Download - Reduction 2 ScF 3 + 3 Ca 2 Sc + 3 CaF 2

Reduction 2 ScF3 + 3 Ca 2 Sc + 3 CaF2Thortveitite (Sc,Y)2Si2O7PRODUCTION OF SCANDIUM AND Al-Sc ALLOY BY USING CaCl2 MOLTEN SALTMasanori Harata*, Hiromasa Yakushiji, Toru H. Okabe*Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, *Graduate Student, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of TokyoIntroductionMolten Salt ElectrolysisMetallothermic ReductionEPMA analysisPhase separation was improved by using CaCl2 as a flux. However, excess Ca reductant remained in the Al4Ca phase. Reduction: Sc2O3 (s) + 3 Ca (g) 2 Sc (s) + 3 CaO (s)Al-Sc alloy was directly produced fromSc2O3 by using Al as the collector metal; however, excess Ca reductant remained in the alloy sample.Rare Earth ElementsLightweightChemically reactiveApplicationsResourceFig. Ellingham diagram of selected oxides.Experimental temperature (1273 K)Temperature, T / K-1400-1200-1000-800-600-400-2000300500700900110013003/2 Fe + O2 = 1/2 Fe3O44/3 Al + O2 = 2/3 Al2O3Ti + O2 = TiO22 Mg + O2 = 2 MgO2 Ca + O2 = 2 CaO4/3 Sc + O2 = 2/3 Sc2O34/3 La + O2 = 2/3 La2O34/3 Y + O2 = 2/3 Y2O3 4 Ag + O2 = 2 Ag2OStandard Gibbs energy of formation, DGf /kJ mol-1Properties of ScPurpose of this studyTo develop a new process that can produce Sc metal or Al-Sc alloy directly from Sc2O3 at temperatures lower than those used in the conventional process.What is Scandium?Catalysts, Laser crystalsOthersCurrently, Sc is mainly used as an alloying element for Al alloy.Metal halide lampBaseball batBicycleConventional process Sc2O3 + 6 HF 2 ScF3 + 3 H2O

Minerals such as Thortveitite contain a large amount of Sc. However, such minerals are not used as a source of Sc because they are scarce.Sc is one of the rare earth elements (RE).Recently, Ni smelting has changed from a pyrometallurgicalprocess to a hydrometallurgical process that can recovera large amount of Sc2O3 at a low cost.ExpensiveMolten salt electrolysis Improvement of electrolysis cell to prevent Fe contamination. Investigation of the reaction mechanism of CaCl2Sc2O3 molten salt. Development of a new direct production process of Sc or Al-Sc alloy by molten salt electrolysis.Reduction temperature: T = 1273 KHolding time: t' = 6 hrCurrently, Sc is produced in the form of oxide (Sc2O3) from rare earth ores or as a byproduct of uranium mill tailings. The production cost is high because an expensive reaction apparatus is required for handling the fluoride.

Disadvantages Contamination from the crucible cannot be prevented due to the high-temperature reaction.

973 K1873 KSc is the 31st most abundant element in the earths crust, with a crustal abundance of 22 ppm. Sc2O3 + 6 e- 2 Sc + 3 O2-C + x O2- COx + 2x e- AnodeCathodeSc2O3 + C 2 Sc + COxOverall reactionPotential lead (Ni wire)Stainless steel tubeRubber plugReaction chamberFe crucibleAr inletHeaterCaCl2-Sc2O3 molten saltAl (or Ag)-Sc alloy (Cathode)Carbon electrode (Anode)Ni reference electrode Ceramic insulatorFig. Schematic illustration of experimental apparatus for the metallothermic reduction experiment.Table Minerals containing ScXRD analysis(b) Feed: Sc2O3, Reductant: Ca, Collector metal: Al(c) Feed: Sc2O3, Reductant: Ca, Collector metal: Al, Flux: CaCl2(a) Feed: Sc2O3, Reductant: CaAl-Sc alloysAl-Sc alloy is expected to be used as a structural material for aircraft etc.Sc2O3 is converted into ScF3 because it is thermodynamically stable. Further, it is difficult to reduce Sc2O3 to metallic Sc even by using Ca as a reductant.Table Chemical composition of ThortveititeMole percent ScTemperature, T / CExperimental temperatureFig. Phase diagram for the AlSc reactionTable Experimental conditions for the metallothermic reductionFig. Schematic illustration of experimental apparatus for molten salt electrolysis.As a preliminary experiment, Y2O3 was used instead of Sc2O3, and the production of Ag-Y alloyby the electrolysis of CaCl2-Y2O3 molten salt was investigated.

