1. dinamisasi ... abd. shomad (april 2010)
TRANSCRIPT
5/13/2018 1. Dinamisasi ... Abd. Shomad (April 2010) - slidepdf.com
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
DANO@A]O]A RHNGV@OON LXCX@ A]JO@
Ofd. ]lg`od
Iocxjto} Lxcx`
Xnayhv}ato} Oavjoneeo
Of}tvoc
Dano`a}o}a rhngv̀ oon dojo` lxcx` A}jo` thveontxne rodo rhvfhdoon dojo` rhnhvoron don
rhvch`foneon A}jo`. Loj ana kxeo darhneovxla gjhl cgnda}a rhvch`foneon lxcx` A}jo` da fhvfoeoa Nheovo.
Lxcx` A}jo` `hvxrocon lxcx` one ladxr one anlhvagn dojo` chladxron x`ot A}jo`. Gjhl covhno atx Ngv`o
A}jo` tadoc joea davo}ocon }hfoeoa ngv`o one daroc}ocon dova jxov gjhl x`otno. Rhvch`foneon lxcx` A}-
jo` da Andgnh}ao* datondoa rhvfhdoon }hvx one `hjocxcon dxo thgva Vhmhrtag an mg`rhthn don thgva vhmhrtayh.
Coto Cxnma; Dano`a}o}a* Rhngv`oon* Lxcx` A}jo`
Of}tvomt
Dno`am no`ane dhrhndhnt daiihvhnmh} an A}jo`am jou igv tlh a`rjh`hntotagn ond dhyhjgr-
`hnt gi A}jo`. At a} oj}g anijxhnmhd f tlh dhyhjgr`hnt gi A}jo`am jou an yovagx} mgxntvah}.
A}jo`am jou a} tlh jou gi jaih tlot anlhvagn an tlh jayh} gi @x}ja`}. Tlhvhigvh tlh A}jo`am ngv`} ovh ng jgn-
ehv rhvmhayhd o} tlh ngv` a`rg}hd ivg` tlh gxt}adh f la} rhgrjh. Tlh dhyhjgr`hnt gi A}jo`am jou an Andg-nh}ao* `ovchd daiihvhnmh} ulaml `och tlh tug tlhgvah} h|matane vhmhrtag an mg`rthn ond vhmhrtayh tlhgv.
Chqugvd}; dno`am* ngv`* A}jo`am Jou
RHNDOLXJXON
Rhnecokaon Lxcx` A}jo` da janecxneon oco-
dh`a} }h`ocan `hnovac }havane dhneon rvgfjh`otaco
one ̀ xnmxj }ajal fhveonta ̀ xnmxj foac dojo` fadone
adhgjgea* rgjatac* }g}aoj fxdoo* lonco`* hcgng`a*
LO@ don thcngjgea one thvcodone `h`fxtxlcon
}xotx rh`hmolon dova o}rhc lxcx` A}jo`. Dojo`
totovon adhgjgea rhvdhfoton da cojoneon rh`hvlota
Lxcx` A}jo` `xnmxj totcojo rhnmononeon o}o} txne-
eoj gjhl Rvh}adhn ]ghlovtg* Rvh}adhn uonato* rovrgj
fhvjofhj oeo`o don }hdhvht `o}ojol rgjatac* }hvto
x}xjon o`ondh`hn ro}oj 61 XXD tadoc thvjhuotcon
rhvdhfotonno da ontovo rh`hvlota Lxcx` A}jo`.
Rhvdhfoton da ovhno rgjatac `xnmxj }havane dhneon
rhvch`foneon Lxcx` A}jo`. ,Ofdxj _olav Oj-Foe-
doda* ?15=!.
Lxcx` A}jo` dotone da fx`a Andgnh}ao ,Nx-
}ontovo! fhv}o`oon dhneon dotoneno gvone A}jo` da
fx`a Nx}ontovo. ,@glo``od Doxd Oja*?1<4;5! Dovacg`xnato} A}jo` one fhvthfovon fhvjonkxt dhneon
`xnmxj chvokoon-chvokoon A}jo` don fhvocafot `xn-
mxjno fodon rhvodajon one fhvdo}ovcon Lxcx`
A}jo` one daontovono `h`rhvgjhl fhntxc cht-
otonheovoon dojo` `o}o ch}xjtonon A}jo` atx. Rodo
`o}o rhnkokolon Fhjondo* rh`hvatol Landao Fhjondo
`hneocxa }hmovo igv`oj chfhvodoon Rhvodajon Oeo`o
dhneon chrxtx}on Voko Fhjondo Ng`gv 64 thvtoneeoj
?1 Konxova ?<<6 one da`xot dojo` ]tf. ?<<? Ng`gv
?86 one dachnoj dhneon Fhrojanehn fhtvhiihndh dh
Rvah}thvvod-dhn gr Koyo hn @odghvo fhvjocx }hkoc ? Oex}tx} ?<<6 one thv`xot dojo` ]tf. ?<<6 Ng-
`gv ?8=* one ch`xdaon davxfol dhneon ]tf. ?1=5
Ng`gv ??9. Qone ch`xdaon fhvch`fone }o`roa
dhneon daxndoneconno Xndone-xndone Ng`gv =
tolxn 6229 thntone Rhvxfolon oto} Xndone-xndone
Ng`gv 5 Tolxn ?1<1 thntone Rhvodajon Oeo`o
Da janecxneon fodon rhvodajon clx}x} dhneon ch-
uhnoneon `hneodaja rhvcovo rhvdoto thvthntx don
xntxc egjgneon rhndxdxc thvthntx atxjol rh`acavon
Lxcx` A}jo` one fhvch`fone rh}ot da janecxneon
ocodh`a} `hnkoda th`rot orajaco}a one xto`o. Lx-
cx` ̀ othvaaj one dathvorcon da Andgnh}ao clx}x}no
`hjojxa rhneodajon oeo`o tadoc }hjo`ono }o`o dhn-
eon oro one daokovcon gjhl rovo olja lxcx` A}jo`
dojo` jathvotxv cjo}ac covhno thvcodone fhvrhdg`on
rodo lxcx` rg}atai one `hneotxvno.
Rhvfhdoon rhnhvoron don rhjh`foeoon
Lxcx` A}jo` da Andgnh}ao tadoc thvjhro} dova cgn-
da}a rhjh`foeoon da fhvfoeoa nheovo. Lxcx` A}jo`
`hvxrocon lxcx` one ladxr one anlhvhn dojo`
chladxron x`ot A}jo`* ̀ oco lxcx` A}jo` one thjol
`hnkoda foeaon dova chladxron tadoc joea davo}ocon}hfoeoa ngv`o-ngv`o one daroc}ocon dova jxov dava
`hvhco. Dhneon ojo}on thv}hfxt* Lxcx` A}jo` dajoc-
}onocon dojo` Nheovo one x`ot A}jo` chjg`rgc
`angvtato} }hfoeoa ocg`gdo}a rgjatac rh`hvantol
thvlodor uoveono one `angvato}. Dojo` nheovo
da `ono x`ot A}jo` }hfoeoa `ogvato}* lxcx` A}jo`
darhvexnocon xntxc ̀ h`rhvjonmov rhjoc}onoon chfa-
koc}onoon rh`hvantol* }hrhvta rvgevo` CF don o}o}
txneeoj. ,]xdav`on Thffo*?11=;?=-?4!
@hnxvxt ]xdav`on Thffo thvdorot dxo ch-
mhndvxneon one `hngnkgj thntone rhvch`foneonLxcx` A}jo` da O}ao Thneeovo* ocna; Rhvto`o*
Lxcx` A}jo` thjol fhvxfol don fhveh}hv dova gvahn-
to}ano one `hnhconcon rodo rhv}gojon afodol da
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 82
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
`o}o jojx `hnkoda rhv}gojon `xo`ojol dhuo}o ana.
Chdxo* Rhvch`foneon cgnth`rgvhv foluo rhvdh-
foton lxcx` atx tadoc joea lono `hneomx chrodo
`od{of one darheone }hjo`o ana* ocna `od{of
]oia‑a. @ojol rhvdhfoton lxcx` codone-codone
tadoc `hneomx chrodo rh`acavon dojo` thvdolxjx*
thtora jone}xne `hnelodorcon rhv}gojon lxcx` atx
chrodo txntxton `o}ovocot }hcovone. ,]xdav`on
Thffo;?11=3?9-?5!
Rhvch`foneon cgnth`rgvhv Lxcx` A}jo` da
Andgnh}ao aojol `xnmxjno Cg`rajo}a Lxcx` A}jo`*
Xndone-xndone Rhnehjgjoon [ocot don Xndone-xn-
done Loka. Cg`rajo}a Lxcx` A}jo` `hjojxa An}tvxc}a
Rvh}adhn Ng`gv ? Tolxn ?11?. Cg`rajo}a Lxcx`
A}jo` }hndava `hnelo}ajcon cokaon cvata} one thjol
fonoc dajocxcon foac dacojoneon ocodh`a} `oxrxn
dacojoneon x`x` joanno. Chlodavon }hocon `hneg-
fota ‚vo}o vandx‐ocon chlodavon ch}otxon rondone
ocon rhjoc}onoon lxcx` A}jo`* clx}x}no da Andg-nh}ao.
Da }a}a joan dojo` hvo nhu hmgng` dxnao
}hdone `h`o}xca fxdoo ejgfoj dhneon ch`okxon
thcngjgea anigv`otaco. Da }otx }a}a don chfonecaton
no}agnoja}`h don }ravatxoj da }a}a joan* kxeo ontovo
joan da}h`ovoccon dhneon rhvch`foneon ‚Hcgng`a
A}jo`‐ one `hvxrocon lo}aj }hvonecoaon ‚vhoctxoj-
a}o}a‐ dgctvan A}jo` thntone `o}ojol hcgng`a dojo`
uokol chcanaon. Rhv`o}ojolon one `hnehdhron
aojol foeoa`onocol dano`a}o}a rhngv`oon Lxcx`
A}jo`7
COVOCTHVA]TAC DANO@ACO LXCX@
Coto ‚A}jo`‐ odojol `o}dov dova coto chvko
‚o}jo`o3 }oja`o3 }ojo`o‐ ,]oadx} ]olov; ?1<93 <
” 1! `hnxvxt L.O.V. Eaff fhvovta ‚ }xf`attane ,gnh-
}hji gv gnh} rhv}gn tg eggd !. ,L.O.V. Eaff* @glo`-
`hdona}n* Tlh Nhu O`hvamon Jafvov* Nhu Qgvc*
?188* loj. ??! @xcta Oja `h`fhvacon fhfhvoro mava-
mava A}jo`* ocna; Rhvto`o* Oeo`o one }hdhvlono*
okovonno `xdol dathva`o. Chuokafon-chuokafon
one dathtorcon }hxcxvon dhneon ch`o`rxon gvonengv`oj. A}jo` tadoc `hnxvxl gvone `hnehvkocon
rhvfxoton-rhvfxoton one `hjo`roxa gvone ngv`oj.
Chdxo* A}jo` tadoc `hnxvxl gvone xntxc `h`rhv-
mooa }h}xotx one fhvthntoneon dhneon ocoj. Tadoc
fhvovta foluo }h`xo okovon A}jo` atx dorot dakone-
cox gjhl ocoj* tora tadoc fhvthntoneon dhneon ocoj.
Chtaeo* A}jo` odojol mgmgc dhneon cgdvot don iatvol
`onx}ao. Chh`rot * Okovon A}jo` odojol }ha`fone
ontovo chrhntaneon andayadx don `o}ovocot3 ontovo
votag don h`g}a3 ontovo chodajon don co}al }oone3
}ha`fone ontovo vglona don ko}`ona. Chja`o* A}jo`
`hnxnkxccon kojon `hnxkx chfoloeaoon. ,O. @xcta
Oja*?152;?8-?5!
