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Biomass to Energy in GermanyPast Present Future
an Overview
Prof. Dr. Bernd Stephan
University of Applied Science
Bremerhaven, Germany
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Structure of Energy ConsumptionWorld - EC25 Germany (IEA/BEE-eV)
World EC25 Germany
(2003) (2003) (2005)
(%)Natural Gas 19.52 28.8 32.1
Nuclear 2.54 6.43 5.7
Renewables 20.34 8.57 6.4
Coal 13.86 9.05 18.1
Mineral oil 43.71 47.15 37.7
Total (TWh/year) 84 744 10080 2 936
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Energy Consumption Germany2002 to 2005, BEE-eV
2002 2004 2005
%
Natural Gas 21.7 22.4 32.1Nuclear 12.6 12.6 5.7
Renewables 3.4 3.6 6.4
Lignite 11.6 11.4 8.7Mineral Coal 13.2 13.4 9.4
Mineral Oil 37.5 36.4 37.7
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Utilization of Renewables inGermany in 2004 (%)
Biomass solid 44.1Biomass liquid 0.1Biomass gaseous 6.3
Solar thermal 1.8Geothermal 1.1Waste 6.4Biodiesel 7.2Rape oil/ethanol 0.4Hydropower 14.7Wind energy 17.5Photovoltaic 0.3
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Primary Energy for Generating Electricity in Germany
Lignite 27% Nuclear Power 27%
Coal 24%
Renewables 12%(including hydropower)
Natural gas 9%
Fuel oil 1%
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German Energy Imports 2005Source: IEA, Federal Office for Economy Germany
Mineral oil Russia 34.1%Norway 14.7%Great Britain 12.7%
Natural Gas Russia 42.6%Norway 30.1%Netherlands 22.5%
Coal South Africa 22.9%Poland 22.0%Russia 15.7%
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What is meant by Biomass ?
Materials produced by metabolic activities of biologicalsystems and/or products of their decomposition orconversion
The materials are based on carbon compounds The chemical and energetic value of those materials is
based on the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bond
Biomass suitable for utilization must have a net heatingvalue
Biomass is collected and stored solar energy
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Sources of Biomass
agriculture residues from forestry, specific industries (e.g. furniture
production, saw dust), food processing
solid municipal and industrial wastes used wood e.g. from old furniture, used timber marine systems: the oceans of our world contain much
more biomass than existing on the continents (but theyare not regarded as a source of biomass for energeticutilization)
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Biomass contributions to energy supply in
Germany: thermal energy Wood
Wood residues
Municipal waste
Sewage sludge
Agricultural waste
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Biomass contributions to energy supply in
Germany: electrical energy Wood Biogas
Waste incineration Fermentation of sewage sludge Biogas from industrial waste water
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Biomass Conversion
Microbial treatment
Thermal treatment Chemical treatment Combinations
Mechanical processes
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Microbial Treatment
Long traditions in many cultures in the field offood processing e.g. beer brewing, alcoholicfermentation, preservation technologies as lactic
acid fermentation Waste treatment in agriculture and food industryby aerobic treatment (composting) andanaerobic fermentation
Treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater (Pre)Treatment of solid waste containing organic
materials
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Alcoholic fermentation
Fermentation and
destillation: ethanoland residues
Processingand recyclingof residues
Agriculture:
production ofcarbohydratesas raw material
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Aerobic Processes
Agricutural
wastes:Traditionalmethod:composting
Treatment of
solid urbanwaste:
Technologywith goodprospects
Pretreatmentof hazardouswaste
Treatment ofgaseousphases for
desodorizing(e.g.compostfilters in fish
industry)
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Composting
Composting is a traditional technology inagriculture and gardening. Today there are
processes of treatment of municipal waste whichmake use of the heat of composting for dryingthe solid waste before separation under
investigation. There is no significant contributionto the energy supply of Germany by composting
of biomass.Composting of mixtures of municipal and organicwaste of food industry is implemented in many
cities
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Anaerobic Digestion: Biogas History
History in Germany starting with utilization of marsh gas in the19th century: gas tight drums with an diameter of about 2 to 3meter were placed upside down into the wet lands for gas collectionand gas utilization for cooking similar to the Indian Gabor Gasplant
Around 1920 trucks of public services were operated withcompressed biogas from digestion of sewage sludge in the fiftiesof the 20th century this was given up due to low cost mineral oil
In the fifties of last century some farmers built biogas plants for thetreatment of aninmal wastes the technology was based ondifferent principles and processes
The oil price crisis in the seventies stimulated broad activities on theresearch and implementation side of agricultural biogas plants andresulted in optimized plant design and process performance. About200 plants were bulit and operated at that time, but could not
compete with the market prices for gas or liquid hydrocarbons. The energy policy of German Federal Government now subsidies the
utilization of renewables as a result the market for big biogasplant goes up (most of them are connected to cogeneration plants)
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Potential of Biogas
Animal excreta 4.5 Vegetable residues from
agriculture 3.0-5.3
Wastes from Industry 0.3-0.6
Waste from parks and gardens0.3-0.6 Organic municipal waste 0.6 Energy crops 3.7 TOTAL 12.7-15.3
Potential of
total (PJ/year) electric. (TWh/a)
96.5 7.2
65-113 4.9-8.5
6.4-12.2 0.5-0.9
6.4-12.2 0.4-0.8
12.5 0.9
78.7 5.9
265.1-324.9 19.8-24.2
(billion m3/a)
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Thermal and Chemical Processes
Combustion Pyrolysis
Chemical Prozesses: hydrogenation,transesterification
Process combinations (e.g. the Choren-Process: BTL biomass to liquid)
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Mechanical Processes
Filtering Dewatering
Sedimetation Chopping/Cutting Pelletising
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Conversion Technologiesstate of the art
Biogas Incineration
Pyrolysis BTL (Biomass to liquid)
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Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge
Sewage sludge is fermented and used tocover the energy demand of the waste
water treatment plants. By doing this thoseplants need no external energy. The biogas
is used for cogeneration of heat for thedigesters an electricity for the aerobic waste
water purification process (energy forpumping and aeration of the waste water).
