlo`òd fan Adva} O} ]oiaa dojo`

Ov Va}ojol. Xroo ana daacxta rovo xjoò }h}xdolno

dhneon xroo `hnx}xn* `hnh`rxvnocon don

`hn}a}thòta}o}aconno. @hnxvxt Oja Lo}fxjjol

rhnecokaon rovo xjoò dojo` X}lxj Iaql ̀ hjojxa taeo

`gdhj* ocna; ,Oja Lo}fxjjol ; tadoc odo tolxn ;9-??!

Rhvtoò* @htgdh cox` @xtoccojaàn otox cox`

]oiaa* `hjojxa rhnhjataon cohdol }hmovo jgea} don

`hnhtorconno fhvdo}ovcon chcxoton ojo}on jgeaco

don noqj* tadoc thvacot chrodo }hcth thvthntx don toc thvrhneovxl gjhl lxcx` ixvx‑ thvthntx. @htgdh ana

daacxta gjhl }hfoeaon fh}ov olja X}lxj ]oiaaol

}hrhvta; Oj @x}tooio covo Ofx Loàd Oj Elg{oja*

Oj @ol}xj covo Ioclvxddan @xlo`òd fan Xòv

Ov Vo{a* Oj Alco`* Ofxj Lo}on Oj Oàda3 Chdxo*

@htgdh Lonoiaol `hjojxa rhnhjataon cohdol-coh-

dol dado}ovcon cxtaron ò}ojol ò}ojol ixvx‑ rovo

aò` ̀ od{lof. Orofajo cohdol fhvthntoneon dhneon

ò}ojol ixvx‑* òco cohdol thv}hfxt daxfol don

dathtorcon }h}xoa chlhndoc ixvx‑. Rhnhtoron rgcgc

fhvdo}ovcon ixvx‑no dacxtar dova aò`-aò` `hv-hco. Catof `hvhco jhfal fonoc `h`xot ò}ojol

ixvx‑* }hrhvta Ioclvxj A}jo` covo Oja fan @xloòd

Oj Fo{doua* Oj @onov covo Ofdxjjol fan Olòd On

No}oia3 Chtaeo* @htgdh mo`rxvon `hjojxa rhnhjataon

cohdol-cohdol don `hnkhjo}con ojo}on-ojo}onno

}hrhvta; Toncalxj X}lxj covo ]lodvx} ]ovaol*

Ko`xj Kouona covo Tokxddan Oj ]xfxca Oj ]oiaa*

Ot Tlovav covo Oj coòj fan Oj Lxòn Oj Lonoia*

Oj @xuoioqot covo Ofx A}loq Oj ]otafa* Av}odxj

Iolxj Ajo Tolqaqaj Loq àn Ajà X}lxj covo @x-

lo`òd fan Oja ]oxacona* X}lxj Iaql covo ]oacl

@xlo`òd Lxdjgva.

]hthjol ò}o chhò}on Doxjol Offo}xol

jxjxl jontoc covhno fhvfoeoa rhv}gojon thvatgvaoj don

rgjata}* aj`x iaql `xjoa `hvg}gt rhvch`foneno.

Rovo ixqolo lono `hjocxcon aktalod iaoj òd{lof

dhneon `hnexvoacon ò}ojol-ò}ojol one thjol

daaktalodcon gjhl aò` òd{lof* `h`fhvacon jheata-

ò}a don kx}taiaco}a chrodo lxcx` one thjol odo don

`hntovkalcon dojaj-dojaj dova rhndorot one fhvfhdo.

Clojaiol-clojaiol A}jo` lono `hnkoda rhndxcxne

òd{lof one }xdol odo don loca` `hneacxta òd-

{lof vh}à don tadoc fhvaktalod. Rodo rhv`xjoon ofod

chh`rot lakvaol daòcjxòtcon da cojoneon ixqolo

}xnna foluo rantx aktalod thjol thvtxtxr don `xjoa

fhvch`fone fad‑ol don clxvoiot }hvto toqjad. ,Voml-

òt Dkotàco* ?11?;5!

@o}o ch`hvg}gton jo`fot joxn `xjoa `hne-

lajone dhneon ̀ xmxjno ehfvocon dova Afn Toàol

don `xvadno Afnx _oa` oj Kox{aol one `xjoa

`h`hvonea clxvoiot* fad‑ol }hvto octai `hneonkxvcon

rhòloòn }ovaot dhneon rhnexnocon ocoj otox

dhneon coto joan `h`rhvtoko` aktalod. ,VomlòtDkotàco* ?11? ; 5!