Dhneon dh`acaon A}jo` `hvxrocon }xotx
okovon one fhva}a txntxton one lovx} dajoc}onocon
exno `hnmoroa chfoloeaoon ladxr da dxnao dova ch}-
hjo`oton da oclavot. Rodo eova} fh}ovno oeo`o A}jo`
`h`fhvacon rhdg`on ladxr dojo` }heojo o}rhc* }h-
movo }a}-th`ota} `hjarxta = ,taeo! o}rhc fh}ov* ocna;
Oqadol* ]ova‑ol* don Ocljoq A}jo` Oqadol odojol
o}rhc ixndo`hntoj dojo` A}jo`* one `hnkoda tatac
tgjoc rhv`xjoon xntxc `hnkoda `x}ja` ,gvone A}jo`!
,No}vxddan Vo{oc; ?1563?66.!
Oqadol A}jo` aojol loj-loj one daocana
gjhl gvone-gvone A}jo`* ovtano `hvhco `hnhtorcon
oto} chfhnovonno. ,]olajxn O. No}av; ?1<23?=!
]oad ]ofaq fhvrhndorot foluo rhnehvtaon
oqadol atx thv}x}xn dova hno` rhvcovo* oatx ; ,]oad
]ofaq; ?1<9;?5.! ,?!@o‑vaiot chrodo Ojjol* `o‑vaiot
dh-neon no`o-No one `xjao don }aiot-}aiotNo
one Taneea. ,6!@o‑vaiot dhneon ojo` one odo dafo-
jac ojo` }h`h}to ana* ocna ojo` one tadoc dorot
dajalot. ,=!@o‑vaiot dhneon catof-catof Ojjol* onedatxvxncon gjhlNo xntxc rovo vo}xj. ,4!@o‑vaiot
dhneon nofa-nofa }hvto vo}xj-vo}xj Ojjol* one da-
rajal gjhl-No xntxc `hnkoda rh`fa`fane ch ovol
rhtxnkxc one fhnov. ,8!@o‑vaiot dhneon lova oclav
don rhva}tauo-rhva}tauo one thvkoda }oot atx* }hrhvta;
ladxr }h}xdol ̀ ota* ocon ̀ h`rhvgjhl fojo}on rolojo
don }ac}o* }xveo don nhvoco. ,9!@o‑vaiot chrodo toc-
dav ,qgdjg don qgdov! one da oto} jondo}onno atxjol
fhvkojon rhvotxvon }heojo one odo da dojo` ojo`
}h`h}to ana* foac rhnmartoon don rhneotxvonno.
Fadone oqadol `hvxrocon fadone oneixndo`hntoj one `hjondo}a }heojo tandocon `o-
nx}ao dojo` ladxrno }hfoeoa rh`hjxc oeo`o
A}jo`. ]ova‑ot a}tajol }ova‑ot A}jo`* `h`fhva ovta
ladxr one lovx} dajojxa otox rhvxndoneon one lo-
vx} darotxla gjhl }hgvone A}jo`* ,No}vxddan Vo{oc;
?1563641.! `hvxrocon }xotx }a}th` ngv`o one
`hneotxv lxfxneon `onx}ao dhneon Txlon ,Afo-
dol!* }h}o`o `onx}ao don janecxneonno ,`xo-
`ojol!. Afodol dojo` A}jo` `hnonecxt lxfxneon
ontovo `onx}ao dhneon Ojjol* don lxfxneon `onx}ao
dhneon }h}o`ono. Rhneotxvon lxfxneon `onx}aodhneon Ojjol `hvxrocon afodol one fhv}aiot `xvna*
ocna rhv-fxoton clx}x} one a}ano afodol* `a}oj-
no; tlolovol* }lojot* {ocot* rxo}o don loka* one
dachnoj }hfoeoa afodol `oldol. ]heojo rhvfxoton
`onx}ao da jxov afodol one }h`oto-`oto xntxc
`hnmova chvadjoon Ojjol da}hfxt kxeo afodol . Dhneon
dh`acaon }hjxvxl octaiato} ladxr one tadoc `hjone-
eov }ovaol don dajoc}onocon }hfoeoa chuokafon
ladxr `hvxrocon afodol.
Ocljoq A}jo` odojol }xotx }aiot one thvto-
no` dojo` kauo one dova rodono ta`fxj rhvfxoton-
rhvfxoton one `xdol* dhneon tadoc `h`hvjxcon
rhvta`foneon ,jhfal dxjx!. ,Lx`oada Totoroneov}o;
?1513 1! Fadone ocljoq one dorot danotocon }hf-
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 8?
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
oeoa lo}aj a`on don afodol `h`rxnoa chdxdxcon
o`ot rhntane dojo` A}jo`* o}rhc ana dacoka dojo`
Aj`x Ocljoq. Oqadol odojol ixndo`hn dojo` ch-
ladxron A}jo`* }hdone afodol odojol `onaih}to}a dova
rodo a`on atx ,oqadol!. Cxojato} a`on }h}hgvone da-
fxctacon dojo` rhjoc}onoon afodolno chrodo Ojjol
don vhoja}o}a }ovaol dojo` chladxronno. ,No}vxd-
dan Vo{oc* gr. mat. loj. ?<6.!
Oqadol otox cha`onon jhfal dxjx lovx} da-
`ajaca }hfhjx` gvone `hjoc}onocon }ovaol }hfoeoa
xvoaon ]oacl @ol`gxd ]ojtgxt `hnxja}; ,]oacl
@ol`gxd ]ojtgxt; ?195362-6?.!
‚Oqadol atx da dojo` rg}a}ano `hnxvxt A}-
jo` odojol rgcgc one dafano daoto}no rhvxndone-
xndoneon oeo`o ,}ovaol!. ]hdone rhvxndone-xn-
doneon oeo`o atx }hndava odojol lo}aj one dajolavcon
gjhl chrhvmooon thv}hfxt. @oco dhneon dh`acaon
tadocjol ocon thvdorot }ovaot dojo` A}jo` `hjoancon
covhno odono chrhvmooon ....‐Oqadol odojol do}ov one lovx} da`ajaca }h-
fhjx` `hjoc}onocon }ovaol }hthjol `hjoc}onocon
}ovaol dalovorcon `h`ajaca ocljoq one foac. Dhn-
eon ocljoq one foac docon }oneot fhv`onioot foea
janecxneon }hcatovno.
Lxcx` A}jo` }hfoeoa }a}th` lxcx` one
fhv}x`fhv dova Danxj A}jo` `hvxrocon }ojol }otx
jheoj }}th` one hc}a} da}o`rane jheoj }}th` one
joan }hrhvta Vg`ong Ehv`onam ,Mayaj Jou!* Mg``gn
Jou* ,Hdeov Fgdhnlha`hv* Kgln Fajhy Gdjhjh* Khon
M. Jgyh3 ?1<<.! ]g}aoja}t Jou. ,Lxcx` da Nheovo}g}aoja}* daxjo} dojo` dojo` Vhnh Doyad ond Klgn
M. Fvahvj* @ogv Jheoj ]}th` an tlh Ugvjd Tgdo*
]thyhn ) ]gn}* Jgndgn* ?15<* r. ?4=-6<=.! ]thyhn
Yoeg `hnxja} foluo A}jo`am Jou* ……* a} ngt ond
andhrhndhnt fvonml gi cngujhdeh* jou a} anthevoj tg
A}jo`am vhjaeagn .,]thyhn Yoeg* ?114* r. ?63!
]hfoeaon }xotx }a}th` lxcx` don }xotx da-
}arjan aj`x* lxcx` A}jo` `h`rxnoa don `hneh`-
fonecon a}tajol-a}tajolno }hndava }hfoeoa`ono da-
}arjan aj`x one joan. Dojo` }txda Lxcx` A}jo` * da
Andgnh}ao* }hvanecoja dakx`roa a}tajol-a}tajol; Lxcx`A}jo`* da}o`rane a}tajol }ovaot A}jo`* }hvto fhfhvoro
a}tajol thcna} joanno. A}tajol lxcx` A}jo` `hvxrocon
a}tajol clo} Andgnh}ao* }hfoeoa thvkh`olon oj-iaql oj-
A}jo` otox dojo` cgnthc} thvthntx dova oj-}ovaol
oj- A}jo`. A}tajol ana dojo` uomono olja lxcx` fovot
daexnocon A}jo`am Jou. Dojo` Oj _xvon `oxrxon
dojo` O} ]xnnol a}tajol oj-lxc` oj-A}jo` tadoc
dakx`roa* one daexnocon aojol coto }ova‑ot one
dojo` rhnkofovonno ch`xdaon jolavjol a}tajol iaql.
,Ol`od Vgiaq* ?11<* loj.=!
Xntxc `hndorotcon eo`fovon one khjo}
`hnehnoa Lxcx` A}jo` rhjx darolo`a dxjx rhnehv-
taon a}tajol lxcx`* }ovaol don iaql. Lxcx` , Lxc`!*
}hmovo loviaol fhvovta; `hnhtorcon }h}xotx. Rovo olja
dova fhvfoeoa da}arjan aj`x dojo` A}jo` `hneh`xco-
con fhvfoeoa rhndorot dojo` ̀ hndhiana}acon lxcx`*
dacovhnocon rhvfhdoon txkxon. @hnxvxt olja X}lxj
Iaql* ocna Oj Fohdjgua* lxcx` aojol otxvon Ojjol
`hnehnoa o`oj rhvfxoton `xcojjoi one `hneon-
dxne rhnhtoron otox chfgjhlon `h`ajal. ]hdone
`hnxvxt ]hcl [ocovao Oj On}lgva* lxcx` aojol ta-
tol Ojjol one fhvtojaon dhneon rhvfxoton `xcojjoi
dhneon txntxton }xroo fhvfxot otox `hnaneeojcon
otox `hnhvonecon chfgjhlon otox `hnkodacon }h}-
xotx }hfof* }ovot* rhnelojone* rhnhvx} otox rhvx}oc
foea }h}xotx lxcx`. Thvdorot rhvfhdoon rondoneon
ontovo xjo`o x}lxj iaql dhneon xjo`o iaql thntone
dhiana}a lxcx` thvjhtoc rodo xjo`o x}lxj iaql `hn-
koda lxcx` }hfoeoa no`o dova }htaor tatol Ojjol*
thtora tadoc dano`oa lxcx` gjhl xjo`o iaql* }hfof
one dano`oa lxcx` gjhl xjo`o iaql aojol ocafot
dova condxneon tatol thv}hfxt. ,O.O{a} @o}lxva* l.
6=-64.!A}tajol lxcx` dojo` rhnehvtaon one }hjxo}-
jxo}no* `oco dojo` A}jo` dachnoj = `omo` lxcx`*
ocna; ,?!. Lxcx` A‑taqodaol* lxcx` cha`onon*
one fhvcoaton dhneon loj-loj one lovx} daocana
otox darhvmoo gjhl }htaor `xcojjoi* `hnehnoa Ojjol*
@ojoacot-No* Catof-catof-No* rovo Vo}xj-No don
Lova ch`xdaon* }hto _odjo don _odov. ,6!. Lxcx`
Clxjxqaol*Lxcx` Ocljoq* one fhvcoaton dhneon
rhvajocx one lovx} da`ajaca `xcojjoi ,=!. Lxcx`
O`ojaol* ocna lxcx` one fhvcoaton dhneon rhv-
fxoton }htaor ̀ xcojjoi ̀ hjarxta ̀ o}ojol xmoron*ocod,mgntvomt ! don rhnehjgjoon lovto fhndo* don lxfxn-
eon lxcx` dhneon }h}o`o. ,Ofdxj Uollof Clojjoi*
?1<8* l. =<.!
Dojo` janecxr lxcx` o`ojaol lxcx` daov-
tacon }hfoeoa tatol Ojjol otox ]xnnol Vo}xj thntone
rhvfxoton ̀ onx-}ao ̀ xcojjoi* foac darhvantol otox da-
jovone otoxrxn darhvfgjhlcon* }hvto thntone chodoon
thvthntx one `hnkoda }hfof* }ovot otox rhnelojone
foea fhvjocxno }h}xotx. Fhvdo}ovcon dhiana}a otox
rhnehvtaon da oto}* `oco dorot da}a`rxjcon foluo
one dano`ocon dhneon Lxcx` A}jo` odojol no`o foea }heojo rhvantol Ojjol don xtx}on-No one `hn-
eondxne rhvantol* jovoneon* rajalon* otox ̀ hnotocon
}ovot* }hfof* don lojoneon xntxc }xotx rhvfxoton
lxcx`. Dojo` rhnehvtaon dh`acaon* `oco Lxcx`
A}jo` dorot dafoea dojo`; Rhvto`o* Lxcx` Toc-
jahia* ocna lxcx` one `hneondxne txntxton one
fhvxro rhvantol otox jovoneon3 Chdxo* Lxcx` Tocl-
ahva* ocna lxcx` one `hneondxne cha{anon ontovo
`hnehvkocon otox `hnaneeojconno.