Table Theoretical decomposition voltage Ca contamination of Al-Sc alloy could beprevented by controlling the potential betweenthe anode and the cathode.A complex oxide (CaSc2O4) was formed and reduction was incomplete.Sc2O3 was successfully reduced to metallicSc and alloyed in situ to form Al-Sc liquid alloy during the reduction. It was difficult to separate the metal phase from the salt phase.ConclusionIt was demonstrated that Ag-Y alloy could be produced by the electrolysis of CaCl2-Y2O3 molten salt.The electrolysis cell must be improved to prevent the contamination of the molten salt by Fe. Reduction and alloying: Sc2O3 (s) + Al (l) + 3 Ca (g) Al-Sc alloy (l) + 3 CaO (s) Conversion into fluoride:ElectrolysisMetallothermic reduction Development of a new technique for preventing Ca contamination of Al-Sc alloy. Currently, Sc2O3 reduction is an ongoing experiment.C + 1/2 O2 = COC + O2 = CO2Sc2O3 is one of the most stable oxides on earth

Sheet1

G/ kJ at 1100 KE/ V

Sc2O3(s) + 3/2 C(s) 2 Sc(s) + 3/2 CO2(g)991.011.71

Sc2O3(s) + 3 C(s) 2 Sc(s) + 3 CO(g)957.7191.65

Sc2O3(s) 2 Sc(s) + 3/2 O2(g)1584.8872.73

Y2O3(s) + 3/2 C(s) 2 Y(s) + 3/2 CO2(g)992.5741.71

Y2O3(s) + 3 C(s) 2 Y(s) + 3 CO(g)959.2831.66

Y2O3(s) 2 Y(s) + 3/2 O2(g)1586.4512.74

CaCl2(l) Ca(l) + Cl2(g)629.1083.26

CaO(s) + 1/2 C Ca(l) + 1/2 CO2(g)322.8251.67

CaO(s) + C(s) Ca(l) + CO(g)311.7281.61

CaO(s) Ca(l) +1/2 O2(g)520.7842.70

Go(at 1100K)Eo(V)

Y2O3 + 3/2 C 2 Y + 3/2 CO2992.5741.71

Y2O3 + 3 C 2 Y + 3 CO959.2831.66

Y2O3 2 Y + 3/2 O21586.4512.74

CaCl2(l) Ca(l) + Cl2629.1083.26

CaO + 1/2 C Ca(l) + 1/2 CO2322.8251.67

CaO + C Ca(l) + CO311.7281.61

CaO Ca(l) +1/2 O2520.7842.7

Sheet2

at 1200 K

vs. Cl2/Cl-(V)

Ca/Ca2+-3.20

Sc/Sc3+-2.24

Y/Y3+-2.52

Ni/Ni2+-0.67

Fe/Fe2+-1.01

Fe/Fe3+-0.79

Sheet3

Plain

The Periodic Table of the Elements

AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003

LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Ti


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Profile of Titanium, TiFeTiO

FeTiO3151.720.3681123122

Atomic Property

Atomic number 22

Atmic weight 48

Electron configuration ([Ar] 3d2 4s2

Metallic atom radius (0.147nm

Ion radius 0.076nmTi2+

0.069nmTi3+

0.064nmTi4+

Electronegativity ()1.6Def. of Pauling

Crystal Property

Density 4.5g cm-3at 293 K

Crystal structure : ahcpA3at 1156 K

Latice constant : a2.950at 293 K

Latice constant : c4.683at 293 K

Crystal structure : bbccat 11561953 K



Transformation point 1156K

Transformation heat 4100J mol-1

Melting point 1953K

Melting heat 18700J mol-1

Boiling point 3535K

Boiling heat 397000J mol-1

Electric resistance 5510-8 mat 293 K

Thermal conductivity 0.0197W m-1 K-1

Yangs' Modulas 1.1421011 Pa

Specific strength 0.254

Resource Property

Clark number 10

Reserve 1)532.3MtTiO2 (2001)

Resource (?

