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CDA 4630/5636: Embedded Systems
Introduction
Course Requirements
Grading Criteria
Course Policies
Textbook
Embedded Systems Basics
Course OutlineCDA 4630/CDA 5636 – Spring 2016 Copyright © 2016 Prabhat Mishra
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Instructor: Dr. Prabhat MishraAssociate Professor, CISE
http://www.cise.ufl.edu/~prabhat Room: CSE 568 Email: [email protected] Phone: 352 505 1880 Office hours: Wednesday 1:55 – 3:50 PM
Brief HistorySince 2004 at University of Florida.Held positions in Texas Instruments, Intel,
Motorola (Freescale), Synopsys, and … Published four books, 100+ research articles, …
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Embedded SystemsTwo types of computing
Desktop – produced millions/yearEmbedded – billions/year
Non-Embedded SystemsPCs, servers, and notebooks
Embedded Systems – the future of computing! Automobiles, entertainment, communication, aviation,
handheld devices, medical, ….
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Embedded SystemsAutomobiles
Handheld
Medical
AirplanesMilitary
Entertainment
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Why should I take this course?To understand a new area
Intersection of architecture, OS and compilers Includes software and hardware (digital + analog) Covers a wide variety of optimization objectives
area, power, performance, energy, temperature
To pursue research in this fieldInterdisciplinary – many job openings …
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OS
Architecture
Compiler
Subject Areas
Reconfigurable
Embedded
Real-Time
Computing Paradigms
Analog/Digital
Hardware
Software
Domains
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LecturesCourse Page
http://www.cise.ufl.edu/class/cda5636sp15/ Visit regularly for updates and announcements
Lectures Mon, Wed and Fri 10:40 – 11:30 AM NEB 102
Class participation – 5% of overall score On campus students are expected to attend
classes and actively participate in discussions.
Please be on time
eLearning website will be used for assignments https://lss.at.ufl.edu
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Course Requirements No graduate levels courses necessary
Required Courses CDA 3101 - Computer Organization
Good programming knowledge in C, C++ or Java
Necessary to do well in the course projects
Each project can be approximately 500 lines of code. Therefore, you should be comfortable designing and debugging large programs.
Please check with the instructor if you do not have the required pre-requisites
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When to consider dropping it?Subjective tests
You are not interested in learning!
Like to collaborate in individual assignments!
You do not have the required background Courses: computer organization and programming
The name “software” or “hardware” scares you
Need a specific grade in this course to graduate but not willing to put the required effort
Objective testDo not score at least 50% in the test (will be
provided) 9
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Grading Criteria Homeworks – 15%
Two HWs for CDA4630 and three for CDA5636
Projects – 20% Two projects for CDA4630 and three for CDA5636
Two Exams Midterm – 25% Comprehensive Final – 35%
Participation – 5%Grading will be on the curve
Separate curves for CDA 4630 and CDA 5636 top 15-20% A, next 15-20% A-, …
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How do I get an “A” grade?Make sure you are in top 15-20% (overall 90+)
How to be in top 15-20% ?Make sure you have the required background
Attend every lecture and actively participate in discussions
Come prepared for the next lectureMake sure you understood the previous lectures completely
Use both TA and instructor office hours effectivelyUse office hour for technical discussions (not for “re-grading only”)
Solve homeworks and projects on your own
Another perspective:
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Lectures + HWs + Projects Read Materials + Understand Examples Discussions+ …AB+B A-B-
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Course PoliciesNo grades for late submissions.Complete homeworks/projects on your own.
“Zero Tolerance” policy towards cheating
Exams are closed book/notes.Crib sheet allowed -- hand-written notesCalculator (cell phone not allowed)
Re-grading requests within a week.One week from when it is available (posted in eLearning).