Dova }hea tocjahia don toclahva rhvfxoton
lxcx` dorot dafoea dojo` ja`o cothegva; uokaf*
`ondxf* lovo`* }xnnol otox `ondxf don `xfol. Ch
ja`o cothegva ana dachnoj dhneon }hfxton oj olco`xj
clg`}ol ,Lo{oavan* ?112* l.9<-56!
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 86
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
]ova‑ot* `hnxvxt folo}o ,hta`gjgea! fhvovta ko-
jon one jh`rone3 kojon one dajojxa oav thvkxn3
,[email protected]}fa O}l ]laddahq* ?1<8* l. 5! kojon ch }x`-
fhv oav otox th`rot gvone-gvone `anx`* clx}x}no
rodo kojon }htoroc `hnxkx rojxne oav one thtor don
dafhva tondo khjo} thvjalot `oto* koda fhvovta kojon one
khjo} chjaloton otox kojon voo xntxc daacxta3 }x`fhv
oav otox }x`fhv chladxron3 otox kxeo kojon one lovx}
daacxta. ,O.O I{hh3?118;8!. Oj qxvon `hneexnocon
coto don }av‑ol don }ova‑ol dojo` ovta ‚dan‐ ocna
dojo` ovta kojon one thjol dathtorcon Txlon foea
`onx}ao3 kojon one khjo} datxnkxccon Txlon chrodo
`onx}ao.Rodo `o}o Vo}xjxjjol Nofa @xlo```od
]OU - ladxr a}tajol }ov‑a }hfoeoa fhntxc ko`oc
dova coto }ova‑ol daexnocon dojo` ovta `o}ojol-
`o}ojol rgcgc A}jo`.,Ol`od Lo}on; ?1<435! A`o`
Ofx Lonaiol ,522-598 @! * `hndhiana}acon }ova‑ol
}hfoeoa }h`xo one daokovcon gjhl Nofa @xlo``od
one fhv}x`fhv rodo uolx* ocna }h`xo foeaon- foeaon okovon A}jo`. Rovo xjo`o `h`ondoneno
}hfoeoa dhiana}a one jxo}.,]oadx} ]olov;?1<93 6=-
64! Dojo` coatonno dhneon ‚dan‐* Ofx Lonaiol
`hnkhjo}con foluo dan tadoc rhvnol fhvxfol }hdone
}ova‑ol thvx}-`hnhvx} fhvxfol dojo` rhvkojonon }h-
kovol. Dan odojol rgcgc-rgcgc a`on* }hdone }ova‑ol
aojol chuokafon one lovx} dakojona. A`o` ]oia‑a
,595-<62 @!* `hneovtacon }ova‑ol dhneon rhv-
otxvon-rhvotxvon jolav foea x`ot A}jo` one fhv}x`-
fhv rodo uolx don ch}a`rxjon ,dhdxmtagn}! one
dorot datovac dova uolx. Rhvotxvon-rhvotxvon jolav ana `hnehnoa movo foeoa`ono `onx}ao fhvlxfxn-
eon dhneon Ojjol don }h}o`o `ocljxc.* clx}x}no
}h}o`o `onx}ao. Rovo xjo`o `h`ondoneno }hfoeoa
dhiana}a one }h`rat. A`o` ]oia‑a `hneexnocon a}-
tajol }ova‑ol dojo` rhnehvtaon jh`foeo* jhfal koxl
joea* ao `hneexnocon a}tajol }ov‑a dhneon rhnehv-
taon chuokafon-chuokafon one lovx} dajoc}onocon.
]oacl @ol`gxt ]ojtgxt `hndhiana}acon. ,]oacl
@ol`xgxt ]ojtgxt3 ?195;?1! ;
‚]ova‑ol aojol rhvotxvon-rhvotxvon one
damartocon Ojjol* otox one damartoconno rgcgc-rg-cgcno }xroo `onx}ao fhvrheone chrodono dojo`
rhvlxfxneon dhneon Txlon* dhneon }oxdovo }h}o`o
`x}ja`* dhneon }oxdovono }h}o`o `onx}ao* fh}hvto
lxfxneonno dhneon ojo` }hjxvxlno don lxfxn-
eonno dhneon chladxron‐
]hmovo }anecot I{hh `hneovtacon }ovaol
dhneon monngn jou gi A}jo`* tlh tgtojat gi Ojjol
mg``ondh`hnt}.,O.O I{hh;?1<936=-64! Dova xvoaon
la}tgva da oto} egjgneon xjo`o one ̀ xnmxj }h}xdol
ofod ch AAA lakvaol thjol ̀ h`ocoa coto }ova‑ot xntxc
no`o-no`o lxcx` iaql* one fhvlxfxneon dhneon
rhvfxoton ̀ xcojjoi. Oto} do}ov rh`ocoaon ana* ta`fxj
rhvcotoon A}jo` odojol oqadol don }ova‑ol* one
dano`ocon otox da`oc}xd dhneon }ova‑ol odojol
ovta one }h`rat one fhvovta qonxn.,V @ Lo}fa O}l
]laddahq3?1<8; <1!
Coto Iaql * `hnxvxt folo}o otox hta`gjgea
fhvovta; rantov* mhvdo} ,No}vxdan Vo{oc3?156; 68<!
tolx* don iolo` `hnxvxt o}oj `xjono iolo` thvlo-
dor txkxon }hgvone rh`famovo dova rh`famovoonno3
rolo` }o`roa `hndojo`. A}tajol iaql `hneojo`a
rhvch`foneon }hkoc ouojno }o`roa `hnkoda a}tajol
one dachnoj }oot ana. ]h`xjo fhvovta rh`olo`on
don rhnehtolxon thntone }h}xotx. Dojo` rhnehvtaon
ana iaql don iol` odojol }angna`. Rodo `xjono da-
exnocon gvone Ovof foea }h}hgvone one olja dojo`
`hneouancon xnto* one `o`rx `h`fhdocon xnto
fhtano one }hdone favola don xnto one }hdone
fxntane. Rodo {o`on Rvo A}jo` a}tajol Iaql oj-ovof
odojol ehjov one dafhvacon chrodo oj-Lovat} fan Co-
jodol one dakxjxca tlojafoj - ovof.
Rodo {o`on Vo}xjxjjol @xlo``od ]OU
coto iaql `hnmocxr }h`xo o}rhc dojo` A}jo` oatxtlhgjgea}* rgjata}* hcgng`a} don lxcx`* covhno Oj
_xv‑on `h`rhvexnocon coto iaql dojo` rhnehvtaon
`h`olo`a }hmovo x`x` jhfal dova }otx th`rot.
Dhneon dh`acaon* rodo `o}o-`o}o ouoj A}jo`* a}-
tajol iaql }hfoeoa`ono kxeo a}tajol aj`‑ }hvanecoja
daexnocon foea rh`olo`on }hmovo x`x`* `hjarxta
rvan}ar-ran}ar A}jo` `oxrxn lxcx`-lxcx`no
,Ol`od Lo}on 3?1<4;4-8! Iaql rodo `o}o Nofa ,don
`o}o }olofot! daovtacon }hfoeoa aj`x ,rhnehtolxon!
one tadoc `xdol dachtolxa x`x`* one dadorotcon
dhneon `h`rhvexnocon rhnhjadacon don rhnhjataonone `hndojo`. ,Lo}fa O}l ]laddaq;?1<83 =2! Koda
iaql }o`o dhneon aj`x ocna }hjxvxl rhnehtolxon
one tadoc `xdol dachtolxa }oot atx.
]hthjol Vo}xj uoiot* cox` `x}ja`a` da-
lodorcon rodo rhv}gojon-rhv}gojon fovx don daroc}o
xntxc `h`rhvexnocon rhvta`foneon rvafoda. Rodo
tolor ana a}tajol iaql jojx }hvane daexnocon dojo`
ovta rhneexnoon chmhvdo}on. Koda iaql daexnocon
xntxc rhnehtolxon one dalo}ajcon dova rhneexnoon
chmhvdo}on don rhndorot rvafoda. ]hdone coto aj`‑
daexnocon xntxc rhnehtolxon one darhvgjhl dovavonecoaon rhvoua* covhno rodo }oot atx gvone }hdone
fhvx}olo xntxc `hnex`rxjcon don `hnmotot tvoda}a-
tvoda}a one }o`roa `hjojxa vonecoaon `oto vontoa
rhvauoot.
Rodo oclav ofod A lakvaol* totcojo ehvocon
rhnex`rxjon lodat} da`xjoa* a}tajol aj`x darhvex-
nocon dojo` rhnehtolxon `hnehnoa tvoda}a* ocna
lodat} don ot}ov. A}tajol iaql daexnocon }hmovo hc}jx}ai
foea rhnehtolxon one dajondo}con rodo rhneexnoon
chmhvdo}on don rhvta`foneon one andhrhndhn. Rodo
ofod AA lakvaol* rodo `o}o `xktolad `xjoa `h`fon-
exn rgjo rh`acavon `hvhco don ta`fxjno `od{lof*
iaql daovtacon }hfoeoa ‚lxcx` one darhtac dova
Catofxjjol don ]xnnotxv Vo}xj dhneon kojon `h`rhv-
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 8=
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
exnocon aktalod ,a}tanfotl! one }h`rxvno `h`xn-
mocno* thvlodor lxcx`-lxcx` one ̀ hnehnoa o`o-
jon rovo `xcojjoi. A`o` Ofx Lonaiol ,Oj Nxc`on
afn T}ofat* 522 - 595 @! `h`fhvacon foto}on ovta iaql
}hfoeoa aj`x one `hnhvonecon }heojo loc don ch-
uokafon* ocna aj`x one `hnhvonecon }heojo one
dauokafcon* da}xnnotcon* da`ocvxlcon* dalovo`con*
don dafgjhlcon. A`o` Ofx Lonaiol `o}al `h`o-
}xccon fadone aj`x joan ocna fadone chrhvmooon
chrodo Clojaq dano`ocon dhneon ‚Iaql Ocfov‐.
Dhiana}a one dafhvacon Ofx Lonaiol ana tadoc fhv-
fhdo `oc}xdno dhneon to‑tai rodo `o}o }olofot
don tofa‑an* `o}xc da dojo`no xvx}on chrhvmooon*
xvx}on rhvoneoa fxda rhchvta* djj. No`rocno laneeo
ofod ch AA lakvaol iaql `hnmocxr `o}ojol tlhgjgea}
don `o}ojol lxcx`* cojo` don iaql tadoc dara}olcon
}o`roa `o}o Oj @o‑`xn. Rodo rhvthneolon ofod ch
AA lakvaol dhiana}a iaql darhneovxla gjhl ocavon-oja-
von egjgneon olja x}lxj don olja iaql. Fhfhvoro to‑vai olja x}lxj iaql* da ontovono; O} ]oad Oj Kxvkona Oj
Lonoia `hndhiana}acon }hfoeoa aj`x one `hnhvone-
con lxcx` }ovo‑ one o`ojaol one dao`faj dova
dojaj-dojajno one toi}laj. Iaql `hvxrocon aj`x
one daa}tanfotlcon dhneon kojon aktalod* gjhl covhno
atx tadoc fgjhl dano`ocon Ojjol dhneon ioqal* covhno
tadoc odo }h}xotxrxn one thv}h`fxna foeano.