Species of ore (

Rutile (), TiO2

Ilumenite (, TiFeO3

Production

1)4.58MtTiO2 (2001)

2)24.9kt (2001)

2)16.3kt (2002)

2)7.3kt (2003)

Smelting Process

Croll process

Hunter process

Reference

31993

1) "() 50", (2002) p 52

2) "() 50", (2002) p 295

Titanium

High specific tensle strength ! High corrosion resistance !But Expensive !

Ta


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Tantalum

High chemical stablity Used for capacitorBut Expensive !

Nb


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Niobium

High chemical stablity Used for capacitorBut Expensive !

Fe


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Profile of Iron, Fe

Atomic Property

Atomic number 26

Atmic weight 55.85



Ion radius 0.087nmFe2+

0.067nmFe3+


Crystal Property


Crystal structure : abccA2at 01156 K


Latice constant : c-at 293 K

Crystal structure : gfccA1at 11841667 K



Crystal structure : dbccA2at 1665 K



Transformation point a g1184K

Transformation heat a g940J mol-1

Transformation point g d1665K

Transformation heat g d1090J mol-1

Melting point 1809K


Boiling point 3160K


Electric resistance 9.7110-8 mat 293 K




Resource Property

Clark number 4

Reserve Mt

Resource (

Species of ore (

Production

Mt

kt

kt

kt

Smelting Process

Reference

31993

Iron

King of metals !

RE

The Periodic Table of Elements

AABBBBBBAAAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar













Al


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Aluminum

Mg


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Profile of Magnesium, Mg

Atomic Property

Atomic number 12

Atmic weight 24.31

Electron configuration ([Ne] 3s2


Ion radius 0.078nmMg2+


Crystal Property


Crystal structure : ahcpA3at 1156 K



Melting point 932K


Boiling point 1376K






Resource Property

Clark number 8

Reserve 1)?Mt

Resource (?

Species of ore (

Magnesite, MgCO3

Dolomite, MgCO3CaCO3

Carnalite, MgCl2KCl6H2O

Production

Smelting Process

Molten salt electrolysis (IG process, Alcan process, Dow process)

Thermalreduction (Pidgeon process)

Reference

31993

Magnesium

Ca


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Calcium

Na


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Sodium

Au


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Gold

Ag


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Silver

Cu


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Copper

Ni


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Nickel

PGM


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitneriumPGM


(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Profile of Iron, Fe

Atomic Property

Atomic number 26

Atmic weight 55.85



Ion radius 0.087nmFe2+

0.067nmFe3+


Crystal Property


Crystal structure : abccA2at 01156 K



Crystal structure : gfccA1at 11841667 K



Crystal structure : dbccA2at 1665 K



Transformation point a g1184K

Transformation heat a g940J mol-1

Transformation point g d1665K

Transformation heat g d1090J mol-1

Melting point 1809K


Boiling point 3160K






Resource Property

Clark number 4

Reserve Mt

Resource (

Species of ore (

Production

Mt

kt

kt

kt

Smelting Process

Reference

31993

Iron

King of metals !

compound


AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

HydrogenHelium

1 H2 He

1.0084.003


3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18


11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95



39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80



85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3



132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)



(223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)



138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0



(227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

Profile of Magnesium dichloride, MgCl2Nb2O5NbCaCO3CaCationic ratio

Formula weight 95.214.60.01730.03460.50.00500.00500.1443

Density 1)2.3g cm-3at 293 K265.8100.1

1.7g cm-3at 10171099 K1050

Crystal structure : CdCl2 1)A3at 1156 K

Mg-Cl 1)2.53at 293 K

Melting point 2)987K

Melting heat 2)43095J mol-1?