Attendance, Cell Phones, …http://www.cise.ufl.edu/class/cda5636sp16/
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Tentative Schedule Assigned Due
Homework 1: Jan 27 Feb 03 (11:30 PM)
Project 1: Feb 03 Feb 17 (11:30 PM)
Homework 2: Feb 17 Feb 24 (11:30 PM)
Midterm: Mar 14 10:40 – 11:30 PM in NEB 102
EDGE students can take the midterm between Mar 23 – 24
Homework 3: Feb 24 Mar 09 (11:30 PM)
Project 2: Mar 09 Mar 30 (11:30 PM)
Project 3: Mar 30 Apr 13 (11:30 PM)
Final: Apr 28 12:30 – 2:30 PM in NEB 102
EDGE students can take the final between Apr 28 – 29 so that exam reaches the instructor by Apr 30, 4:00 PM (EST)
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Textbook No required textbooks
Materials will be from various books (approx. coverage ) P. Marwedel, Embedded System Design (40%) W. Wolf, High Performance Embedded Computing (15%) F. Vahid and T. Givargis, Embedded System Design (10%) M. Chen …, System-Level Validation, (10%) W. Wang …, Dynamic Reconfiguration in Real-Time Systems (10%)Various sources (15%)
If you want to buy, try one of the first two books
ReferencesConferences/Journals
DAC, ICCAD, …, ACM TODAES/TECS, IEEE TCAD/TVLSI Web Resources: www.embedded.com, www.eet.com, …
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MotivationMotivation Examples
Block Diagram
Characteristics
Major Challenges Low Power Design Complexity Verification Complexity Time-to-Market Security and Reliability
Design Automation Opportunities
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Example: Digital Camera
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Components of Embedded Systems
Analog Digital Analog
Memory
Coprocessors
Controllers
Converters
Processor
Interface
Software(Application Programs)
ASIC
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Components of Embedded Systems Analog Components
Sensors, Actuators, …
Digital Components Processor, Coprocessors, Memories, Buses Controllers, Application Specific Hardwares
Converters Analog-to-Digital (A2D), D2A, …
Software Operating systems Middleware Applications (MPEG-x, GSM-kernel, …)
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Example: BMW 745i
2, 000, 000 LOC
Windows CE OS
53 8-bit P
11 32-bit P
7 16-bit P
Multiple Networks
Buggy!
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© 2006 Elsevier
Electronic Devices in Automobiles
Lee [Lee02b] © 2002 IEEE
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MotivationMotivation Examples
Block Diagram
Characteristics
Major Challenges Low Power Design Complexity Verification Complexity Time-to-Market Security and Reliability
Design Automation Opportunities
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Simplified Block Diagram
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Analog DigitalConverter
Embedded Computing (Processors, Memories, …)
Display
ActuatorsSensors
Digital AnalogConverter
Environment
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MotivationMotivation Examples
Block Diagram
Characteristics
Major Challenges Low Power Design Complexity Verification Complexity Time-to-Market Security and Reliability
Design Automation Opportunities
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Characteristics Application Specific
Applications are known a priori Optimize for cost, area, power, and performance
Digital Signal Processing Signals are represented digitally
Reactive Reacts to changes in the system’s environment
Real-time Compute certain tasks before deadline
Distributed, Networked, …
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Characteristics Reliability
Probability of system working correctly provided that is was working at t=0
Maintainability Probability of system working correctly d time
units after error occurred.
Safety Not harmful for user
Security Confidential and authentic communication
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Traditional Design ChallengesLow cost
Light weight
Reliability
Low power
Portable
Complexity
Ease of use
Security
Digital/analog requirements
Shrinking time-to-market
Short product lifetime
Real-time processing
Inherent concurrency
HW/SW co-design
Network friendly
Reliability
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MotivationMotivation Examples
Block Diagram
Characteristics
Major Challenges Low Power Design Complexity Verification Complexity Time-to-Market Security and Reliability
Design Automation Opportunities
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Reducing Energy Consumption
[www.transmeta.com]
Pentium Crusoe
Running the same multimedia application.
Infrared Cameras (FLIR) can be used to detect thermal distribution.
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MotivationMotivation Examples
Block Diagram
Characteristics
Major Challenges Low Power Design Complexity Verification Complexity Time-to-Market Security and Reliability
Design Automation Opportunities
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Design Complexity
Exponential Growth – doubling of transistors every couple of years
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1,000,000,000
Nu
mb
er
of
Tra
nsi
sto
rs
100,000,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
100,000
10,000
10001970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
4004 8008
8080
8086
286
386
486
Pentium 4
Pentium II
Pentium
Pentium III
NVIDIA NV30 GPU
Sony Graphic SynthesizerNVIDIA NV40
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
Intel
IntelIntel
Intel
Sony Graphic Synthesizer
IBM Power4
NVIDIA NV25 GPU
NVIDIA NV20 GPU
AMD Athlon XP
Intel Centrino
NVIDIA NV35 GPU
ATI Radeon X800
Motorola G4
Design Complexity
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Use of Silicon Power
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Technology and Demand
Technology Demand
#of transistors are doubling every 2 years
Communication, multimedia, entertainment, networking
Exponential growth of design complexity verification complexity
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Who wants to be a Millionaire You double your investment everyday
Starting investment - one cent.
How long it takes to become a millionairea) 20 days
b) 27 days
c) 37 days
d) 365 days
e) Lifetime ++
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Who wants to be a Millionaire You double your investment everyday
Starting investment - one cent. How long it takes to become a millionaire
a) 20 days One million centsb) 27 days Millionairec) 37 days Billionaire
Doubling transistors every 18 months This growth rate is hard to imagine, most people
underestimate
Believe it or not Each of us have more than a million ancestors in
last 20 generations.