Rodo }oot ana iaql }hfoeoa aj`x daovtacon }hfoeoa`ono
daxnecorcon gjhl Ofdxj Uollof Clojoi; ,Ofdxj
Uollof clojjoi3 ?1<8;??! ‚Aj`x iaql aojol rhnehto-
lxon thntone lxcx`-lxcx` }ova‑ot A}jo` `hnehnoa rhvfxoton `onx}ao one dao`faj dova dojaj-dojajno
}hmovo dhtoaj. Otox cgjhc}a-cgjhc}a lxcx` }ova‑ol
A}jo` thntone rhvfxoton `onx}ao one dao`faj fhv-
do}ovcon dojaj-dojano }hmovo dhtoaj‐. ]hmovo fhvtolor
vxne janecxr a}tajol iaql `hnh`rat don oclavno
lono thvfoto} rodo `o}ojol lxcx`** folcon jhfal
}h`rat joea oatx rodo jathvotxv lxcx` ocna catof-
catof iaql.Ol`od Lo}on ?1<4;9!
Lxcx` A}jo` `h`rxnoa }aiot xnayhv}oj*
one ̀ hneotxv lxfxneon ontovo ̀ onx}ao dhneon rhn-
martono* ̀ onx}ao dhneon ̀ }ovocot da`ono ao ladxrdon `onx}ao dhneon ojo` janecxneonno* da}heojo
uoctx don }heojo th`rot. Lxcx` A}jo` `hnmocxr
}heojo o}rhc chladxron `onx}ao don }heojo rhv`o-
}ojolon ladxr. Lxcx` A}jo`* dojo` loj ana lxcx`
o`ojaolno* thvdava oto} dxo mofone lxcx` one
xto`o* ocna lxcx` afodol don lxcx` `xo`ojol.
Odo kxeo olja one `h`foeano `hnkoda taeo foeaon
xto`o* ocna afodot* xqxfot* don `xo`ojol. Lxcx`
afodol odojol lxcx` one `hneotxv lxfxneon `o-
nx}ao dhneon Txlonno* }hrhvta }lojot* rxo}o* {ocot*
loka* nod{ov* }x`rol don afodol-afodol joan one
`h`rxnoa ovta `hneotxv lxfxneon `onx}ao dhneon
Txlonno. Lxcx` @xo`ojol* odojol lxcx` one
`hneotxv lxfxneon ̀ onx}ao dhneon }h}o`ono* foac
dajocxcon }hmovo rhvgvoneon* otox }hmovo chjg`rgc
ontovo fone}o don chjg`rgc ontovo ko`o‑ol* }hrhvta
ocod* rh`fhjonkoon* lxcx`on* kanoot* djj. Dojo`
lxcx` o`ojaol tadoc dafhdocon ,dhneon toko`! on-
tovo lxcx` rvayot dhneon lxcx` rxfjac* dacovhnocon
rodo lxcx` rvayot thvdorot }hea-}hea rxfjac don }h-
fojacno. Kaco cato onojgeacon dhneon }a}th` lxcx`
fovot* `oco }x}xnon lxcx` `xo`ojol dojo` ovta
jxo} odojol }hfoeoa fhvacxt; Rhvto`o* Lxcx` Rvayot
,?! @xnocolot* Lxcx` Rhvcouanon* `hneotxv }h-
eojo }h}xotx one fhvlxfxneon dhneon rhvcouanon*
rhvmhvoaon }hvto ocafot lxcx`no. ,6!Uavo}ol* otox
lxcx` iovo‑ad* ̀ hneotxv rhvojalon loc oto} lovto dova
rhuova} chrodo olja uova} }hvto }heojo `o}ojol one
fhvlxfxneon lovto rhnaneeojon ,=!@xo`ojot dojo`
ovta clx}x}* `hneotxv loc-loc oto} fhndo don rhvaco-
ton. Chdxo* Lxcx` Rxfjac ,?!Kanoot* lxcx` radono*
one `hneotxv `hnehnoa rhvfxoton-rhvfxoton one
daonmo` dhneon }onc}a radono. ,6! Oj Olco` O}]xjtlonaol* Lxcx` Toto Nheovo don Lxcx` Od-
`ana}tvo}a ,=!]aov* Lxcx` Anthvno}agnoj* `hneotxv
xvx}on rhvone don do`oa* lxfxneon ontov nheovo .
Lxcx` A}jo` odojol }xotx }a}th` lxcx`
one }rh}aiac* Lxcx` A}jo` `h`rxnoa mava-mava
clo} one `h`fhdolconno dhneon }a}th` lxcx`
one joan da dxnao. Mava-mava clo} Lxcx` A}jo` atx
`hnxvxt Ofdxj @xtlgjaf* odojol ,?!Lxcx` A}jo`
odojol lxcx` oeo`o A}jo`3 ,6!Lxcx` A}jo` `hn-
eondxne uotoc xna-yhv}oj3 ,=!Lxcx` A}jo` dojo`
fadone xfxdaol lojno thjol daotxv }hdh`acaon vxrodojo` Oj _xv‑on don O} ]xnnol3 ,4!Lxcx` A}jo`
dojo` fadone `xo`ojol mgmgc an}on co`aj `onx}ao*
rhvo}oon lxcx`* ch}odovon lxcx` `o}ovocot dorot
dach`fonecon don }hnontao}o tx`fxl `hnxvxt ch-
fxtxlon don rondoneon ladxr `o}ovocot dajondo}a
Oj _xv‑on don O} ]xnnol. ,Ofdxj @xtlgjaf3 tonro
tolxn3 ?9!
Lxcx` A}jo`* dadojo`no thvmocxr }ova‑ol
don iaql A}jo`* mava-mava dova iaql A}jo` `hnxvxt T.
@. Lo}fa O}l ]laddahq odojol; ,?!Iaql A}jo` rodo
do}ovno ch`foja chrodo Uolx Ajjola3 ,6!Iaql A}-jo` dadgvgne rhjoc}onoon gjhl oqaqol don ocljoq3
,=!Rh`fojo}on one darhvgjhl dova `hjoc}onocon
lxcx`-lxcx` iaqal odojol dxnao oclavot3 ,4! No{‑ol
,tofa‑ot chmhndhvxneon! iaqal A}ojo` odojol ko`o‑ol3
,8!Iaql A}jo` `hnhva`o rhvch`foneon }h}xoa dhn-
eon `o}o don th`rot3 ,9!Iaql A}jo` tadoc darhn-
eovxla gjhl xndone-xndone fxoton `onx}ao* foac
Vg`oua* `oxrxn one joanno3 ,5!Txkxonno odojol
}x}xnon ladxr ̀ onx}ao one clx}x} don x`x`* ̀ hn-
dotonecon chfoloeaoon ojo` }hjxvxlno ,T.@ Lo}fa
O}l ]laddahq;?1<83?86-?89!
Lxcx` A}jo` dorot dathvorcon dojo` }h`xo
`o}o* xntxc }h`xo fone}o covhno dadojo`no thv-
dorot mocxron one fheatx jxo} don hjo}ta}ato} don
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 84
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
doo tolon }hvto chrotxlon xntxc }heojo ko`on don
th`rot. Loj ana dacovhnocon Lxcx` A}jo` fhvdava oto}
dxo rgcgc do}ov; ,?!Lxcx` A}jo` `h`fhvacon rvan-
}ar x`x` da}o`rane one `hndhtoaj one dafhvacon
gjhl }xnnol }hfoeoa toi}av dova Oj _xv‑on* dhneon
rhnhtoron loj-loj one }hjxo}-jxo}no don `h`fxco
rantx one }hjhfov-jhfovno fxot ch`okxon rhvodo-
fon `onx}ao. ,No}vxddan Vo{oc;56! Lxcx`-lxcx`
one fhv}aiot x`x` dojo` Oj _xv‑on don O} ]xnnol
`hneondxne rvan}ar-rvan}ar don coadol-coadol cxj-
jaol one tadoc fhvxfol-xfol. Fadone ana `hnkoda
joroneon cokaon one jxo} foea rovo `xtkolad don
thvkoda rhvfhdoon rolo`* rhvxfolon* rhveontaon don
rhvfoacon. Foeaon one `h`rxnoa coadol-coadol
x`x` don rvan}ar-rvan}ar one fhv}aiot ch}hjxvxlon
anajol one `hnkoda do}ov don rhdg`on one thtor
xntxc `hnelodora rhvch`foneon `o}o. ,T.@ Lo}fa
O}l ]laddahq ?=<? L; <! ,6! Lxcx` A}jo` one
`hneondxne rhvotxvon-rhvotxvon one thvanma dojo`loj-loj one tadoc thvrhneovxl gjhl rhvch`foneon
`o}o* }hrhvta dojo` `o}ojol `xlva` ,gvone-gvone
one lovo` xntxc dacouan!* afodol* lovto* uova}on.
,No}vxddan Vo{oc; 56! Lxcx` one thvanma* khjo}*
jone}xne dorot dathtorcon rodo chkodaon otox co}x}
thvthntx. ,T.@ Lo}fa O}l ]laddahq ?=<?L;?2!
@. Lo}fa O}l }laddahq* }hmovo jhfal vanma
`h`foea lxcx` A}jo`'}ova‑ot A}jo` dojo` h`rot
fadone lxcx`* ocna; ,T.@ Lo}fa O}l ]lad-dahq
?=<?3?2! ,?!Qone thtor fhvjocx xntxc }htaor `o}o*
tadoc fhvxfol-xfol* one dathtorcon }hmovo khjo} dontheo}* tadoc fhvovta fhv}aiot }tota}* thtora fhvcoaton
dhneon }goj-}goj one tadoc fhvxfol-xfol don thvx}
ladxr. Odo cojono fhvcoaton dhneon do}ov ch`o-
}ovocoton* otox }xotx rvan}ar xndone-xndone one
tadoc dorot davxfol dhneon rhvxfolon `o}o. ,6!Lx-
cx` one thjol dano}colcon thtora no}l-no}l atx fa}o
daacuojcon* o dojo` fadone ana fhvjocx aktalod xntxc
`hneocoatcon }otx no}l dhneon no}l one joan* otox
ontovo no}l dhneon co}x} thvthntx. ,=!Lxcx` one
fhv}aiot rvan}ar x`x` one dorot cato `o}xccon ch-
dojo`no fhfhvoro `o}o-jol thvthntx* `oco fa}o otoxlovx} da-exnocon aktalod xntxc `hnhvorcon rvan}ar
x`x` atx. ,4!Lxcx` one tadoc da}aneexne-}ane-
exne dojo` }ovaot A}jo`* `oco dojo` fadone fhv-
jocx aktalod `xtjoc.
O}o}-o}o} one daonxt dojo` Lxcx` A}jo`*
}hmovo }anecot dorot dafhdocon; ,No}vxdan Vo{oc
?156;684! ,?!tadoc `h`hfhvotcon ,_]. AA ; 669!
,6!}oneot }hdacat `h`xotn chuokafon }hmovo thv-
rhvanma ocna `h`hvantol don `hjovoneno ,_]. Oj
@oadol;?2?! ,=! dotone dhneon rvan}ar evodxo}a ,fh-
vone}xv-one}xv! fxcon }hcojaex} da}h}xoacon dhneon
iatvol `onx}ao don ko`on txvxnno.
Dhneon o}o} one da onxt daoto}* `oco rvan-
}ar-rvan}ar do}ov dojo` lxcx` A}jo` aojol `hneocxa
loc `onx}ao xntxc `h`hnxla }heojo chfxtxlon don
chaneanon* `hnelo}ajcon `onioot xntxc rvafoda }h-
foeoa`ono dachlhndoca dhneon mototon foluo tadoc
fgjhl `hnao-naocon loc gvone joan. ,T.@ Lo}fa
O}l ]laddahq ?15=;4?!
Loc-loc don chuokafon }htaor `onx}ao
`hnxvxt Lxcxa` A}jo` dorot dafoea dojo` 4 cot-
hegva* oatx; ,Ofx O‑jo Oj @oxdxda; ?1<9;?56-?15!
