1-biomass germany 06-4-1

8/2/2019 1-Biomass Germany 06-4-1

1/47

Biomass to Energy in GermanyPast Present Future

an Overview

Prof. Dr. Bernd Stephan

University of Applied Science

Bremerhaven, Germany


2/47

Structure of Energy ConsumptionWorld - EC25 Germany (IEA/BEE-eV)

World EC25 Germany

(2003) (2003) (2005)

(%)Natural Gas 19.52 28.8 32.1

Nuclear 2.54 6.43 5.7

Renewables 20.34 8.57 6.4

Coal 13.86 9.05 18.1

Mineral oil 43.71 47.15 37.7

Total (TWh/year) 84 744 10080 2 936


3/47

Energy Consumption Germany2002 to 2005, BEE-eV

2002 2004 2005

%

Natural Gas 21.7 22.4 32.1Nuclear 12.6 12.6 5.7

Renewables 3.4 3.6 6.4

Lignite 11.6 11.4 8.7Mineral Coal 13.2 13.4 9.4

Mineral Oil 37.5 36.4 37.7


4/47

Utilization of Renewables inGermany in 2004 (%)

Biomass solid 44.1Biomass liquid 0.1Biomass gaseous 6.3

Solar thermal 1.8Geothermal 1.1Waste 6.4Biodiesel 7.2Rape oil/ethanol 0.4Hydropower 14.7Wind energy 17.5Photovoltaic 0.3


5/47

Primary Energy for Generating Electricity in Germany

Lignite 27% Nuclear Power 27%

Coal 24%

Renewables 12%(including hydropower)

Natural gas 9%

Fuel oil 1%


6/47

German Energy Imports 2005Source: IEA, Federal Office for Economy Germany

Mineral oil Russia 34.1%Norway 14.7%Great Britain 12.7%

Natural Gas Russia 42.6%Norway 30.1%Netherlands 22.5%

Coal South Africa 22.9%Poland 22.0%Russia 15.7%


7/47

What is meant by Biomass ?

Materials produced by metabolic activities of biologicalsystems and/or products of their decomposition orconversion

The materials are based on carbon compounds The chemical and energetic value of those materials is

based on the carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bond

Biomass suitable for utilization must have a net heatingvalue

Biomass is collected and stored solar energy


8/47

Sources of Biomass

agriculture residues from forestry, specific industries (e.g. furniture

production, saw dust), food processing

solid municipal and industrial wastes used wood e.g. from old furniture, used timber marine systems: the oceans of our world contain much

more biomass than existing on the continents (but theyare not regarded as a source of biomass for energeticutilization)


9/47

Biomass contributions to energy supply in

Germany: thermal energy Wood

Wood residues

Municipal waste

Sewage sludge

Agricultural waste


10/47

Biomass contributions to energy supply in

Germany: electrical energy Wood Biogas

Waste incineration Fermentation of sewage sludge Biogas from industrial waste water


11/47

Biomass Conversion

Microbial treatment

Thermal treatment Chemical treatment Combinations

Mechanical processes


12/47

Microbial Treatment

Long traditions in many cultures in the field offood processing e.g. beer brewing, alcoholicfermentation, preservation technologies as lactic

acid fermentation Waste treatment in agriculture and food industryby aerobic treatment (composting) andanaerobic fermentation

Treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater (Pre)Treatment of solid waste containing organic

materials


13/47

Alcoholic fermentation

Fermentation and

destillation: ethanoland residues

Processingand recyclingof residues

Agriculture:

production ofcarbohydratesas raw material


14/47

Aerobic Processes

Agricutural

wastes:Traditionalmethod:composting

Treatment of

solid urbanwaste:

Technologywith goodprospects

Pretreatmentof hazardouswaste

Treatment ofgaseousphases for

desodorizing(e.g.compostfilters in fish

industry)


15/47

Composting

Composting is a traditional technology inagriculture and gardening. Today there are

processes of treatment of municipal waste whichmake use of the heat of composting for dryingthe solid waste before separation under

investigation. There is no significant contributionto the energy supply of Germany by composting

of biomass.Composting of mixtures of municipal and organicwaste of food industry is implemented in many

cities


16/47

Anaerobic Digestion: Biogas History

History in Germany starting with utilization of marsh gas in the19th century: gas tight drums with an diameter of about 2 to 3meter were placed upside down into the wet lands for gas collectionand gas utilization for cooking similar to the Indian Gabor Gasplant

Around 1920 trucks of public services were operated withcompressed biogas from digestion of sewage sludge in the fiftiesof the 20th century this was given up due to low cost mineral oil

In the fifties of last century some farmers built biogas plants for thetreatment of aninmal wastes the technology was based ondifferent principles and processes

The oil price crisis in the seventies stimulated broad activities on theresearch and implementation side of agricultural biogas plants andresulted in optimized plant design and process performance. About200 plants were bulit and operated at that time, but could not

compete with the market prices for gas or liquid hydrocarbons. The energy policy of German Federal Government now subsidies the

utilization of renewables as a result the market for big biogasplant goes up (most of them are connected to cogeneration plants)


17/47

Potential of Biogas

Animal excreta 4.5 Vegetable residues from

agriculture 3.0-5.3

Wastes from Industry 0.3-0.6

Waste from parks and gardens0.3-0.6 Organic municipal waste 0.6 Energy crops 3.7 TOTAL 12.7-15.3

Potential of

total (PJ/year) electric. (TWh/a)