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MotivationMotivation Examples
Block Diagram
Characteristics
Major Challenges Low Power Design Complexity Verification Complexity Time-to-Market Security and Reliability
Design Automation Opportunities
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North America Re-spin Statistics
1st
Sili
con
Suc
cess
100%
1999 2002 2004
48%44% 39%
Source: 2002 Collett International Research and Synopsys
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North America Re-spin Statistics
1st
Sili
con
Suc
cess
100%
1999 2002 2004
48%44% 39%
Source: 2002 Collett International Research and Synopsys
71% SOC re-spins are due to logic bugs
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2000 2007 1000B
100M
200 2001 10B
10M
Functional Validation of SOC Designs
Source: Synopsys
Trillions
Billions
20000? 2014
100M
Logic Gates
Sim
ulat
ion
Vec
tors
Eng
inee
r Y
ears
20 1995
1M
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MotivationMotivation Examples
Block Diagram
Characteristics
Major Challenges Low Power Design Complexity Verification Complexity Time-to-Market Security and Reliability
Design Automation Opportunities
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Time-to-MarketTime required to develop a
product to the point it can be sold to customers
Market windowPeriod during which the product
would have highest sales
Average time-to-market constraint is about 8 months
Delays can be costly
Rev
enu
es (
$)
Time (months)
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Losses due to Delayed Market EntrySimplified revenue model
Product life = 2W, peak at WRevenue = area of the triangleLoss = difference between on-time and delayed triangle
areas (shaded region)
On-time Delayedentry entry
Peak revenue
Peak revenue from delayed entry
Market rise Market fall
W 2W
Time
D
On-time
Delayed
Rev
enu
es (
$)
Area = 1/2 * base * height On-time = 1/2 * 2W * W Delayed = 1/2 * (2W-D)*(W-D)
Percentage revenue loss = (D(3W-D)/2W2)*100%
Try some examples1. Lifetime 2W=52 wks, delay D=4 wks
Loss = (4*(3*26 –4)/2*262) = 22%
2. Lifetime 2W=52 wks, delay D=10 wks Loss = (10*(3*26 –10)/2*262) = 50%
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Design Productivity Gap
1981 leading edge chip required 100 man-months10,000 transistors / 100 transistors/month
2002 leading edge chip requires 30K man-months150,000,000 / 5000 transistors/month
Designer cost increase from $1M to $300M
10,000
1,000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
Logic transistors per chip
(in millions)
100,000
10,000
1000
100
10
1
0.1
0.01
Productivity(K) Trans./Staff-Mo.
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
IC capacity
Productivity
Gap
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Mythical Man-Month In theory, adding designers to team reduces project completion time In reality, productivity per designer decreases due to team
management complexity and communication overhead In the software community, known as “the mythical man-month”
(Brooks 1975)At some point, can actually lengthen project completion time!
10 20 30 400
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
43
24
19
1615
1618
23
Team
Individual
Months until completion
Number of designers
1M transistors, one designer=5000 trans/month
Each additional designer reduces for 100 trans/month
So 2 designers produce 4900 trans/month each
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MotivationMotivation Examples
Block Diagram
Characteristics
Major Challenges Low Power Design Complexity Verification Complexity Time-to-Market Security and Reliability
Design Automation Opportunities
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Attacks on Embedded Systems
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Remote Software Attacks(Worm, Virus, Trojans)
Irreversible Hardware Attacks(Tampering)
Reversible ActiveProximity-based Attacks
(Fault injection)
Promity-based Passive Hardware Attacks(Power or EM analysis)
Turbo Code
RAM
uP
AES
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Security and ReliabilityReliable system design creates systems that work
even in the face of internal or external errors.Design errors, manufacturing defects, radiation hazards, …
To ensure security, countermeasures are required for various types of malicious attacks. power attack, network attack, trojans, virus, …
Safety-critical systems need to dynamically detect errors or security attacks and repair/mitigate them.
Avizienis et al. [Avi04] © 2006 Elsevier
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Challenges versus Trade-offsMulticore architectures ensures performance growth
without creating power disasterOne core with frequency 2 GHzTwo cores with 1 GHz frequency (each)
Same performance Two 1 GHz cores require half power/energy
– Power freq2
– 1GHz core needs one-fourth power compared to 2GHz core.
Creates reliability concerns! Assume that one core has mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) of 5 years
a system with 64 cores has MTTF approximately one month!
Design complexity and reduced time-to-market needs integration of components from other companies. Creates opportunity for malicious attacks
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MotivationMotivation Examples
Block Diagram
Characteristics
Major Challenges Low Power Design Complexity Verification Complexity Time-to-Market Security and Reliability
Course Outline
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Course Overview
ConceptSpecification
HW/SWPartitioning
Hardware Components
Software Components
Estimation -Exploration
Hardware
Software
Synthesis
Compilation
Validation and Evaluation
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Course OutlineIntroduction
Modeling and Specification
Embedded Systems Architecture
Real-Time Scheduling and OS
Compilation for Embedded Applications
Hardware-Software Co-Design
Control Systems
Recent Research DirectionsCode compression, design space exploration,
functional verification, dynamic reconfiguration 52