Loc-loc Ojjol ]UT one lovx} darhnxla `onx}ao3
Loc-loc dava }hndava3 Loc-loc `onx}ao joan3 Loc-loc
`ocljxc joan don fhndo-fhndo rgthn}aoj one daco-
vxnaocon xntxc ch`oniooton ladxr `onx}ao* Uokaf
foea `onx}ao xntxc `hnhva`o don `hneacxta rh-
txnkxcno3 @onx}ao lovx} toot don rotxl chrodoNo
dhneon kxkxv tonro voex3 @onx}ao lovx} `hnh`fol-
No. Loc-loc ana lovx} dadolxjxcon oto} loc-loc
one joan* folcon codone-codone rhnxnoaonno
dhneon `hnegvfoncon loc-loc one da`ajaca foeaon
joan. Loc-loc dava }hndava* `onx}ao `h`ajaca loc-loc thvthntx don `hvxrocon chuokafon dova `onx}ao joan
xntxc `hnxnoaconno dhneon foac. Dhneon loc ana-
jol `onx}ao dorot `hnkoda davano }hndava.
Loc-loc `onx}ao joan* dojo` rh`hnxlon
loc rvafoda tadoc fgjhl `hvxeacon loc-loc gvone
joan. Lxcx` A}jo` `hnhvorcon ch}ha`foneon ontovo
loc-loc rvafoda dhneon loc-loc gvone joan* }hvto loc-
loc `o}ovocot oeov tadoc thvkoda rhvthntoneon ontovo
chdxono don lovx} odo chvko }o`o xntxc `hneh`-
fonecon lxcx` Ojjol. Loc-loc ̀ ocljxc joan; ]h`xo
martoon Txlon `h`ajaca loc thvthntx thvlodor `onx-}ao* }hlaneeo tadoc fa}o fhvfxot }h}xco lota.
Lxcx` A}jo` }hmovo eova} fh}ov `hnehnoj
dxo `omo` }x`fhv lxcx`* rhvto`o }x`fhv lxcx`
one fhv}aiot ‚noqja‐don }x`fhv lxcx` one fhv-
}aiot ‚oqja‐. ]x`fhv lxcx` noeja aojol Oj _xvon
don O}}xnnol* }hdonecon }x`fhv lxcx` oqja aojol
x}olo `hnh`xcon lxcx` dhneon `hnexto`ocon
gjol racav dhneon fhvoeo` `htgdono. ]x`fhv lx-
cx` one `hnexto`ocon gjol racav ana thvcoat hvot
dhneon a}tajol ‚iaql‐ don rhvch`foneon rhnhvoron
Lxcx` A}jo` dafhvfoeoa couo}on dxnao* toc thvch-mxoja Andgnh}ao. ]x`fhv lxcx` ana rxjojol one
kxeo fhvrhvon fonoc dojo` rhvfhdoon rhndorot
daontovo olja lxcx` A}jo` `hnonecxt fhvoeo`
o}rhc chladxron don `hna`fxjcon `od{of-`od{of
Lxcx` A}jo`. uojoxrxn rodo lochcotno rhvfhdoon
`od{of atx da}hfofcon rhvfhdoon aktakod ” x}lxj iael;
rhvfhdoon thcna} rh`olo`on -* chrhntaneon rvafoda
otox chjg`rgc thvthntx dojo` o}rhc rgjatac* }hvto
rhvfhdoon cxojato} }hvto coro}ato} anthjhctxoj rodo
`o}ane-`o}ane rhndava don rhneacxtno. ,@xmtlov
Odo`;?11?;621! Lxcx` A}jo` dhneon covocthva}tac
one clo} `h`rxnoa }x`fhv-}x`fhv lxcx` one
dorot dafhdocon dojo` ,o!]x`fhv noqj* ocna }x`-
fhv lxcx` da`ono `xktolad tadoc fhvrhvon dojo`
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 88
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
rh`fhntxconno* folcon `xktolad lovx} fhv}ondov
rodo }x`foneon* one thv`o}xc }x`fhv lxcx` noqja
don O} ]xnnol. ,f!]x`fhv Oqj* ocna }xotx }x`fhv
lxcx` da`ono }hgvone `xktolad dhneon ocojno
dorot fhvrhvon dojo` rh`fhntxconno }hrhvta _ao}*
A}tal}on* don joan-joan
Da }a}a joan }x`fhv lxcx` A}jo` dorot rxjo
dafhdocon dojo`; ,o!]x`fhv lxcx` O}ljaol* }x`-
fhv lxcx` one rhneexnoonno tadoc thveontxne
rodo }x`fhv one joan* ocna Oj _xvon don O} ]xn-
nol. ,f!]x`fhv lxcx` Tofo‑aol* }x`fhv lxcx`
one rhneexnoonno fhv}ondovcon rodo chthntxon
Oj _xv‑on don O} ]xnnol* }hrhvta Akta`o‑* _ao}* A}-
ta}ljol* don joan-joan.
Condxneon lxcx` dojo` Oj-_xv‑on don
Loda}t codonecojo fhv}aiot rvan}araj one ehnhvoj
, {onna! }hlaneeo rhvjx anthvrvhto}a. Lodat} chrodo
@xod{ ovex`hn rh`fgjhlon aktalod }hfoeoa }x`fhv
rhnehtolxon don lxcx` dojo` A}jo`. _ao}* }hfxoldhdxc}a onojgea}* dorot daoneeor }hfoeoa }ojol }otx
`onaih}to}a aktalod. Aktalod thtor dado}ovcon rodo
hra}th`gjgea one xto`o* Oj -_xv‑on don ]xnnol;
,Aeea L Oml}ahvn; 6222;?9-?<!
Rhvch`foneon Lxcx` A}jo` daontovono kxeo
thvcoat hvot dhneon `o}ojol rgjatac* covhno rhv}gojon
one `xjo-`xjo ta`fxj dojo` A}jo` `h`one rgjatac
one fhvca}ov rodo `o}ojol }xc}h}a chrh`a`ranon
don `o}ojol dg}o fh}ov moratoj }annhv} one ch`xda-
on `hjhfov chdojo` `o}ojol tlhgjgea don lxcx`.
,Lovxn No}xtagn; ?1<9;?-?2! Chjg`rgc-chjg`rgc rgjatac atx daontovono hc}a} }o`roa }oot ana dhneon
`h`fouo rhneovxl rodo rhvch`foneon lxcx`
A}jo` }hrhvta Oljx}-}xnnol dhneon h`rot `od{of
fh}ovno* ]aol dhneon Iaqlx} ]aolno*,@l`ggd
]lhlofa;?18<;?<2-66=! don chjg`rgc one taneeoj
rhneovxlno }oko dojo` lxcx` A}jo` }hrhvta ojavon
Acta{oj. Kgh}ghi ]ghf;?159;=4!
Rovo olja `h`foea rhvch`foneon to}va‑
A}jo`a dojo` fhfhvoro rhvagdh* ocna; Rhvagdh Nofa*
Rhvagdh Clxjoioxv Vo}kadan* Rhvagdh Doxjol O`oua-
ol* Rhvagdh Doxjol Offo}aol * Rhvvagdh Ch`hvg}g-ton don Rhvagdh Chfonecaton
Dojo` }hkovol oeo`o A}jo`* totcojo A}jo`
`xjoa fhvch`fone da @odanol* oeo`o* rgjatac* lx-
cx` don hcgng`a }hvto o}rhc joanno `hvxrocon
}otx ch}otxon one tadoc thvra}olcon* ,U @gnteg`-
hv Uott* @xlo``od; ?194; 16-18! @o}o Clxjoioxv
Vo}kadan one da`xjoa dova `o}o Ofxfocov O}l ]lad-
dahq `h`hvantol }hrhnaneojon nofa da}hfxt dhneon
`o}o rhnhtoron taone-taone ,do‑o‑a`!. Rodo `o}o atx
da`xjoajol rhnex`rxjon Oj _xv‑on dojo` }otx ̀ x}l-
loi. Rodo `o}o }hjonkxtno da fouol chrh`a`ranon
X`ov fan Clotltlof }havane dhneon rhvch`foneon
cg`xnato} A}jo`* ehfvocon fonoc dajocxcon }hr-
hvta rhnx}xnon od`ana}tvo}a rh`hvantolonon* rokoc*
clovok* rhvodajon* rhvcontgvon don co-jhndhv. X`ov
fan Clotltlof dachnoj }hfoeoa A`o` oj `xktoladan
dhneon fhfhvoro lo}aj aktalodno. X`ov kxeo dachnoj
}hfoeoa rhnocjxc* nheovouon* rh`folovx* rh`fouo
lxcx` don rh`a`ran }ravatxoj }hcojaex}.,]afja
Nx‑`on;?1<?;<! Rhnex`rxjonOj _xv‑on dojo` }otx
`x}lloi dhneon qavool ,daojhc! one }o`o vo`rxne
dojo` `o}o chrh`a`ranon X}t`on fan Oiion. Oja
fan Ofa Tlojaf }hfoeoa rhneeonta Xt}`on fan Oiion
thvchnoj }hfoeoa qodla.
Rodo `o}o Clxjoioxv Vo}kadan thvdorot fh-
fhvoro ixqolo one `o}lxv daontovono; Ofdxjjol
Afn Offo}* [oad afn T}ofat* Ofdxjjol Afn X`ov da
@odanol* Ofdxjjol Afn @o}‑xd da Cxiol* Ofdxjjol
Afn O`v Afn O}l da @h}av* ]oadota Oa}ol* Ofx
@x}o oj O}‑ova don @x‑od{ fan Kofoj. ,Voml`od
Dkotnaco; ?11?;4-8! Rovo xjo`o `hnxja} foluo do}ov
to}va A}jo`a rodo `o}o Clxjoioxv Vo}kadan aojol Oj
_xv‑on* O} ]xnnol* _ao}* don Ak`o‑. No`xn `hnx-vxt Voml`ot Dkotnaco dhneon `h`hrhvlotacon lo}aj
aktalod X`ov fan Clotltlof odo do}ov joan ocna Oj
A}ta}ljol otox Oj @o}jolot @xv}ojol don Oj A}tal}on.
Oj A}ta}ljol darocoa }oot `h`xtx} co}x} rhnmxvaon
one dajocxcon fxvxl oto} `okaconno one cacav*
don oj A}tal}on }dojo` co}x} [ocot xntxc `xojjoiotx
qxjxfxlx`. ,Voml`od Dkotnaco; ?11?;4!
Rodo O``ouaol one da`xjoa tolxn 4?
L ,99? @! }o`roa chkotxlon Doxjol O`ouaol da
Do`}ac rodo tolxn ?=6 L ,582@ !* dachnoj }hfoeoa
`o}o rh`-fhntxcon iaql A}jo`a* oatx aj`x ixvx‑ }o‑vaol don lxcx`-lxcx`no one dao`faj dova
dojaj-dojaj one toi}aja. Rodo `o}o ana thjol da`x-
ojoajol rhnoi}avon Oj _xv‑on* rhnex`rxjon lodat}*
`xmxjno aj`x-aj`x Oj _xv‑on don aj`x-aj`x lodat}.
Rovo ixqlolo `hjhtoccon rhvotxvon do}ov one dao`-
faj dova Oj _xv‑on* O} ]xnnol* Ak`o‑ don _ao}* don
`hvhco thvfoea dojo` dxo ojavon fh}ov* ocna Ojavon
Lako{ don Ojavon Avoq.
Ojavon Lako{* one dachnoj }hfoeoa @odvo}ol
Olja Lodat} covhno fhvrheone thexl rodo no}l-no}l
O} ]xnnol. Dojo` fhvrhdorot ̀ hneacxta iaql dxo }o-lofot* Ofdxjjcol Afn X`ov don [oad Afn T}ofat* don
tofaan ixqolo txkxl oatx ]oad Afn @x}oof* ]xjoa-
`on Afn Qo}ov* Xvuol Afn [xfoav* Clovakol Afn [oad*
Xfoadajjol Afn Xtfol* Offoc Afn Ofdxvvol`on don
_o}a` fan @xlo`od.
@odvo}ol Avoq* otox thvchnoj }hfoeoa chjg`-
rgc oj Vo‑a* covhno thvrhneovxl ̀ o}ovocot fovx don
ixqolono mhndhvxne `hneexnocon qao}. Dojo`
iaql `hvhco `hneacxta iaql }olofot Ofdxjjol Afn
@o}‑xd don tofaan Afvola` on Nocclo‑a* }hdonecon
dova cojoneon ]aol dachnoj A`o` Koiov oj ]lodaq.