Rhvch`foneon Lxcx` A}jo` da Andgnh}ao

datondoa rhvdhfoton }hvx one `hjolavcon dxo thgva

ocna thgva Vhmhrtag an Mg`rjh|x don Thgva Vhmhr-

tah. Rodo ouoj ofod ch ?1* uomono rhàcavon one

`gngrgja }oot atx dacojoneon gvahntoja}t aojol foluo

da Nx}ontovo fhvjocx Lxcx` A}jo`* rgjatac rhvodajon

rxn da-rhvjocxcon Lxcx` A}jo` xntxc gvone A}jo`.

@o}o atx gjhl rovo olja one `xnmxj ch`xdaon dach-

noj dhneon noò ò}o Vhmhrtag an Mg`rjh|x Thgva

Vhmhrtag an Mg`rjh|x ana `hnotocon foluo }hjoò fxcon }hfojacno dorot dafxctacon* lxcx` rvafxà

acxt oeoò* covhno kaco `h`hjxc oeoò lovx} kxeo

`hneacxta lxcx`-lxcx` oeoò atx dhneon }htao.

Kaco }xotx ò}ovocot `h`hjxc }xotx oeoò thvthn-

tx* òco lxcx` odot ò}ovocot atx odojol lxcx`

oeoò one darhjxcno. Kaco odo loj-loj one `h-

na`rone* òco daoneeor }hfoeoa rhvchmxojaon otox

rhna`roneon dova lxcx` oeoò one thjol dath`x-

con dojo` ch}hjxvxlon. Gvone A}jo` da Landao Fh-

jondo thjol `hjocxcon vhmhrtah Lxcx` A}jo` dojo`

ch}hjxvxlonno don }hfoeoa }otx ch}otxon vhmhrtag anmg`rjh|x. Macoj focoj thgva ana dova rhndorot ]gjg-

`gn Ch{hv don dadxcxne gjhl JUM Yon dhn Fhve.

Tlhgvah Vhmhrtag an Mg`rjh|ax `hndorot

tontoneon dova Mlva}taon ]ngxmc Lxvevgnkh* dojo`

fxcx lxcx`no Dh Otkhlhv} don Lht Eokgjond* ao

fhvrhndorot foluo one fhvjocx foea gvone A}jo`

da chdxo dohvol atx fxconjol Lxcx` A}jo`* thtora

lxcx` odot. Chdojo` lxcx` odot atx `hòne thjol

ò}xc rhneovxl Lxcx` A}jo`* thtora rhneovxl atx

fovx `h`rxnoa chcxoton lxcx` cojox thjol fhnov-

fhnov dathvaò gjhl lxcx` odot. Thgva ana dadxcxne

gjhl Dh jo Rgvth*. Mgvnhja} yon Ygjjhnlgyhn* Thv Loov

F{n* Rahrhv} }hvto dajoc}onocon dojo` rvocthc gjhl

`xvad don rhneacxtno. ,Ofdxj @xtlgjaf ?1<4;=2!





Jondo}on lxcx` dova Tlhgva Vhmhrtah one }xdol

dach`fonecon }hmovo }a}thòta} rodo rhv`xjoon

ofod \\ ana don dajoc}onocon `hjojxa ]tf. ?1=? Ng.

82 Qg. ]tf. ?1=5 Ng. ??9* odojol ro}oj ?=4 oot 6

Uht gr dh ]toot}anvalmltane yon Nhd. Andah ,A.]! one

fhvfxna; Hyhnuhj }toon dh fxvehvjakch vhmlt{ochn

tx}}mlhn @glo``hdonhn* andahn lxn odotvhmlt dot

`hdhfvhnet* thchnna}-nhàne yon dhn egd}dahn}taehn

vhmlthv* yggv {ggyhv naht fak gvdgnnontah ondhv} a}

fhroojd . Qone khjo}no kaco thvkoda rhvcovo rhvdoto

ontovo }h}oò gvone A}jo`* òco ocon da}hjh}oacon

gjhl loca` oeoò A}jo` kaco thjol dathvaò gjhl lx-

cx` odot `hvhco }hkoxl tadoc dathntxcon gjhl joan

gvdgnnontah.,@glo`òd Doxd Oja! Thgva ana kxeo

`hndorot tontoneon dova fhfhvoro rhàcav Lxcx`

A}jo`* one fhvrhndorot foluo thgva ana `h`rxnoa

òc}xd rgjatac xntxc `hòtolcon rhvjouonon fone-

}o Andgnh}ao thvlodor chcxo}oon rh`hvantol cgjgnaoj

one dakauoa gjhl Lxcx` A}jo`. ,@glo`òd DoxdOja 3?5!

