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Social Affects and Culture
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Women provided 11.7% of the workforce in 1930 Women begin to have more influence during the
Great Depression◦ Eleanor Roosevelt helps drive this
Frances Perkins becomes Secretary of Labor◦ First Female Cabinet Member
The vast majority of women generally disagreed with women in the workplace◦ 82% thought a wife shouldn’t work if the husband does
Women make up 15.6% of the workforce in 1940◦ They will become an even larger percentage in a just a
short time
Women and the Depression
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Eleanor Roosevelt
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Frances Perkins
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The Civil Rights Movement really gets going during the depression
A. Phillip Randolph starts the first all-black trade union Mary McLeod Bethune worked for/with young African-
Americans◦ Job Training◦ Educational Opportunities
Over 100 African-Americans were appointed to the government positions
Eleanor Roosevelt played a key role in rights/opportunities for minorities
FDR was not fully committed to civil rights◦ No anti-lynching law◦ No abolition of the poll tax◦ Some programs did not provide jobs for African-Americans
African-Americans and the Depression
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A. Phillip Randolph
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Mary McLeod Bethune
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Mexican-Americans immigrated to the southwest looking for work◦ Generally, what kind of work did they receive?
They struggled to gain workers rights America’s policy towards Native Americans
moved from assimilation to autonomy◦ Big change in government policy
They were given some key rights◦ Economic – they owned their own lands◦ Cultural – children could go to school on the reservations◦ Political – they had councils to govern their own
territories
Mexican-Americans and Native Americans During the Depression
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Mexican-American Farmers
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Mexican-American Farmers
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John Collier
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Created by FDR and supported the Democratic Party◦ Southern whites, labor unions, urban groups
Labor unions grew immensely ◦ 3 million to 10 million
Unions had typically been skilled labor◦ CIO is established to support unskilled or semi-skilled
workers (auto industry, steel workers) Labor strikes were common
◦ Some were violent◦ Memorial Day Massacre in Chicago in 1937
10 unarmed strikers are shot and killed FDR is reelected in 1936
The New Deal Coalition
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Memorial Day Massacre - 1937
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Memorial Day Massacre - 1937
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Memorial Day Massacre - 1937
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People sought an escape from the harsh realities of the Depression◦ Over 65% of people went to the movies once a week◦ Over 90% of households owned a radio
Some films depicted life during the depression while others avoided the topic
Gone With the Wind is the classic example of Great Depression Cinema
Radio was widely varied in topic◦ Dramas such as “The War of the Worlds” captivated
listeners◦ “Soap operas” get their start on the radio
Movies and Radio
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Adapted from a novel
Tells the story of the Civil War and Reconstruction
Highest grossing movie of all time
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQ5ICXMC4xY
Gone With the Wind - 1939
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Groucho, Harpo, Chico, Zeppo, Gummo
Allowed an escape from the everyday and laughter
Duck Soup and Monkey Business
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKTT-sy0aLg
Marx Brothers
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The Wizard of Oz - 1939
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Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs - 1937
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Written by H.G. Wells in 1898
Read and adapted for the radio by Orson Welles
Captivated the American public
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egudvdwtDIg
War of the Worlds - 1938
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Art tended to be more serious in nature Was a social commentary on the tough and
democratic nature of Americans Painters and artists were out of work too
◦ The Federal Art Project sought to give them work through murals, education, and other projects
The Federal Writer’s Project helped to fund some of the great literature of the time◦ John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath (1939)
They tried to praise the virtues of America while illustrating the difficulties and hard times
Art and Literature of the Depression
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Industries of California – Ralph Stackpole
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American Gothic – Grant Wood
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WPA (FAP) Posters
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WPA (FAP) Murals