Boiling point 2)1708K

Boiling heat 2)156200J mol-1

Cf,-3.4116.7 MgCl26H2O

Profile of Magnesium tetrachloride, TiCl4

Formula weight 189.67

Density 1)1.702g cm-3at 293 K

Crystal structure : ?at 1156 K

Ti-Cl 3)2.170at 293 K

Melting point 2)249K

Melting heat 2)9967J mol-1?

Boiling point 2)408K

Boiling heat 2)35770J mol-1

Cf



Density ?g cm-3at 293 K

Crystal structure : a 3), Ti-Ti: 3.54 , Ti-Cl: 2.45 ,

b, Ti-Ti: 2.91 , Ti-Cl: 2.45 ,

g, Ti-Ti: 3.54 , Ti-Cl: 2.45

d

Sublimation point 2)1103K

Sublimation heat 2)166150J mol-1

CfTiCl36H2O



Density 1)3.13g cm-3at 293 K

Crystal structure : CdI2 1)at 1156 K

Latice constant : a 3)3.43at 293 K

Latice constant : c 3)6.10at 293 K

Sublimation point 2)1580K

Sublimation heat 2)248500J mol-1

Cf

1)

2) Barin

3)

AgNO3

AgNO

107.914.0116.00gmol

169.93.39740.020

1.3979400087

2.3979400087

Sheet1

ScYLaFeAlTi

Atomic number213957261322

Atomic weight44.95688.906138.90655.84526.98247.867

Density (g/cm3)2.994.476.157.872.74.51

Melting point ()1539152092015386601668

Boiling point ()283133883461286125193287

Crystal structurehcphcphcpbccfcchcp

Sheet2

MineralsSc2O3 content (%)MineralsSc2O3 content (%)

OxidesMagnetite0.00010.04PhosphatesXenotime0.00151.5

Hematiteup to 0.15Monazite0.0020.5

Titanomagnetite0.00020.02Apatite0.00030.08

Ilmenite0.00150.15SilicatesZircon0.0050.3

Rutile0.0050.16Beryl0.00051.2

Wolframite0.0051.3Garnet0.020.4

Uraninite0.150.2Olivine0.00030.02

Laterite0.0030.03Pyroxeneup to 0.04

Sheet3

Sheet1

Exp.Mass of sample, wi/gExcessCalculated nominal

no.FeedCollector metalFluxReductantreductant ratiocomposition of Al-Sc alloy

Sc2O3AlCaCl2Ca

a0.69--1.202-

b0.150.96-0.262Al-6mol%Sc

c0.150.961.270.262Al-6mol%Sc

Sheet2

Exp.NominalExcessMass ofConcentration of element i, Ci (mass%)b

no.composition ofreductantflux

Al-Sc alloyaratio, RCaawflux/gAlScCaSiFeTa

CAl-9mass%Sc20.0058.3219.0022.45< 0.010.14< 0.01

DAl-9mass%Sc20.0063.6717.8117.12< 0.010.361.03

EAl-9mass%Sc21.2761.1421.7614.83< 0.010.411.85

FAl-6mass%Sc21.2470.0216.6112.74< 0.010.140.47

GAl-5mass%Sc1.51.0673.8713.3710.850.300.221.37

HAl-5mass%Sc1.251.0676.6711.2211.600.540.100.40

IAl-5mass%Sc11.0682.449.765.93< 0.011.160.68

JAl-5mass%Sc0.751.0684.6710.092.15< 0.012.080.99

Sheet3

Table1-1

Table Physical properties of Sc and some selected elements.

ElementAtomicnumberZAtomicweightMDensityat 20 r/ gcm-3Melting pointTm / Boiling pointTb / Ionic radius ri / Crystal structure at 25 Electro negativityPrice($/kg)

Sc2144.962.99154028320.75hcp1.2018000.0018,000

Y3988.914.47152533370.90hcp1.11450.00450

La57138.916.15092034571.03hcp1.08350.00350

Ce58140.126.77079834271.01fcc1.08350.00350

Nd60144.247.01101630670.98hcp1.07450.00450

Sm62150.407.54107317910.96hcp1.07300.00300

Fe2655.857.87153628630.55bcc1.640.030.03

Al1326.982.70066025200.53fcc1.471.441.44

Ti2247.874.54166632890.61hcp1.329.669.66

a: Price of oxide.(approximate value)

Table1-2

Table 1-2 Abundance of the elements in the earth crust[16].