Thgva `xnmxj chrxv`xcoon fhv}oòon dhn-

eon }xo}ono rgjatac }oot atx* thvò}xc rgjatac lxcx`

`xjoa `h`rhv}gojcon vx`x}on ro}oj 58 don ?21 V.V

]tf ?<88 Ng. 6. ]hfoeoa a`rjh`hnto}a dova onkxvon

rovo gvahntoja}t one dgànon }oot atx òco daodocon

rhvxfolon rhvotxvon rhvxndoneon da Landao Fhjondo.

Gvahntoja}t one dgànon }oot }hdone eaot-eaotno

`hjocxcon }txda lxcx` odot.

Lxcx` odot }oot atx daovtacon }hfoeoa ‚ Dot

}o`hn}thj yon yggv anjondhv} ,……! ehjdhndh eh-dvoe-}vhehj}* dah ondhv{akd} }onmtah lhffhn ,doovg`

‚vhmlt! hn ondhv{akd} an gneh-mgdaiamhhvdhn }toot yhv-

chhvhn ,doovg` “odot!.‐ ,ch}hjxvxlon rhvotxvon one

fhvjocx fxot gvone Andgnh}ao o}ja* one rodo }otx ra-

loc `h`rxnoa }onc}a ,gjhl covhno atx “lxcx`! don

raloc joan fhvodo dojo` chodoon tadoc dacgdaiaco}a

,gjhl covhno atx ; odot! ,Yon Ygjjhnlgyhn; ?1?<;?4!

Thgva Vhmhrtah H|at `hvxrocon fhntxc

cvatac rocov Lxcx` Odot* Lo{oavan thgva vhmhrtah

h|at òc}xdno odojol foluo thgva vhmhrtah lovx}

chjxov dova thgva lxcx` no}agnoj Andgnh}ao covhno fhvthntoneon dhneon XXD ?148 }hvto fhvthntoneon

dhneon Oj-_xvon don ]xnnol Vo}xj. Rodo tolxn ?182

dojo` Cgnrvhn}a Dhrovth`hn Chlocaòn da ]ojotaeo

Lo{oavan* `hneovolcon }xotx onoja}o don rondoneon

oeov Lxcx` A}jo` atx fhvjocx da Andgnh}ao* tadoc

fhvdo}ov rodo lxcx` odot. Fhvjocxno Lxcx` A}-

jo` xntxc gvone Andgnh}ao }xroo da}ondovcon rodo

rhnxnkxcon rhvotxvon rhvxndone-xndoneon }hndava.

]oò }hrhvta lxcx` odot }hjoò ana one do}ov ̀ h`-

rhvjocxcon lxcx` odot atx }hndava aojol fhvdo}ovcon

}gcgneon rhvotxvon rhvxndone-xndoneon.

Dojo` fxcxno thntone Lxcx` Chchjxov-

eoon No}agnoj* Lo{oavan fhvrondoneon foluo thgva

vhmhr}a Mlva}taon ]ngxmc Lxvevgnkh atx }hfoeoa thgva

afja}. Xnecoron Lo{oavan datxkxcon rxjo chrodo tadoc

}olno joea ro}oj ?=4 ,6! A]* dakodacon do}ov rhn-

eotxvon lxcx` da Andgnh}ao. Cvatac joan daontovono

dajocxcon ]oxta Tlojaf `hjojxa thgva one da}hfxt-

no Thgva Vhmhrtag o Mgntvovag. Exno `hndxcxne

thgvano* fhjaox `hneh`xcocon iocto da fhfhvoro

dohvol one daoneeor }oneot cxot odotno da Andgnh-

}ao one thvjalot chmhndhvxneon oeov tlhgvah vhmhrtah

M. ]ngxmc Lhvevgnkh atx dafojac. Da Omhl* ò}o-

vocot `hnelhndoca oeov }goj-}goj rhvcouanon don

`hnehnoa lovto thvò}xc chuova}on daotxv `hnxvxt

Lxcx` A}jo`. Lxcx` odot otox xromovo odot fovx

fhvjocx cojox tadoc fhvthntoneon dhneon Lxcx` A}-

jo`.

