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reduction 2 scf 3 + 3 ca 2 sc + 3 caf 2

1
Reduction 2 ScF 3 + 3 Ca 2 Sc + 3 CaF 2 ΔG° / kJ at1100 K ΔE ° /V Sc 2 O 3 ( s )+ 3/2 C ( s ) → 2 Sc( s )+ 3/2 C O 2 ( g ) 991.01 1.71 Sc 2 O 3 ( s )+ 3 C ( s ) → 2 Sc( s )+ 3 C O ( g ) 957.719 1.65 Sc 2 O 3 ( s ) → 2 Sc( s )+ 3/2 O 2 (g) 1584.89 2.73 Y 2 O 3 ( s )+ 3/2 C ( s ) → 2 Y( s )+ 3/2 C O 2 ( g ) 992.574 1.71 Y 2 O 3 ( s )+ 3 C ( s ) → 2 Y( s )+ 3 C O ( g ) 959.283 1.66 Y 2 O 3 ( s ) → 2 Y( s )+ 3/2 O 2 ( g ) 1586.45 2.74 C aC l 2 ( l ) → C a( l )+ C l 2 ( g ) 629.108 3.26 C aO ( s )+ 1/2 C → C a( l )+ 1/2 C O 2 ( g ) 322.825 1.67 C aO ( s )+ C ( s ) → C a( l )+ CO( g ) 311.728 1.61 C aO ( s ) → C a( l )+1/2 O 2 ( g ) 520.784 2.70 Thortveitite (Sc,Y) 2 Si 2 O 7 PRODUCTION OF SCANDIUM AND Al-Sc ALLOY BY USING CaCl 2 MOLTEN SALT Masanori Harata*, Hiromasa Yakushiji, Toru H. Okabe *Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, *Graduate Student, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo Introduction Molten Salt Electrolysis Metallothermic Reduction Results EPMA analysis Phase separation was improved by using CaCl 2 as a flux. However, excess Ca reductant remained in the Al 4 Ca phase. Thermodynamic analysis Experiment Reduction: Sc 2 O 3 (s) + 3 Ca (g) 2 Sc (s) + 3 CaO (s) Experiment Result s Future study Al-Sc alloy was directly produced from Sc 2 O 3 by using Al as the collector metal; however, excess Ca reductant remained in the alloy sample. Ⅰ A Ⅱ A ⅢB ⅣB Ⅴ B ⅥB Ⅶ B Ⅰ A Ⅱ A ⅢA ⅣA Ⅴ A ⅥA Ⅶ A Ⅷ A Hydrogen Helium 1 H 2 He Lithium B eryllium B oron C arbon N itrogen O xygen Fluorine N eon 3 Li 4 Be 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne Sodium M agnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur C hlorine A rgon 11 Na 12 Mg 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium V anadium C hrom ium M anganese Iron C obalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium B rom ine Krypton 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr Rubidium Strontium Y ttrium Zirconium N iobium M olybdnum Technetium Ruthenium R hodium Palladium Silver C adm ium Indium Tin A ntim ony Tellurium Iodine X enon 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe Caesium Barium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold M ercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium A statine R adon 55 Cs 56 Ba 71 Lu 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn Francium R adium Lawrencium R utherfordium D ubnium Seaborgium B ohrium Hassium Meitnerium 87 Fr 88 Ra 103 Lr 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt Lanthanum Cerium Praseodym ium N eodym ium Prom ethium Sam arium Europium Gadolinium Terbium D ysprosium Holm ium Erbium Thulium Y tterbium Lahthanid 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium N eptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium C alifornium Einsteinium Ferm ium Mendelevium Nobelium Actinid 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No The Periodic Table ofElem ents Ⅷ B Rare Earth Elements ・ Lightweight ・ Chemically reactive MIG29 ・ Applications ・ Resource Minerals Sc 2 O 3 content(%) Minerals Sc 2 O 3 content(%) OxidesMagnetite 0.0001 ～ 0.04 PhosphatesXenotime 0.0015 ～ 1.5 H em atite up to 0.15 M onazite 0.002 ～ 0.5 Titanom agnetite 0.0002 ～ 0.02 Apatite 0.0003 ～ 0.08 Ilm enite 0.0015 ～ 0.15 Silicates Zircon 0.005 ～ 0.3 R utile 0.005 ～ 0.16 Beryl 0.0005 ～ 1.2 W olfram ite 0.005 ～ 1.3 Garnet 0.02 ～ 0.4 U raninite 0.15 ～ 0.2 Olivine 0.0003 ～ 0.02 Laterite 