Rank.Atomicnumber,ZElementContent ofearth crust(%)Rank.Atomicnumber,ZElementContent ofearth crust(%)

0108O46.604062Sm06.010-4

0214Si27.724164Gd05.410-4

0313Al08.134266Dy04.810-4

0426Fe05.004370Yb03.010-4

0520Ca03.634472Hf03.010-4

0611Na02.834555Cs03.010-4

0719K02.594668Er02.810-4

0812Mg02.094704Be02.810-4

0922Ti00.444835Br02.510-4

1001H00.144950Sn02.010-4

1115P00.1055073Ta02.010-4

1225Mn00.0955192U01.810-4

1309F00.06255233As01.810-4

1456Ba00.04255342Mo01.510-4

1538Sr00.03755432Ge01.510-4

1616S00.0265574W01.510-4

1706C00.0205663Eu01.210-4

1840Zr00.01655767Ho01.210-4

1923V00.01355865Tb0810-5

2017Cl00.0135953I0510-5

2124Cr00.016069Tm0510-5

2237Rb0910-36171Lu0510-5

2328Ni07.510-36281Tl0510-5

2430Zn07.010-36348Cd0210-5

2558Ce06.010-36451Sb0210-5

2629Cu05.510-36583Bi0210-5

2739Y03.310-36649In0110-5

2857La03.010-36780Hg0810-6

2960Nd02.810-36847Ag0710-6

3027Co02.510-36934Se0510-6

3121Sc02.210-37044Ru0110-6

3203Li02.010-37146Pd0110-6

3307N02.010-37252Te0110-6

3441Nb0210-37378Pt0110-6

3531Ga01.510-37445Rh0510-7

3682Pb01.310-37579Au0410-7

3705B0110-37675Re0110-7

3859Pr08.210-47776Os0110-7

3990Th07.210-47877Ir0110-7

Table1-3

Table 1-3 Sc containing minerals[17-23].

MineralChemical formulaDiscoveredyearProductioncountryContent ofSc2O3 (mass%)

Thortveitite(Sc, Y)2Si2O71911Norway25.01

BazziteBe3(Sc, Al)2Si6O181915Norway14.50

KolbeckiteScPO42(H2O)1926U.S.41.30

MagbasiteKBa(Al, Sc)(Mg, Fe2+)6Si6O20F21965Russia02.10

Jervisite(Na, Ca, Fe2+)(Sc, Mg, Fe2+)Si2O61982Italy18.48

CascanditeCa(Sc, Fe2+)Si3O8(OH)1982Italy14.74

JuonniiteCaMgSc(PO4)2(OH)4(H2O)1997Russia17.76a

PretuliteScPO41998Austria47.38

ScandiobabingtoniteCa2(Fe2+, Mn)ScSi5O14(OH)1998Italy11.32

KristianseniteCa2ScSn(Si2O7)(Si2O6OH)2002Norway08.11

a: Calculated value

Table1-4

Table The minerals containing Sc.

FormMineral nameContent ofSc2O3 (mass%)

OxidesUraninite0.15~0.2

Wolframite0.005~1.3

Laterite0.003~0.03

Magnetite0.001~0.04

Hematite~0.15

Titanomagnetite0.0002~0.02

Ilmenite0.0015~0.15

Rutile0.005~0.16

Columbite0.01~0.8

PhosphatesXenotime0.0015~1.5

Monazite0.002~0.5

Apatite0.0003~0.08

SilicatesThortveitite25.0~48.3

Zircon0.005~0.3

Beryl0.0005~1.2

Garnet0.02~0.4

Olivine0.0003~0.02

Pyroxene~0.04

Download - Reduction 2 ScF 3 + 3 Ca 2 Sc + 3 CaF 2

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