Dhàcaon rxjo da @anonecofox* dohvol one

chdxdxcon odotno }oneot cxot thvdorot chthntxon

one theo}-theo} foluo odot atx fovx dorot fhvjocx

cojox fhv}ondov chrodo oeoò* }hfoeoaòno daxne-

corcon dojo` rhrotol don rhtatal* daontovono; Odot fhv}hnda }ovo‑* ]ovo‑ fhv}hnda catofxjjol* ]ovo‑

`hneoto* odot `hòcoa Qone thvtaneea chdxdxcon-

no dojo` lxcx` `hvhco odojol Catofxjjol ocna

Oj-_xv‑on* }hfoeoa }x`fhv lxcx` don xromovo don

}heojo-eojono. Oeoò A}jo` `hvxrocon th`rot fhv-

}ondovno odot one }oneot cxot dojo` ò}ovocot

@anonecofox. Loj }hvxro thvdorot da dohvol Vaox*

Ko`fa* Rojh`fone* Fhnecxjx don Jo`rxne. Jhfal

jonkxt ]oxta Tlojaf fhvrhndorot foluo ‚ ]hcovone

one odo dojo` lxfxneon Lxcx` Odot don Lxcx`

A}jo` aojol Vhmhrtah o Mgntvovag 0 lxcx` odot fovx fhvjocx cojox tadoc fhvthntoneon dhneon Lxcx` A}-

jo`. Dhneon dhàcaon dojo` kauo ò}ovocot* thjol

`hnone kauo Rh`fxcoon don Ro}oj 61 Xndone-Xn-

done Do}ov ?148 don thjol `hneojolcon ro}oj ?=4

oot ,6 !Anda}mlh ]toot}vhehjane atx‐.

@. Doxd Oja fhvrhndorot foluo da Andgnh}ao

Lxcx` A}jo` odo one fhvjocx }hmovo ngvòtai don

odo rxjo one fhvjocx }hmovo igvòj xvada}. Lxcx`

A}jo` one fhvjocx }hmovo ngvòtai odojol foeaon

dova Lxcx` A}jo` one `h`rxnoa }onc}a ch`-

}ovocoton orofajo dajoneeov. Rhjoc}onoon don cxottadocno }onc}a chò}ovocoton atx thveontxne rodo

cxot jhòlno ch}odovon xòt A}jo` ocon ngvò-

ngvò lxcx` one fhvaiot ngvòtai atx. Lxcx` A}jo`

one fhvjocx }hmovo ngvòtai atx daontovono; }lgjot

don rxo}o. Lo`rav }h`xo foeaon Lxcx` A}jo` one

`hneotxv lxfxneon `hnx}ao dhneon Txlon* fhv}aiot

ngvòtai. Lxcx` A}jo` one fhvjocx }hmovo igvòj

xvada} odojol foeaon Lxcx` A}jo` one ̀ hnkoda fo-

eaon lxcx` rg}atai fhvdo}ovcon otox covhno datxnkxc

gjhl rhvotxvon rhvxndone-xndoneon }hrhvta rhvcoua-

non* uocoi* don }hfoeoano.

Hvo Ejgfoja}o}a da}hòvoccon chlodavon

jh`foeo-jh`foeo rhvhcgngàon one fhvromx xntxc

`hnex`rxjcon chxntxneon }hfonoc `xnecan foea

Danoà}o}a Rhngvòon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lgòd 8<




rovo rhjoc}onono. Da ovhno rhv}oaneon one }hò-

can chtot atx `xnmxj jh`foeo-jh`foeo rhvhcgngàon

one fhvjotov fhjocone choeoòon* uojoxrxn ch-

`xdaon jhfal da`gtayo}a chxntxneon fa}na} }hòto.

Jh`foeo rhvhcgngàon one fhvnxon}o choeoòon

atx daontovno fhvgrhvo}a fhvdo}ovcon rvan}ar }o-

vaol A}jo`. Rvan}ar }ovaol `hnehdhron }havane dhn-

eon rh}otno rhnecokaon A}joàm ]txdah} thvclx}x}

hcgngà A}jo` da dxnao Anthvnotagnoj.