Rodo `o}o Offo}}aol dachnoj }hfoeoa
`o}o ch`o}on dhneon rhvch`foneon chfxdooon
don aj`x rhnehtolxon dhneon `xnmxjno ehvocon
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 89
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
rhn-thvkh`olon fhvoeo` aj`x dova fhvfoeoa folo}o.
Aj`x toi}av* Aj`x Lodat}* aj`x iaql* aj`x x}lxj iaql
don datxja} rxjojol catof-catof dojo` loj ixvx‑ iaql.
Ixqolo ]xnna thvfoea dojo` dxo chjg`rgc fh}ov oc-
jna Olja Vo‑a da Avoq one datgcgla gjhl Ofx Lonaiol
don Olja Lodat} da da Lako{ one datgcgla @ojac Afnx
Ono}. Dojo` rhvch`foneonno `xnmxj `od{lof-
`od{lof ]xnna don ]aol one fh}ov }hrhvta Lonoia*
@ojaca* ]oiaa don Lonfoja dova cojoneon ]xnna }hvto
A`o`aol* [oadaol* don A}`oajjaol dova cojoneon
]aol.
Rovo aj`xuon `xjoa `h`fanmonecon }h}-
xotx }hmovo `hndojo`. Rhnecokaon xntxc `h`fxot
cohdol-cohdol xntxc `hnhtorcon lxcx` dhneon
`hnmovano dova no}l. X}olo `h`fxot aj`x X}lxj
Iaql xntxc `h`rhvcxot lxcx`-lxcx` one thjol
rhvnol dacxtarcon dova rovo a`o` `od{lof. ]hrhvta
oro one thjol dacxtar rovo rhneacxt Ofx lonaiol dova
@xuotlo‑. Rhvanta} rhnx}xnon rhnhjataon don coh-dol-cohdol aj`x dojo` }xotx cx`rxjon thv}hndava
aojol A`o` @xlo``od fan Adva} O} ]oiaa dojo`
Ov Va}ojol. Xroo ana daacxta rovo xjo`o }h}xdolno
dhneon xroo `hnx}xn* `hnh`rxvnocon don
`hn}a}th`ota}o}aconno. @hnxvxt Oja Lo}fxjjol
rhnecokaon rovo xjo`o dojo` X}lxj Iaql ̀ hjojxa taeo
`gdhj* ocna; ,Oja Lo}fxjjol ; tadoc odo tolxn ;9-??!
Rhvto`o* @htgdh cox` @xtoccoja`an otox cox`
]oiaa* `hjojxa rhnhjataon cohdol }hmovo jgea} don
`hnhtorconno fhvdo}ovcon chcxoton ojo}on jgeaco
don noqj* tadoc thvacot chrodo }hcth thvthntx don toc thvrhneovxl gjhl lxcx` ixvx‑ thvthntx. @htgdh ana
daacxta gjhl }hfoeaon fh}ov olja X}lxj ]oiaaol
}hrhvta; Oj @x}tooio covo Ofx Lo`ad Oj Elg{oja*
Oj @ol}xj covo Ioclvxddan @xlo``od fan X`ov
Ov Vo{a* Oj Alco`* Ofxj Lo}on Oj O`ada3 Chdxo*
@htgdh Lonoiaol `hjojxa rhnhjataon cohdol-coh-
dol dado}ovcon cxtaron `o}ojol `o}ojol ixvx‑ rovo
a`o` ̀ od{lof. Orofajo cohdol fhvthntoneon dhneon
`o}ojol ixvx‑* `oco cohdol thv}hfxt daxfol don
dathtorcon }h}xoa chlhndoc ixvx‑. Rhnhtoron rgcgc
fhvdo}ovcon ixvx‑no dacxtar dova a`o`-a`o` `hv-hco. Catof `hvhco jhfal fonoc `h`xot `o}ojol
ixvx‑* }hrhvta Ioclvxj A}jo` covo Oja fan @xlo`od
Oj Fo{doua* Oj @onov covo Ofdxjjol fan Ol`od On
No}oia3 Chtaeo* @htgdh mo`rxvon `hjojxa rhnhjataon
cohdol-cohdol don `hnkhjo}con ojo}on-ojo}onno
}hrhvta; Toncalxj X}lxj covo ]lodvx} ]ovaol*
Ko`xj Kouona covo Tokxddan Oj ]xfxca Oj ]oiaa*
Ot Tlovav covo Oj co`oj fan Oj Lx`on Oj Lonoia*
Oj @xuoioqot covo Ofx A}loq Oj ]otafa* Av}odxj
Iolxj Ajo Tolqaqaj Loq `an Aj`a X}lxj covo @x-
lo``od fan Oja ]oxacona* X}lxj Iaql covo ]oacl
@xlo``od Lxdjgva.
]hthjol `o}o chh`o}on Doxjol Offo}xol
jxjxl jontoc covhno fhvfoeoa rhv}gojon thvatgvaoj don
rgjata}* aj`x iaql `xjoa `hvg}gt rhvch`foneno.
Rovo ixqolo lono `hjocxcon aktalod iaoj `od{lof
dhneon `hnexvoacon `o}ojol-`o}ojol one thjol
daaktalodcon gjhl a`o` `od{lof* `h`fhvacon jheata-
`o}a don kx}taiaco}a chrodo lxcx` one thjol odo don
`hntovkalcon dojaj-dojaj dova rhndorot one fhvfhdo.
Clojaiol-clojaiol A}jo` lono `hnkoda rhndxcxne
`od{lof one }xdol odo don loca` `hneacxta `od-
{lof vh}`a don tadoc fhvaktalod. Rodo rhv`xjoon ofod
chh`rot lakvaol da`ocjx`otcon da cojoneon ixqolo
}xnna foluo rantx aktalod thjol thvtxtxr don `xjoa
fhvch`fone fad‑ol don clxvoiot }hvto toqjad. ,Voml-
`ot Dkot`aco* ?11?;5!
@o}o ch`hvg}gton jo`fot joxn `xjoa `hne-
lajone dhneon ̀ xmxjno ehfvocon dova Afn To`aol
don `xvadno Afnx _oa` oj Kox{aol one `xjoa
`h`hvonea clxvoiot* fad‑ol }hvto octai `hneonkxvcon
rh`olo`on }ovaot dhneon rhnexnocon ocoj otox
dhneon coto joan `h`rhvtoko` aktalod. ,Voml`otDkot`aco* ?11? ; 5!
Rhvch`foneon Lxcx` A}jo` da Andgnh}ao
datondoa rhvdhfoton }hvx one `hjolavcon dxo thgva
ocna thgva Vhmhrtag an Mg`rjh|x don Thgva Vhmhr-
tah. Rodo ouoj ofod ch ?1* uomono rh`acavon one
`gngrgja }oot atx dacojoneon gvahntoja}t aojol foluo
da Nx}ontovo fhvjocx Lxcx` A}jo`* rgjatac rhvodajon
rxn da-rhvjocxcon Lxcx` A}jo` xntxc gvone A}jo`.
@o}o atx gjhl rovo olja one `xnmxj ch`xdaon dach-
noj dhneon no`o `o}o Vhmhrtag an Mg`rjh|x Thgva
Vhmhrtag an Mg`rjh|x ana `hnotocon foluo }hjo`o fxcon }hfojacno dorot dafxctacon* lxcx` rvafx`a
acxt oeo`o* covhno kaco `h`hjxc oeo`o lovx} kxeo
`hneacxta lxcx`-lxcx` oeo`o atx dhneon }htao.
Kaco }xotx `o}ovocot `h`hjxc }xotx oeo`o thvthn-
tx* `oco lxcx` odot `o}ovocot atx odojol lxcx`
oeo`o one darhjxcno. Kaco odo loj-loj one `h-
na`rone* `oco daoneeor }hfoeoa rhvchmxojaon otox
rhna`roneon dova lxcx` oeo`o one thjol dath`x-
con dojo` ch}hjxvxlon. Gvone A}jo` da Landao Fh-
jondo thjol `hjocxcon vhmhrtah Lxcx` A}jo` dojo`
ch}hjxvxlonno don }hfoeoa }otx ch}otxon vhmhrtag anmg`rjh|x. Macoj focoj thgva ana dova rhndorot ]gjg-
`gn Ch{hv don dadxcxne gjhl JUM Yon dhn Fhve.
Tlhgvah Vhmhrtag an Mg`rjh|ax `hndorot
tontoneon dova Mlva}taon ]ngxmc Lxvevgnkh* dojo`
fxcx lxcx`no Dh Otkhlhv} don Lht Eokgjond* ao
fhvrhndorot foluo one fhvjocx foea gvone A}jo`
da chdxo dohvol atx fxconjol Lxcx` A}jo`* thtora
lxcx` odot. Chdojo` lxcx` odot atx `h`one thjol
`o}xc rhneovxl Lxcx` A}jo`* thtora rhneovxl atx
fovx `h`rxnoa chcxoton lxcx` cojox thjol fhnov-
fhnov dathva`o gjhl lxcx` odot. Thgva ana dadxcxne
gjhl Dh jo Rgvth*. Mgvnhja} yon Ygjjhnlgyhn* Thv Loov
F{n* Rahrhv} }hvto dajoc}onocon dojo` rvocthc gjhl
`xvad don rhneacxtno. ,Ofdxj @xtlgjaf ?1<4;=2!
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 85
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
Jondo}on lxcx` dova Tlhgva Vhmhrtah one }xdol
dach`fonecon }hmovo }a}th`ota} rodo rhv`xjoon
ofod \\ ana don dajoc}onocon `hjojxa ]tf. ?1=? Ng.
82 Qg. ]tf. ?1=5 Ng. ??9* odojol ro}oj ?=4 oot 6
Uht gr dh ]toot}anvalmltane yon Nhd. Andah ,A.]! one
fhvfxna; Hyhnuhj }toon dh fxvehvjakch vhmlt{ochn
tx}}mlhn @glo``hdonhn* andahn lxn odotvhmlt dot
`hdhfvhnet* thchnna}-nh`ane yon dhn egd}dahn}taehn
vhmlthv* yggv {ggyhv naht fak gvdgnnontah ondhv} a}
fhroojd . Qone khjo}no kaco thvkoda rhvcovo rhvdoto
ontovo }h}o`o gvone A}jo`* `oco ocon da}hjh}oacon
gjhl loca` oeo`o A}jo` kaco thjol dathva`o gjhl lx-
cx` odot `hvhco }hkoxl tadoc dathntxcon gjhl joan
gvdgnnontah.,@glo``od Doxd Oja! Thgva ana kxeo
`hndorot tontoneon dova fhfhvoro rh`acav Lxcx`
A}jo`* one fhvrhndorot foluo thgva ana `h`rxnoa
`oc}xd rgjatac xntxc `h`otolcon rhvjouonon fone-
}o Andgnh}ao thvlodor chcxo}oon rh`hvantol cgjgnaoj
one dakauoa gjhl Lxcx` A}jo`. ,@glo``od DoxdOja 3?5!
Thgva `xnmxj chrxv`xcoon fhv}o`oon dhn-
eon }xo}ono rgjatac }oot atx* thv`o}xc rgjatac lxcx`
`xjoa `h`rhv}gojcon vx`x}on ro}oj 58 don ?21 V.V
]tf ?<88 Ng. 6. ]hfoeoa a`rjh`hnto}a dova onkxvon
rovo gvahntoja}t one dg`anon }oot atx `oco daodocon
rhvxfolon rhvotxvon rhvxndoneon da Landao Fhjondo.
Gvahntoja}t one dg`anon }oot }hdone eaot-eaotno
`hjocxcon }txda lxcx` odot.