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Wood Incineration Units
Normally chopped wood or chopped woodvresidues are used as feeding materials for largecogeneration plants
For the heating of households pelletisedmaterials are available. By using them theincineration process can be operated
automatically. The cost for the pelletized woodin relation to mineral oil come to about 2/3
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Wood Incineration Plants- practical examples -
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200kW-Plant for heat production
Feed: chopped from forestry, 50 kg/h Density of feed material: 0.25 kg/liter
Efficiency: 0.85 1600 hours of operation per year Feed need per year: 380 m3
Storage capacity for 2-3 weeks: 40 m3
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19.5 MW Plant for gerating heat andelectricity
Input fresh and old wood chops, 5.33 t/h max Steam production: 25.5 t/h at 47 bar/430 oC),
steam outlet from turbine: 2.2 bar/126o
C Operation 8000 hours per year Energy output electrical from 3.8 to 5.1 MW
depending on heat delivery for the households
Energy output thermal: maximum 10 MW
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Wood a big potential in the forests
In Germany there are growing about 60 to 100millions of m3 wood per year, that can beharvested
That is an energtic equivalent of about 1.5 to2.5 TWh/a
Compared to the actual energy consumtion ofGermany this is a potential of 50 to 80 %
Actual energetic utilization of wood comes to0.09 TWh/a only
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Market prices for selected materials-current prices-
Wood chops 50 per 1000kg Wood pellets (dry) 200 per 1000kg Wood, fresh 50-80 per m3
Biodiesel based on rape oil 0.95 per Liter
Wheat 100 per 1000kg
Mineral oil 650 per 1000 Liters
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Energy content of wood based substratesaverage data
water content calorific value oil equivalent
(%) (kWh/kg ) L oil/m3
Pieces 20 4 165
Pellets 10 5 325
Chops 20 4 100
Saw dust 40 2.6 70
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Wheat 15 4 400 L/1000 kg
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Waste Incineration- Example: Bremerhaven -
Capacity: 315 000 tons/year
Energy output:100 000 000 kWh/year electrical and250 000 000 kWh/ year thermal
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Biomass as fuel, biomass to fuel
1 Vegetable oil, fresh and used 2 Modified vegetable oil, biodiesel
3 Bioethanol 4 Biogas 5 Synthetic fuels
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Implementation Biofuels
1 to 4:
proven technology of production and
application
5: Under intense investgation with great
potential: sun fuel, BTL, Biomass toLiquid
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Biomas To Liquid: SunFuel(Choren)
Modified Fischer-Tropsch process: gasificationof substrates at 400 to 500oC with lack ofoxygen, further oxidation above ash meltingpoint, mixing of resulting gas mixture with solidcarbon residues to produce a raw gas for furherspecific synthesis (similar Fischer-Tropsch)
15 000 ton/year pilot plant is under operation Cooperation with Shell, based on Gas to Liquid
process, operated in Malaysia
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The Hydrogen Problem
C H O*)
Methane 0.75 0.25 -
Mineral Oil 0.85 0.15 -Mineral Coal 0.83 0.05 0.12
Biomass 0.50 0.07 0.43
*) fractions by weight, rough figures
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Potential for SunFuel from(million tons per year)
Forestry 2.5 Unused straw 4.0
Energy crops 3 to 6
Biomass available total
(Germany) 30 EU 25 115
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Fuel Consumption (million tons per year)
2005 50 2020 (exp) 44
2005 Biodiesel (est.) 1.4
2020 Biodiesel (exp.) 11.1
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Future
The future development will be based onincreasing production of energy crops, optimizedutilization of organic residues and on thermal-chemical treatment of organic matter to producegaseous and liquid fuels.
There are lot of estimations for future
contributions of biomass to energy supply, theywill come to at least 20 or 30 percent until 2020.
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Windenergy in Germany 2005German Association for Windenergy
Total installed capacity 18 400 MW Number of converters 17 5784
Installed in 2005: 1049 new plants with a totalcapacity of 1800 MW New installations expected for 2006: 1500 MW Increasing market for German export
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Proposed Future Installation of PowerPlants in Germany - not from Renewables
Capacity 23 000 MW (2012)
Capacity 40 000 MW (2020) Total Investment 40 billion
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