Dgctvan hcgngà A}jo` `xnmxj rodo fof \\

daòc}xdcon xntxc `h`fonexn }a}th` hcgngaà

one }h}xoa dhneon uolx , A}joàm ]mhrtxvh! don

tvoda}a one `hjanecxrano. Daouoja rodo tolxn

?142on don fovx rodo taeo dhcodh ch`xdaon cgn-

}hr atx `xnmxj chrhv`xcoon da fhvfoeoa nheovo.

]hcovone jhfal dova 92 nheovo `h`fxco fonc A}jo`

dhneon ̀ hnouovcon }a}th` ivhh anthvh}t one da}hfxt

}hfoeoa ojthvnotai dova fonc dhneon }a}th` fxneo.

Rhvhch`foneon dgctvan ana fhv`xjo dova fhnxo Andaodon dadxcxne `g`hn rhntane dojo` co}x} fggàne

ànoc da tolxn ?152on. Rodo tolxn ?158 dadavacon

A}joàm Dhyhjgr`hnt Fonc dhneon òc}xd xntxc

`h`fhvacon fontxon foea rhvch`foneon nheovo

fhvch`fone `x}ja` dhneon rankoòn tonro fxneo.

Ch`xdaon da`xjoajol rhvfoacon anivo }tvxctxv hcg-

ngà A}jo`* }hcgjol-}hcgjol fa}na} A}jo` dadavacon

da }hkx`jol nheovo* fheatx rxjo dhneon rhnhvfaton

kxvnoj hcgngà A}jo` don rhvth`xon vhexjhv jh`foeo

dgngv. ]hkoc atx hcgngà A}jo` dano`roccon }hfoeoa

da}arjan ocodhà}. Va}ht daeojoccon totcojo `xnmxjò}ojol fhvfoeoa `gdhj orjaco}a dova hcgngà A}jo`

thvò}xc }a}vth` vhtvafx}a don fonc A}jo` `hnkoda

da}cxv}x} fovx. ,Ta`xv Cxvon; ?115;==5-==<! Fhfhv-

oro olja lxcx` hcgngà don lxcx` A}jo` ch`xdaon

`hvx`x}con cgn}hr do}ov fonc one fhvdo}ovcon

rodo otxvon }ovaot A}jo`. ]hkoc tolxn ?152-on* rhv-

foncon }ovaol thjol `xnmxj }hfoeoa }xotx chnotoon

one fovx dojo` fa}na} chxoneon Anthvno}agnoj. ,]xj-

ton Vhn ]koldhana; 6226;<!

Da fadone hcgngà rhvch`foneon rh}ot

Lxcx` A}jo` aojol dadojo` orjaco}a lo}aj igv`xjo}adgctvan hcgngà A}jo` dojo` cgnthc} ̀ gdhvn ,Ivonc

H Ygehj ond ]o`xhj Loh}; ?61-?5<!* one daorjaco-

}acon dojo` fadone rhvfoncon* o}xvon}a* ovfatvo}h*

rhneodoaon* Ianonmh* vhc}odono }hvto ehnhvoj tvodh.

Fonc }ovaol }hfoeoa jh`foeo anthv`h-

dao}a `hjocxcon cheaotonno fhvdo}ovcon fhfhvoro

rvan}ar one dachnoj dojo` Lxcx` A}jo`. Fonc

}ovaol thvcodone fhvchdxdxcon }hfoeoa `xdlovaf

,rhnehjgjo dono!* }ovac ,rh}hvto dojo` kgant yhntxvh!

don thvcodone rxjo }hfoeoa rhnkxoj ,dojo` cgntvoc

`xvofolol! don rhnkxoj ko}o }hvto fhfhvoro chdxdx-

con lxcx` joan }hmovo thgvata} uojoxrxn fhjx` fa}o

daa`rjh`hnto}acon. Fonc }ovaol }hfoeoa foeaon dova

}a}th` rhvfoncon no}agnoj* rhvfoncon }ovaol txndxc

rodo otxvon x`x` thntone rhvfoncon dojo` lxcx`

rhvfoncon no}agnoj. Dojo` rvocthcno thvcodone

rhvfoncon }ovaol `hòcoa otxvon-otxvon one

}xdol jo{a` darocoa dojo` dxnao rhvfoncon foac

rvgdxc lxcx` no}agnoj òxrxn jh`foeo lxcx`

fovot one thvx} darocoa dojo` rvocthc.