Lxcx` odot }oot atx daovtacon }hfoeoa ‚ Dot
}o`hn}thj yon yggv anjondhv} ,……! ehjdhndh eh-dvoe-}vhehj}* dah ondhv{akd} }onmtah lhffhn ,doovg`
‚vhmlt! hn ondhv{akd} an gneh-mgdaiamhhvdhn }toot yhv-
chhvhn ,doovg` “odot!.‐ ,ch}hjxvxlon rhvotxvon one
fhvjocx fxot gvone Andgnh}ao o}ja* one rodo }otx ra-
loc `h`rxnoa }onc}a ,gjhl covhno atx “lxcx`! don
raloc joan fhvodo dojo` chodoon tadoc dacgdaiaco}a
,gjhl covhno atx ; odot! ,Yon Ygjjhnlgyhn; ?1?<;?4!
Thgva Vhmhrtah H|at `hvxrocon fhntxc
cvatac rocov Lxcx` Odot* Lo{oavan thgva vhmhrtah
h|at `oc}xdno odojol foluo thgva vhmhrtah lovx}
chjxov dova thgva lxcx` no}agnoj Andgnh}ao covhno fhvthntoneon dhneon XXD ?148 }hvto fhvthntoneon
dhneon Oj-_xvon don ]xnnol Vo}xj. Rodo tolxn ?182
dojo` Cgnrvhn}a Dhrovth`hn Chloca`on da ]ojotaeo
Lo{oavan* `hneovolcon }xotx onoja}o don rondoneon
oeov Lxcx` A}jo` atx fhvjocx da Andgnh}ao* tadoc
fhvdo}ov rodo lxcx` odot. Fhvjocxno Lxcx` A}-
jo` xntxc gvone Andgnh}ao }xroo da}ondovcon rodo
rhnxnkxcon rhvotxvon rhvxndone-xndoneon }hndava.
]o`o }hrhvta lxcx` odot }hjo`o ana one do}ov ̀ h`-
rhvjocxcon lxcx` odot atx }hndava aojol fhvdo}ovcon
}gcgneon rhvotxvon rhvxndone-xndoneon.
Dojo` fxcxno thntone Lxcx` Chchjxov-
eoon No}agnoj* Lo{oavan fhvrondoneon foluo thgva
vhmhr}a Mlva}taon ]ngxmc Lxvevgnkh atx }hfoeoa thgva
afja}. Xnecoron Lo{oavan datxkxcon rxjo chrodo tadoc
}olno joea ro}oj ?=4 ,6! A]* dakodacon do}ov rhn-
eotxvon lxcx` da Andgnh}ao. Cvatac joan daontovono
dajocxcon ]oxta Tlojaf `hjojxa thgva one da}hfxt-
no Thgva Vhmhrtag o Mgntvovag. Exno `hndxcxne
thgvano* fhjaox `hneh`xcocon iocto da fhfhvoro
dohvol one daoneeor }oneot cxot odotno da Andgnh-
}ao one thvjalot chmhndhvxneon oeov tlhgvah vhmhrtah
M. ]ngxmc Lhvevgnkh atx dafojac. Da Omhl* `o}o-
vocot `hnelhndoca oeov }goj-}goj rhvcouanon don
`hnehnoa lovto thv`o}xc chuova}on daotxv `hnxvxt
Lxcx` A}jo`. Lxcx` odot otox xromovo odot fovx
fhvjocx cojox tadoc fhvthntoneon dhneon Lxcx` A}-
jo`.
Dh`acaon rxjo da @anonecofox* dohvol one
chdxdxcon odotno }oneot cxot thvdorot chthntxon
one theo}-theo} foluo odot atx fovx dorot fhvjocx
cojox fhv}ondov chrodo oeo`o* }hfoeoa`ono daxne-
corcon dojo` rhrotol don rhtatal* daontovono; Odot fhv}hnda }ovo‑* ]ovo‑ fhv}hnda catofxjjol* ]ovo‑
`hneoto* odot `h`ocoa Qone thvtaneea chdxdxcon-
no dojo` lxcx` `hvhco odojol Catofxjjol ocna
Oj-_xv‑on* }hfoeoa }x`fhv lxcx` don xromovo don
}heojo-eojono. Oeo`o A}jo` `hvxrocon th`rot fhv-
}ondovno odot one }oneot cxot dojo` `o}ovocot
@anonecofox. Loj }hvxro thvdorot da dohvol Vaox*
Ko`fa* Rojh`fone* Fhnecxjx don Jo`rxne. Jhfal
jonkxt ]oxta Tlojaf fhvrhndorot foluo ‚ ]hcovone
one odo dojo` lxfxneon Lxcx` Odot don Lxcx`
A}jo` aojol Vhmhrtah o Mgntvovag 0 lxcx` odot fovx fhvjocx cojox tadoc fhvthntoneon dhneon Lxcx` A}-
jo`. Dhneon dh`acaon dojo` kauo `o}ovocot* thjol
`hnone kauo Rh`fxcoon don Ro}oj 61 Xndone-Xn-
done Do}ov ?148 don thjol `hneojolcon ro}oj ?=4
oot ,6 !Anda}mlh ]toot}vhehjane atx‐.
@. Doxd Oja fhvrhndorot foluo da Andgnh}ao
Lxcx` A}jo` odo one fhvjocx }hmovo ngv`otai don
odo rxjo one fhvjocx }hmovo igv`oj xvada}. Lxcx`
A}jo` one fhvjocx }hmovo ngv`otai odojol foeaon
dova Lxcx` A}jo` one `h`rxnoa }onc}a ch`-
}ovocoton orofajo dajoneeov. Rhjoc}onoon don cxottadocno }onc}a ch`o}ovocoton atx thveontxne rodo
cxot jh`olno ch}odovon x`ot A}jo` ocon ngv`o-
ngv`o lxcx` one fhvaiot ngv`otai atx. Lxcx` A}jo`
one fhvjocx }hmovo ngv`otai atx daontovono; }lgjot
don rxo}o. Lo`rav }h`xo foeaon Lxcx` A}jo` one
`hneotxv lxfxneon `hnx}ao dhneon Txlon* fhv}aiot
ngv`otai. Lxcx` A}jo` one fhvjocx }hmovo igv`oj
xvada} odojol foeaon Lxcx` A}jo` one ̀ hnkoda fo-
eaon lxcx` rg}atai fhvdo}ovcon otox covhno datxnkxc
gjhl rhvotxvon rhvxndone-xndoneon }hrhvta rhvcoua-
non* uocoi* don }hfoeoano.
Hvo Ejgfoja}o}a da}h`ovoccon chlodavon
jh`foeo-jh`foeo rhvhcgng`aon one fhvromx xntxc
`hnex`rxjcon chxntxneon }hfonoc `xnecan foea
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 8<
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
rovo rhjoc}onono. Da ovhno rhv}oaneon one }h`o-
can chtot atx `xnmxj jh`foeo-jh`foeo rhvhcgng`aon
one fhvjotov fhjocone choeo`oon* uojoxrxn ch-
`xdaon jhfal da`gtayo}a chxntxneon fa}na} }h`oto.
Jh`foeo rhvhcgng`aon one fhvnxon}o choeo`oon
atx daontovno fhvgrhvo}a fhvdo}ovcon rvan}ar }o-
vaol A}jo`. Rvan}ar }ovaol `hnehdhron }havane dhn-
eon rh}otno rhnecokaon A}jo`am ]txdah} thvclx}x}
hcgng`a A}jo` da dxnao Anthvnotagnoj.
Dgctvan hcgng`a A}jo` `xnmxj rodo fof \\
da`oc}xdcon xntxc `h`fonexn }a}th` hcgnga`a
one }h}xoa dhneon uolx , A}jo`am ]mhrtxvh! don
tvoda}a one `hjanecxrano. Daouoja rodo tolxn
?142on don fovx rodo taeo dhcodh ch`xdaon cgn-
}hr atx `xnmxj chrhv`xcoon da fhvfoeoa nheovo.
]hcovone jhfal dova 92 nheovo `h`fxco fonc A}jo`
dhneon ̀ hnouovcon }a}th` ivhh anthvh}t one da}hfxt
}hfoeoa ojthvnotai dova fonc dhneon }a}th` fxneo.
Rhvhch`foneon dgctvan ana fhv`xjo dova fhnxo Andaodon dadxcxne `g`hn rhntane dojo` co}x} fgg`ane
`anoc da tolxn ?152on. Rodo tolxn ?158 dadavacon
A}jo`am Dhyhjgr`hnt Fonc dhneon `oc}xd xntxc
`h`fhvacon fontxon foea rhvch`foneon nheovo
fhvch`fone `x}ja` dhneon ranko`on tonro fxneo.
Ch`xdaon da`xjoajol rhvfoacon anivo }tvxctxv hcg-
ng`a A}jo`* }hcgjol-}hcgjol fa}na} A}jo` dadavacon
da }hkx`jol nheovo* fheatx rxjo dhneon rhnhvfaton
kxvnoj hcgng`a A}jo` don rhvth`xon vhexjhv jh`foeo
dgngv. ]hkoc atx hcgng`a A}jo` dano`roccon }hfoeoa
da}arjan ocodh`a}. Va}ht daeojoccon totcojo `xnmxj`o}ojol fhvfoeoa `gdhj orjaco}a dova hcgng`a A}jo`
thv`o}xc }a}vth` vhtvafx}a don fonc A}jo` `hnkoda
da}cxv}x} fovx. ,Ta`xv Cxvon; ?115;==5-==<! Fhfhv-
oro olja lxcx` hcgng`a don lxcx` A}jo` ch`xdaon
`hvx`x}con cgn}hr do}ov fonc one fhvdo}ovcon
rodo otxvon }ovaot A}jo`. ]hkoc tolxn ?152-on* rhv-
foncon }ovaol thjol `xnmxj }hfoeoa }xotx chnotoon
one fovx dojo` fa}na} chxoneon Anthvno}agnoj. ,]xj-
ton Vhn ]koldhana; 6226;<!
Da fadone hcgng`a rhvch`foneon rh}ot
Lxcx` A}jo` aojol dadojo` orjaco}a lo}aj igv`xjo}adgctvan hcgng`a A}jo` dojo` cgnthc} ̀ gdhvn ,Ivonc
H Ygehj ond ]o`xhj Loh}; ?61-?5<!* one daorjaco-
}acon dojo` fadone rhvfoncon* o}xvon}a* ovfatvo}h*
rhneodoaon* Ianonmh* vhc}odono }hvto ehnhvoj tvodh.
Fonc }ovaol }hfoeoa jh`foeo anthv`h-
dao}a `hjocxcon cheaotonno fhvdo}ovcon fhfhvoro
rvan}ar one dachnoj dojo` Lxcx` A}jo`. Fonc
}ovaol thvcodone fhvchdxdxcon }hfoeoa `xdlovaf
,rhnehjgjo dono!* }ovac ,rh}hvto dojo` kgant yhntxvh!
don thvcodone rxjo }hfoeoa rhnkxoj ,dojo` cgntvoc
`xvofolol! don rhnkxoj ko}o }hvto fhfhvoro chdxdx-
con lxcx` joan }hmovo thgvata} uojoxrxn fhjx` fa}o
daa`rjh`hnto}acon. Fonc }ovaol }hfoeoa foeaon dova
}a}th` rhvfoncon no}agnoj* rhvfoncon }ovaol txndxc
rodo otxvon x`x` thntone rhvfoncon dojo` lxcx`
rhvfoncon no}agnoj. Dojo` rvocthcno thvcodone
rhvfoncon }ovaol `h`ocoa otxvon-otxvon one
}xdol jo{a` darocoa dojo` dxnao rhvfoncon foac
rvgdxc lxcx` no}agnoj `oxrxn jh`foeo lxcx`
fovot one thvx} darocoa dojo` rvocthc.