96.5 7.2

65-113 4.9-8.5

6.4-12.2 0.5-0.9

6.4-12.2 0.4-0.8

12.5 0.9

78.7 5.9

265.1-324.9 19.8-24.2

(billion m3/a)


18/47

Thermal and Chemical Processes

Combustion Pyrolysis

Chemical Prozesses: hydrogenation,transesterification

Process combinations (e.g. the Choren-Process: BTL biomass to liquid)


19/47

Mechanical Processes

Filtering Dewatering

Sedimetation Chopping/Cutting Pelletising


20/47

Conversion Technologiesstate of the art

Biogas Incineration

Pyrolysis BTL (Biomass to liquid)


21/47

Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge

Sewage sludge is fermented and used tocover the energy demand of the waste

water treatment plants. By doing this thoseplants need no external energy. The biogas

is used for cogeneration of heat for thedigesters an electricity for the aerobic waste

water purification process (energy forpumping and aeration of the waste water).


22/47

Wood Incineration Units

Normally chopped wood or chopped woodvresidues are used as feeding materials for largecogeneration plants

For the heating of households pelletisedmaterials are available. By using them theincineration process can be operated

automatically. The cost for the pelletized woodin relation to mineral oil come to about 2/3


23/47

Wood Incineration Plants- practical examples -


24/47

200kW-Plant for heat production

Feed: chopped from forestry, 50 kg/h Density of feed material: 0.25 kg/liter

Efficiency: 0.85 1600 hours of operation per year Feed need per year: 380 m3

Storage capacity for 2-3 weeks: 40 m3


25/47

19.5 MW Plant for gerating heat andelectricity

Input fresh and old wood chops, 5.33 t/h max Steam production: 25.5 t/h at 47 bar/430 oC),

steam outlet from turbine: 2.2 bar/126o

C Operation 8000 hours per year Energy output electrical from 3.8 to 5.1 MW

depending on heat delivery for the households

Energy output thermal: maximum 10 MW


26/47

Wood a big potential in the forests

In Germany there are growing about 60 to 100millions of m3 wood per year, that can beharvested

That is an energtic equivalent of about 1.5 to2.5 TWh/a

Compared to the actual energy consumtion ofGermany this is a potential of 50 to 80 %

Actual energetic utilization of wood comes to0.09 TWh/a only


27/47


28/47


29/47


30/47


31/47


32/47

Market prices for selected materials-current prices-

Wood chops 50 per 1000kg Wood pellets (dry) 200 per 1000kg Wood, fresh 50-80 per m3

Biodiesel based on rape oil 0.95 per Liter

Wheat 100 per 1000kg

Mineral oil 650 per 1000 Liters


33/47

Energy content of wood based substratesaverage data

water content calorific value oil equivalent

(%) (kWh/kg ) L oil/m3

Pieces 20 4 165

Pellets 10 5 325

Chops 20 4 100

Saw dust 40 2.6 70

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Wheat 15 4 400 L/1000 kg


34/47

Waste Incineration- Example: Bremerhaven -

Capacity: 315 000 tons/year

Energy output:100 000 000 kWh/year electrical and250 000 000 kWh/ year thermal


35/47


36/47


37/47

Biomass as fuel, biomass to fuel

1 Vegetable oil, fresh and used 2 Modified vegetable oil, biodiesel

3 Bioethanol 4 Biogas 5 Synthetic fuels


38/47

Implementation Biofuels

1 to 4:

proven technology of production and

application

5: Under intense investgation with great

potential: sun fuel, BTL, Biomass toLiquid


39/47


40/47

Biomas To Liquid: SunFuel(Choren)

Modified Fischer-Tropsch process: gasificationof substrates at 400 to 500oC with lack ofoxygen, further oxidation above ash meltingpoint, mixing of resulting gas mixture with solidcarbon residues to produce a raw gas for furherspecific synthesis (similar Fischer-Tropsch)

15 000 ton/year pilot plant is under operation Cooperation with Shell, based on Gas to Liquid

process, operated in Malaysia


41/47

The Hydrogen Problem

C H O*)

Methane 0.75 0.25 -

Mineral Oil 0.85 0.15 -Mineral Coal 0.83 0.05 0.12

Biomass 0.50 0.07 0.43

*) fractions by weight, rough figures


42/47

Potential for SunFuel from(million tons per year)

Forestry 2.5 Unused straw 4.0

Energy crops 3 to 6

Biomass available total

(Germany) 30 EU 25 115


43/47

Fuel Consumption (million tons per year)

2005 50 2020 (exp) 44

2005 Biodiesel (est.) 1.4

2020 Biodiesel (exp.) 11.1


44/47

Future

The future development will be based onincreasing production of energy crops, optimizedutilization of organic residues and on thermal-chemical treatment of organic matter to producegaseous and liquid fuels.

There are lot of estimations for future

contributions of biomass to energy supply, theywill come to at least 20 or 30 percent until 2020.


45/47

Windenergy in Germany 2005German Association for Windenergy

Total installed capacity 18 400 MW Number of converters 17 5784

Installed in 2005: 1049 new plants with a totalcapacity of 1800 MW New installations expected for 2006: 1500 MW Increasing market for German export


46/47

Proposed Future Installation of PowerPlants in Germany - not from Renewables

Capacity 23 000 MW (2012)

Capacity 40 000 MW (2020) Total Investment 40 billion


47/47

1-biomass germany 06-4-1

Documents