RHNXTXR

Lxcx` A}jo` }hmovo eova} fh}ov `hnehnoj

dxo òmo` }x`fhv lgcx`* rhvtoò }x`fhv lxcx`

one fhv}aiot ‚noqja‐don }x`fhv lxcx` one fhv}a-

iot ‚oqja‐. ]x`fhv lxcx` noeja aojol Oj _xvon

don O}}xnnol*}hdonecon }x`fhv lxcx` oqja aojol

x}olo `hnh`xcon lxcx` dhneon `hnextoòcon

gjol racav dhneon fhvoeo` `htgdono. ]x`fhv lx-

cx` one `hnextoòcon gjol rachv ana thvcoat hvot

dhneon a}tajol ‚iaql‐don rhvch`foneon rhnhvoron

Lxcx` A}jo` dafhvfoeoa cou}on dxnao* toc thvch-

mxoja Andgnh}ao. ]x`fhv lxcx` ana rxjojol one kxeo fhvrhvon fonoc dojo` rhvfhdoon rhndorot da

ontovo olja lxcx` A}jo` `hnonecxt fhvoeo` o}rhc

chladxron don `hna`fxjcon òd{of-òd{of Lx-

cx` A}jo`. Rodo lochcotno rhvfhdoon òd{of atx

da}hfofcon rhvfhdoon aktakod-x}lxj iael; rhvfhdoon

thcna} rhòloòn* chrhntaneon rvafoda otox chjg`-

rgc thvthntx dojo` o}rhc rgjatac* }hvto rhvfhdoon

cxojato} }hvto coro}ato} anthjhctxoj rodo ò}ane-ò-

}ane rhndava don rhneacxtno. Rhvfhdoon òd{of-

òd{of Lxcx` A}jo`* tadocjol òd{of-òd{of atx

chjxov dova ]ovaot A}jo` }hjoò òd{of-òd{ofatx `hvxkxc Oj-_xv‑on don O}-]xnnol dojo` X}lxj

Iaqlno. Rhvfhdoon rhndorot dojo` `hvx`x}con

lxcx` da}hfofcon fhfhvoro ojo}on. Ojo}on thv}hfxt

dorot da}a`rxjcon rodo }otx ojo}on xtoò one dorot

`hno`rxne ojo}on joanno oatx rhvfhdoon `hvhco

dojo` `hòloà dojaj }ovo‑* Oj _xv‑on òxrxn

Lodat}. Da }o`rane atx daontovo xjoò thjol odo one

rxno rhndorot }hfhjx` `hnhjool dojaj don rhnmov-

aon }hvto rhnhjolon dojaj ch`xdaon lono dojo`

voneco x}olo `hnexotcon rhndorotno. ]atxo}ano

`hnkoda thvfojac }ovaol one rodo do}ovno `hnkoda}x`fhv don rhnxntxn dojo` `hvx`x}con lxcx` *