RHNXTXR
Lxcx` A}jo` }hmovo eova} fh}ov `hnehnoj
dxo `omo` }x`fhv lgcx`* rhvto`o }x`fhv lxcx`
one fhv}aiot ‚noqja‐don }x`fhv lxcx` one fhv}a-
iot ‚oqja‐. ]x`fhv lxcx` noeja aojol Oj _xvon
don O}}xnnol*}hdonecon }x`fhv lxcx` oqja aojol
x}olo `hnh`xcon lxcx` dhneon `hnexto`ocon
gjol racav dhneon fhvoeo` `htgdono. ]x`fhv lx-
cx` one `hnexto`ocon gjol rachv ana thvcoat hvot
dhneon a}tajol ‚iaql‐don rhvch`foneon rhnhvoron
Lxcx` A}jo` dafhvfoeoa cou}on dxnao* toc thvch-
mxoja Andgnh}ao. ]x`fhv lxcx` ana rxjojol one kxeo fhvrhvon fonoc dojo` rhvfhdoon rhndorot da
ontovo olja lxcx` A}jo` `hnonecxt fhvoeo` o}rhc
chladxron don `hna`fxjcon `od{of-`od{of Lx-
cx` A}jo`. Rodo lochcotno rhvfhdoon `od{of atx
da}hfofcon rhvfhdoon aktakod-x}lxj iael; rhvfhdoon
thcna} rh`olo`on* chrhntaneon rvafoda otox chjg`-
rgc thvthntx dojo` o}rhc rgjatac* }hvto rhvfhdoon
cxojato} }hvto coro}ato} anthjhctxoj rodo `o}ane-`o-
}ane rhndava don rhneacxtno. Rhvfhdoon `od{of-
`od{of Lxcx` A}jo`* tadocjol `od{of-`od{of atx
chjxov dova ]ovaot A}jo` }hjo`o `od{of-`od{ofatx `hvxkxc Oj-_xv‑on don O}-]xnnol dojo` X}lxj
Iaqlno. Rhvfhdoon rhndorot dojo` `hvx`x}con
lxcx` da}hfofcon fhfhvoro ojo}on. Ojo}on thv}hfxt
dorot da}a`rxjcon rodo }otx ojo}on xto`o one dorot
`hno`rxne ojo}on joanno oatx rhvfhdoon `hvhco
dojo` `h`olo`a dojaj }ovo‑* Oj _xv‑on `oxrxn
Lodat}. Da }o`rane atx daontovo xjo`o thjol odo one
rxno rhndorot }hfhjx` `hnhjool dojaj don rhnmov-
aon }hvto rhnhjolon dojaj ch`xdaon lono dojo`
voneco x}olo `hnexotcon rhndorotno. ]atxo}ano
`hnkoda thvfojac }ovaol one rodo do}ovno `hnkoda}x`fhv don rhnxntxn dojo` `hvx`x}con lxcx` *
`hnkoda fhvixne}a }hfoeoa rhnexot rhndorot one
`xnmxj. Cgnda}a }h`omo` ana `xnmxj covhno rhn-
eovxl rgjata} one daonxtno otox covhno odot a}taodot
one `hvhco oneeor dorot da}xoacon dhneon lxcx`
A}jo`. Lxcx` A}jo` daontovono `h`xot fhfhvoro
chthntxon one `hvg`foc fhfhvoro ch-thntxon tvoda-
}a rvo A}jo` rodo `o}ovocot Ovof Kolajaol-o}otlav
oj ouuojan `atgjgea rvo A}jo` ro}o `o}ovocot Ovof
Cxng don tvoda}a }hcatovno
DOITOV RX]TOCO
O I{hh* ,?188!. Gxtjanh} gi @xlo``hdon Jou* G|-
igvd Xnayhv}at Rvh}}* Jgndgn
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 81
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
O @xcta Oja* ,?152!. Cxjaol Oeo`o A}jo` da ]hcgjol
]toi don Cg`ondg Onecoton Xdovo da Jh`-
fone* Nado* Qgeocovto
O O{a} @o}lxva* Cxjaol X}lxj Iaql* Xnlo}* Kg`-
fone
Ofdxj @xtlgjaf* ,?1<4!. Chdxdxcon Lxcx` A}-
jo` Dhuo}o Ana da Andgnh}ao* Fano Aj`x*
]xvofoo
Ofdxj _olav Oj-Foedoda* ,?15=!. Oj Iovq Fov Oj
Iavoq* D}v Oj-Otoq Oj-Koddol* Fhavxt*
Ofdxj Uollof Clojjoi* Aj`x X}lxjaj Iaql* Oj @okja}j
O‑oj Oj Andgnh}ao jaj Docuotaj A}jo`aol*
Ofdxj Uollof Clojjoi* ,?1<8!. Coadol-Coadol Lx-
cx` A}jo`* Ygj.A * thvkh`olon Tgjmlol @on-
}ghv dcc* Va}ojol* Fondxne
Ofx O‑jo Oj @oxdxda* ,?1<9!. Do}ov-do}ov Oqadol
A}jo`* thvkh`olon* Hjuan ]avheov* @hdao
do‑uol* Kocovto
Ol`od Lo}on* ,?1<4!. Rantx Aktalod }hfhjx` Thv-txtxr* thvkh`olon Oeol Eovnoda* Rx}toco*
fondxne
Ol`od Vgiaq* ,?11<!. Lxcx` A}jo` da Andgnh}ao*
Voko Evoiandg Rhv}odo* Kocovto
Oja lo}fxjjol* X}lxjxt yTo}va‐ oj A}jo`a* thvkh`o-
lon @xlo``od Tlojaf* Ioc ]ovaol XAA*
Qgeocovto
Mlovjh} La`ouon* ,?118! ‚@hnhvorcon Th`xon Aj-
`aol xntxc @hneaca} Ch`a}canon Rhvon Lx-
cx` dojo` Rh`fonexnon Hcgng`a* Lxcx`
don Rh`fonexnon‐* Ng8 Tolxn \\YHdeov Fgdhnlha`hv* Kgln Fajhy Gdjhjh* Khon M.
Jgyh* ,?1<<!. On Antvgdxmtagn tg tlh Onejg-
O`hvamon Jheoj ]}th`* Vhodane ond Mo}h} *
6 nd hd* Uh}t Rxfja}lane*@ann
Hduovd ]oad* ,?151!. Gvahntoja}`h*Yovtoeh Fggc}*
Vondg` Lgx}h* N.Q
Ivonc H. Ygehj ond ]o`xhj J. Loh}* AAA* A}jo`ah
Jou ond Ianonmh; Vhjaeagn* Va}c ond Vhth-
yo}a* Cjxuhn Jou Anthvnotagnoj Nhdhvjond*
822 R* Mlorthv E.R
L.O.V. Eaff* ,?188!. @glo``hdona}n* Tlh NhuO`hvamon Jafvov* Nhu Qgvc
Lovxn No}xtagn* ,?1<9!. Tlhgjge A}jo`* Ojavon-
ojavon ]hkovol Onoja}o Rhvfondaneon* XA
Rvh}}* Kocovto
Lo{oavan* ,?112!. Lxcx` Chuova}on Fajothvoj `hnx-
vxt _xv‑on don Lodatl* Tanto`o}* Kocovto*
Lx`oada Totoroneov}o* ,?151!. Rhneontov Cxjaol
Ocljoc * Fano Aj`x* ]xvofoo
Aeea L. Oml}ahvn* ,6222!. Anyh}to}a ]ovaol da Ro}ov
@gdoj * Evo`hdao* Kocovto
KND Ondhv}gn* ,?159!. Jou Vhigv` an tlh @x}ja`
Ugvjd * Otljgnh* Jgndgn
Kgh}ghi ]ghf* ,?1<6!. Rhvonon Ojavon Acta{oj dojo`
Rhvch`foneon Ojavon Racavon A}jo *̀ Rx}to-
co Oj Lx}no* Kocovto
@ol`ggd ]lhlofa* ,?18<!. ‚]LAO‐* dojo` Chnnhtl
U. @gveon* A}jo`- Tlh ]tvoaelt Rotl* tlh
Vgnojd Rvh}}
@ol`xd Lo`foja [oq{oq* ,?1<4!. Gvahntoja}`h
don Jotov Fhjocone Rhnxja}onno* thvkh`o-
lon Jxtliah Ofdxjjol A}`oaj* Oj @x}ja`an*
Foneaj
@ovdkgng Vhc}gdarghtvg* ,?118!. ‚ Rh`fanoon Rhn-
dadacon Taneea Lxcx` Dojo` Rh`fonexnon
Koneco Ronkone Chdxo ,RKRT AA!* Lxcx`
don Rh`fonexnon* Ng.= tolxn \\Y
@glo``od Oxd Oja* ,?1<4!. Chdxdxcon Lxcx`
A}ojo` dojo` ]a}th` Lxcx` Andgnh}ao* Va-
}ojol* Kocovto
@xmltov Odo`* ,?11?! ‚ Rhvfondaneon @od{of
dojo` A}jo` Rhv`o}ojolonno‐* Dojo`
Tkxn ]xvo`on ,hd!* Lxcx` A}jo` da Andg-
nh}ao* Rh`acavon don Rvocthc* Vh`oko Rg}-docovo* Fondxne
@xlo``od @x}jhlxddan* ,?111!. @hneexeot
O}xvono}a @gdhvn; @hneokxcon ]xotx
Ojthvnotai Fovx dojo` Rhv}rhctai Lxcx`
A}jo`* thvkh`olon Fxvlon Uavo}xfvoto* Jhn-
thvo* Kocovto
No}vxddan Vo{oc* ,?156!. Dahnxj A}jo *̀ Oj`oovai*
Fondxne
Voml`ot Dkotnaco* ,?11?!. ‚ Rhvch`foneon Aj`x
Iaql da Dxnao A}jo`‐* dojo` Lxcx` A}jo`
da Andgnh}ao* Rhvch`foneon don rh`fhntx-con.* Vho`oko Vg}docovo* Fondxne
Vhnh Doyad ond Klgn M. Fvahvj* ,?15<!. @ogv Jheoj
]}th` an tlh Ugvjd Tgdo* ]thyhn ) ]gn}*
Jgndgn
]olajxn O. No}av* ,?1<2!. Aj`x Cojo`* Rhnehvtaon*
]hkovol don Rhvch`foneonno* Fano Aj`x*
]xvofoo
]otvao Hiihnnda @. [han* ht.oj. ,?114!. Ovfatvo}h A}-
jo` da Andgnh}ao* FO@XA-F@A* Kocovto
]oad ]ofaq* ,?1<9!. Oqadol A}jo *̀ thvkh`olon
@gl. Ofdoa Votlgn* Dargnhegvg* Fondxne]thyhn Yoeg* ,?114!. Jou ond ]gmaht* Rvhntamh Lojj*
N.Q.
]xdav`on Thffo* ,?11=! Rhvch`foneon @xtoclava
Lxcx` A}jo` da O}ao Thneeovo; ]txda Co}x}
Lxcx` Chjxoveo don Rhnecgdaco}aonno*
Mht. A* @a{on* Fondxne
]xjton Vhn ]koldhana* ,6226! ‚ Rhvfoncon ]ovaol
}xotx Ojthvnotai Chfxtxlon Rh`faooon @o-
}ovocot *‐ Kxvnoj Lxcx` Fa}na}* ygj 62
]oadx} ]olov* ,?1<9!. O}o}-o}o} Lxcx` A}jo *̀
Ojx`na* Fondxne
]oacl @ol`gxd ]ojtgxt* ,?195!. A}jo` }hfoeoa
Oqadol don ]ovaol* thvkh`olon Fx}tona
O.Eona don F. Lo`don Oja* Fxjon Fantone*
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 92
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R HV]RHCTAI Ygjx`h \Y Ng. 6 Tolxn 62?2 Hda}a Orvaj
Kocovto
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Cov}adkg Dkgkg}xuovng* Rx}toco* Fondxne
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dojo` Chladxron @onx}ao don Rhvroxton-
no dhneon Afodol* AOAN ]xnon Cojakoeo*
Qgeocovto
T.@. Lo}fa O}l-]laddahq* ,?=<? L!. ]ovaot A}jo`
@hnkouof Tontoneon [o`on* Radotg Dah}
Notoja} AOAN ]xnon Cojakoeo Qgeocovto
Dano`a}o}a Rhngv`oon Lxcx` A}jo` Ofd. ]lg`od 9?
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Iaql* Fxjon Fantone
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Mlorthv an tlh Rgjatam} gi @x}ja` Adhntat*
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U. @gnteg`hv Uott* @xlo``od; Rvgrlht ond
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G|igvd