`hnkoda fhvixne}a }hfoeoa rhnexot rhndorot one

`xnmxj. Cgnda}a }hòmo` ana `xnmxj covhno rhn-

eovxl rgjata} one daonxtno otox covhno odot a}taodot

one `hvhco oneeor dorot da}xoacon dhneon lxcx`

A}jo`. Lxcx` A}jo` daontovono `h`xot fhfhvoro

chthntxon one `hvg`foc fhfhvoro ch-thntxon tvoda-

}a rvo A}jo` rodo ò}ovocot Ovof Kolajaol-o}otlav

oj ouuojan àtgjgea rvo A}jo` ro}o ò}ovocot Ovof

Cxng don tvoda}a }hcatovno

DOITOV RX]TOCO

O I{hh* ,?188!. Gxtjanh} gi @xlo``hdon Jou* G|-

igvd Xnayhv}at Rvh}}* Jgndgn





O @xcta Oja* ,?152!. Cxjaol Oeoò A}jo` da ]hcgjol

]toi don Cgòndg Onecoton Xdovo da Jh`-

fone* Nado* Qgeocovto

O O{a} @o}lxva* Cxjaol X}lxj Iaql* Xnlo}* Kg`-

fone

Ofdxj @xtlgjaf* ,?1<4!. Chdxdxcon Lxcx` A}-

jo` Dhuo}o Ana da Andgnh}ao* Fano Aj`x*

]xvofoo

Ofdxj _olav Oj-Foedoda* ,?15=!. Oj Iovq Fov Oj

Iavoq* D}v Oj-Otoq Oj-Koddol* Fhavxt*

Ofdxj Uollof Clojjoi* Aj`x X}lxjaj Iaql* Oj @okja}j

O‑oj Oj Andgnh}ao jaj Docuotaj A}joàol*

Ofdxj Uollof Clojjoi* ,?1<8!. Coadol-Coadol Lx-

cx` A}jo`* Ygj.A * thvkhòlon Tgjmlol @on-

}ghv dcc* Va}ojol* Fondxne

Ofx O‑jo Oj @oxdxda* ,?1<9!. Do}ov-do}ov Oqadol

A}jo`* thvkhòlon* Hjuan ]avheov* @hdao

do‑uol* Kocovto

Olòd Lo}on* ,?1<4!. Rantx Aktalod }hfhjx` Thv-txtxr* thvkhòlon Oeol Eovnoda* Rx}toco*

fondxne

Olòd Vgiaq* ,?11<!. Lxcx` A}jo` da Andgnh}ao*

Voko Evoiandg Rhv}odo* Kocovto

Oja lo}fxjjol* X}lxjxt yTo}va‐ oj A}joà* thvkhò-

lon @xlo`òd Tlojaf* Ioc ]ovaol XAA*

Qgeocovto

Mlovjh} Laòuon* ,?118! ‚@hnhvorcon Th`xon Aj-

àol xntxc @hneaca} Chà}canon Rhvon Lx-

cx` dojo` Rh`fonexnon Hcgngà* Lxcx`

don Rh`fonexnon‐* Ng8 Tolxn \\YHdeov Fgdhnlha`hv* Kgln Fajhy Gdjhjh* Khon M.

Jgyh* ,?1<<!. On Antvgdxmtagn tg tlh Onejg-

O`hvamon Jheoj ]}th`* Vhodane ond Mo}h} *

6 nd hd* Uh}t Rxfja}lane*@ann

Hduovd ]oad* ,?151!. Gvahntoja}`h*Yovtoeh Fggc}*

Vondg` Lgx}h* N.Q

Ivonc H. Ygehj ond ]o`xhj J. Loh}* AAA* A}joàh

Jou ond Ianonmh; Vhjaeagn* Va}c ond Vhth-

yo}a* Cjxuhn Jou Anthvnotagnoj Nhdhvjond*

822 R* Mlorthv E.R

L.O.V. Eaff* ,?188!. @glo``hdona}n* Tlh NhuO`hvamon Jafvov* Nhu Qgvc

Lovxn No}xtagn* ,?1<9!. Tlhgjge A}jo`* Ojavon-

ojavon ]hkovol Onoja}o Rhvfondaneon* XA

Rvh}}* Kocovto

Lo{oavan* ,?112!. Lxcx` Chuova}on Fajothvoj `hnx-

vxt _xv‑on don Lodatl* Tantoò}* Kocovto*

Lxòada Totoroneov}o* ,?151!. Rhneontov Cxjaol

Ocljoc * Fano Aj`x* ]xvofoo

Aeea L. Oml}ahvn* ,6222!. Anyh}to}a ]ovaol da Ro}ov

@gdoj * Evo`hdao* Kocovto

KND Ondhv}gn* ,?159!. Jou Vhigv` an tlh @x}ja`

Ugvjd * Otljgnh* Jgndgn

Kgh}ghi ]ghf* ,?1<6!. Rhvonon Ojavon Acta{oj dojo`

Rhvch`foneon Ojavon Racavon A}jo *̀ Rx}to-

co Oj Lx}no* Kocovto

@ol`ggd ]lhlofa* ,?18<!. ‚]LAO‐* dojo` Chnnhtl

U. @gveon* A}jo`- Tlh ]tvoaelt Rotl* tlh

Vgnojd Rvh}}

@ol`xd Lo`foja [oq{oq* ,?1<4!. Gvahntoja}`h

don Jotov Fhjocone Rhnxja}onno* thvkhò-

lon Jxtliah Ofdxjjol A}òaj* Oj @x}jaàn*

Foneaj

@ovdkgng Vhc}gdarghtvg* ,?118!. ‚ Rh`fanoon Rhn-

dadacon Taneea Lxcx` Dojo` Rh`fonexnon

Koneco Ronkone Chdxo ,RKRT AA!* Lxcx`

don Rh`fonexnon* Ng.= tolxn \\Y

@glo`òd Oxd Oja* ,?1<4!. Chdxdxcon Lxcx`

A}ojo` dojo` ]a}th` Lxcx` Andgnh}ao* Va-

}ojol* Kocovto

@xmltov Odo`* ,?11?! ‚ Rhvfondaneon @od{of

dojo` A}jo` Rhvò}ojolonno‐* Dojo`

Tkxn ]xvoòn ,hd!* Lxcx` A}jo` da Andg-

nh}ao* Rhàcavon don Rvocthc* Vhòko Rg}-docovo* Fondxne

@xlo`òd @x}jhlxddan* ,?111!. @hneexeot

O}xvono}a @gdhvn; @hneokxcon ]xotx

Ojthvnotai Fovx dojo` Rhv}rhctai Lxcx`

A}jo`* thvkhòlon Fxvlon Uavo}xfvoto* Jhn-

thvo* Kocovto

No}vxddan Vo{oc* ,?156!. Dahnxj A}jo *̀ Ojòovai*

Fondxne

Vomlòt Dkotnaco* ,?11?!. ‚ Rhvch`foneon Aj`x

Iaql da Dxnao A}jo`‐* dojo` Lxcx` A}jo`

da Andgnh}ao* Rhvch`foneon don rh`fhntx-con.* Vhoòko Vg}docovo* Fondxne

Vhnh Doyad ond Klgn M. Fvahvj* ,?15<!. @ogv Jheoj

]}th` an tlh Ugvjd Tgdo* ]thyhn ) ]gn}*

Jgndgn

]olajxn O. No}av* ,?1<2!. Aj`x Cojo`* Rhnehvtaon*

]hkovol don Rhvch`foneonno* Fano Aj`x*

]xvofoo

]otvao Hiihnnda @. [han* ht.oj. ,?114!. Ovfatvo}h A}-

jo` da Andgnh}ao* FO@XA-F@A* Kocovto

]oad ]ofaq* ,?1<9!. Oqadol A}jo *̀ thvkhòlon

@gl. Ofdoa Votlgn* Dargnhegvg* Fondxne]thyhn Yoeg* ,?114!. Jou ond ]gmaht* Rvhntamh Lojj*

N.Q.

]xdavòn Thffo* ,?11=! Rhvch`foneon @xtoclava

Lxcx` A}jo` da O}ao Thneeovo; ]txda Co}x}

Lxcx` Chjxoveo don Rhnecgdaco}aonno*

Mht. A* @a{on* Fondxne

]xjton Vhn ]koldhana* ,6226! ‚ Rhvfoncon ]ovaol

}xotx Ojthvnotai Chfxtxlon Rh`faooon @o-

}ovocot *‐ Kxvnoj Lxcx` Fa}na}* ygj 62

]oadx} ]olov* ,?1<9!. O}o}-o}o} Lxcx` A}jo *̀

Ojx`na* Fondxne

]oacl @ol`gxd ]ojtgxt* ,?195!. A}jo` }hfoeoa

Oqadol don ]ovaol* thvkhòlon Fx}tona

O.Eona don F. Lo`don Oja* Fxjon Fantone*





Kocovto

]afja Nx‑òn* ,?1<?!. Oj Iovggq* Jaih gi Gòv Tlh

Evhot* ]hmgn Mojarl gi A}jo`* thvkhòlon

Cov}adkg Dkgkg}xuovng* Rx}toco* Fondxne

T.@. Lo}fa O}l-]laddahq* ,?15=! Ixne}a Oqadol

dojo` Chladxron @onx}ao don Rhvroxton-

no dhneon Afodol* AOAN ]xnon Cojakoeo*

Qgeocovto

T.@. Lo}fa O}l-]laddahq* ,?=<? L!. ]ovaot A}jo`

@hnkouof Tontoneon [oòn* Radotg Dah}

Notoja} AOAN ]xnon Cojakoeo Qgeocovto

Danoà}o}a Rhngvòon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lgòd 9?

[email protected]}fa O}l ]laddahq* ,?1<8!. Rhneontov Aj`x

Iaql* Fxjon Fantone

Ta`xv Cxvon* Tlh Ehnh}a} gi A}joàm Hcgngàm}; O

Mlorthv an tlh Rgjatam} gi @x}ja` Adhntat*

]gmaoj Vh}hovml* Ygj. 94* ]x``hv* ?115

U. @gnteg`hv Uott* @xlo`òd; Rvgrlht ond

]tothòn * ,?194!. G|igvd Xnayhv}at Rvh}}*

G|igvd

Download - 1. Dinamisasi ... Abd. Shomad (April 2010)

Top Related