0.003 ～ 0.03 Pyroxene up to 0.04 Fig. Ellingham diagram of selected oxides. Experimental temperature (1273 K) Temperature, T / K -1400 -1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 3/2 Fe + O 2 = 1/2 Fe 3 O 4 4/3 Al + O 2 = 2/3 Al 2 O 3 Ti + O 2 = TiO 2 2 Mg + O 2 = 2 MgO 2 Ca + O 2 = 2 CaO 4/3 Sc + O 2 = 2/3 Sc 2 O 3 4/3 La + O 2 = 2/3 La 2 O 3 4/3 Y + O 2 = 2/3 Y 2 O 3 4 Ag + O 2 = 2 Ag 2 O Standard Gibbs energy of formation, G ﾟ f / kJ mol -1 ・ Properties of Sc ・ Purpose of this study To develop a new process that can produce Sc metal or Al-Sc alloy directly from Sc 2 O 3 at temperatures lower than those used in the conventional process. ・ What is Scandium? Catalysts, Laser crystals Others Currently, Sc is mainly used as an alloying element for Al alloy. Metal halide lamp Baseball bat Bicycle ・ Conventional process Sc 2 O 3 + 6 HF 2 ScF 3 + 3 H 2 O Aluminum Scandium Calcium Al 3 Sc Al 4 Ca C oncentration ofelem ent i ,C i (wt% )* Al Si P Sc Mn Fe Y Zr Hf 1.33 26.25 0.21 58.13 0.55 3.45 5.99 2.39 1.69 * Determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis. Minerals such as Thortveitite contain a large amount of Sc. However, such minerals are not used as a source of Sc because they are scarce. Sc is one of the rare earth elements (RE). Recently, Ni smelting has changed from a pyrometallurgical process to a hydrometallurgical process that can recover a large amount of Sc 2 O 3 at a low cost. ・ Expensive ・ Molten salt electrolysis Improvement of electrolysis cell to prevent Fe contamination. Investigation of the reaction mechanism of CaCl 2 –Sc 2 O 3 molten salt. Development of a new direct production process of Sc or Al-Sc alloy by molten salt electrolysis. Reduction temperature: T = 1273 K Holding time: t' = 6 hr Currently, Sc is produced in the form of oxide (Sc 2 O 3 ) from rare earth ores or as a byproduct of uranium mill tailings. Ta crucible Ti sponge Sc 2 O 3 (+ Al + CaCl 2 ) Stainless steel sheet Stainless steel reaction capsule TIG weld Ca shots The production cost is high because an expensive reaction apparatus is required for handling the fluoride. ・ Disadvantages Contamination from the crucible cannot be prevented due to the high-temperature reaction. 973 K 1873 K Sc is the 31 st most abundant element in the earth’s crust, with a crustal abundance of 22 ppm. Sc 2 O 3 + 6 e - → 2 Sc + 3 O 2- C + x O 2- → CO x + 2x e - ・ Anode ・ Cathode Sc 2 O 3 + C → 2 Sc + CO x ・ Overall reaction Potential lead (Ni wire) Stainless steel tube Rubber plug Reaction chamber Fe crucible Ar inlet Heater CaCl 2 -Sc 2 O 3 molten salt Al (or Ag)-Sc alloy (Cathode) Carbon electrode (Anode) Ni reference electrode Ceramic insulator Fig. Schematic illustration of experimental apparatus for the metallothermic reduction experiment. Table Minerals containing Sc XRD analysis ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ◆ ■ ◆ ■ ■ ■ ■ □□ ■ □ □ □ □ □ □ 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Intensity, I (a.u.) Angle, 2θ / degree ◆: Al ■: Al 3 Sc □: Al 4 Ca JCPDS # 04- 0787 JCPDS # 17- 0412 JCPDS # 14- 0428 ◆ ◆ ◆ □ ◆ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ ◆ ◆: Al ■: Al 3 Sc □: Al 4 Ca JCPDS # 04-0787 JCPDS # 17-0412 JCPDS # 14-0428 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Intensity, I (a.u.) Angle, 2θ / degree (b) Feed: Sc 2 O 3 , Reductant: Ca, Collector metal: Al (c) Feed: Sc 2 O 3 , Reductant: Ca, Collector metal: Al, Flux: CaCl 2 (a) Feed: Sc 2 O 3 , Reductant: Ca Angle, 2θ / degree 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Intensity, I (a.u.) × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × × ◆ ◆ ○ JCPDS # 17-0714 JCPDS # 05-0629 JCPDS # 20-0234 ◆: Sc ×: CaSc 2 O 4 ○: Sc 2 O 3 Al-Sc alloys Al-Sc alloy is expected to be used as a structural material for aircraft etc. Sc 2 O 3 is converted into ScF 3 because it is thermodynamically stable. Further, it is difficult to reduce Sc 2 O 3 to metallic Sc even by using Ca as a reductant. Table Chemical composition of Thortveitite Mole percent Sc Temperature, T’ / ºC Experimental temperature Fig. Phase diagram for the Al–Sc reaction Exp. M ass ofsam ple, w i /g Excess Calculated nom inal no. Feed Collector metal Flux Reductant reductantratio com position ofAl-Sc alloy Sc 2O 3 Al C aC l 2 Ca a 0.69 - - 1.20 2 - b 0.15 0.96 - 0.26 2 Al-6mol%Sc c 0.15 0.96 1.27 0.26 2 Al-6mol%Sc Table Experimental conditions for the metallothermic reduction Fig. Schematic illustration of experimental apparatus for molten salt electrolysis. As a preliminary experiment, Y 2 O 3 was used instead of Sc 2 O 3 , and the production of Ag-Y by the electrolysis of CaCl 2 -Y 2 O 3 molten salt was investigated. Table Theoretical decomposition voltage Ca contamination of Al-Sc alloy could be prevented by controlling the potential between the anode and the cathode. A complex oxide (CaSc 2 O 4 ) was formed and reduction was incomplete. Sc 2 O 3 was successfully reduced to metallic Sc and alloyed in situ to form Al-Sc liquid alloy during the reduction. It was difficult to separate the metal phase from the salt phase. Conclusion Conclusion It was demonstrated that Ag-Y alloy could be produced by the electrolysis of CaCl 2 -Y 2 O 3 molten salt. The electrolysis cell must be improved to prevent the contamination of the molten salt by Fe. Reduction and alloying: Sc 2 O 3 (s) + Al (l) + 3 Ca (g) Al-Sc alloy (l) + 3 CaO (s) Conversion into fluoride: Ag Y Fe Ca Ni Afterexp. 53.93 2.90 41.83 0.79 0.56 Concentration ofelement i , C i (m ass%) a Before exp. After exp. 1 cm Ag cathode 1 cm Ag cathode a Determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis. i = 0.5 A t = 7200 s T = 1173 K 2500 5000 7500 0 Time, t / sec 1.5 2.0 2.5 Voltage, E / V Electrolysis ・ Metallothermic reduction Development of a new technique for preventing Ca contamination of Al-Sc alloy. Currently, Sc 2 O 3 reduction is an ongoing experiment. C + 1/2 O 2 = CO C + O 2 = CO 2 Sc 21 44.96 2.99 1540 2832 0.75 hcp 1.20 18000. 00 Y 39 88.91 4.47 1525 3337 0.90 hcp 1.11 450. 00 La 57 138.91 6.15 0920 3457 1.03 hcp 1.08 350. 00 Ce 58 140.12 6.77 0798 3427 1.01 fcc 1.08 350. 00 Nd 60 144.24 7.01 1016 3067 0.98 hcp 1.07 450. 00 Sm 62 150.40 7.54 1073 1791 0.96 hcp 1.07 300. 00 Fe 26 55.85 7.87 1536 2863 0.55 bcc 1.64 0. 03 Al 13 26.98 2.70 0660 2520 0.53 fcc 1.47 1. 44 Ti 22 47.87 4.54 1666 3289 0.61 hcp 1.32 9. 66 Price ($/kg) Elem ent Atom ic num ber Z Atom ic w eight M D ensity at20 ℃ r /g・ cm -3 Melting point T m /℃ Boiling point T b /℃ Ionic radius r i /Å C rystal structure at25 ℃ Electro negativity ・ Sc 2 O 3 is one of the most stable oxides on earth

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◆. ■. ◆. ■. □. ■. □. ◆. ◆. ■. ◆. ■. □. □. □. ◆. ■. ◆. □. ■. □. □. ◆. ■. ■. □. □. ■. ■. ◆. □. ■. □. □. ■. ◆. ◆. □. ■. □. □. MIG29. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 90. 100. JCPDS # 04-0787 JCPDS # 17-0412 JCPDS # 14-0428. ◆ : Al ■: Al 3 Sc - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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  • Reduction 2 ScF3 + 3 Ca 2 Sc + 3 CaF2Thortveitite (Sc,Y)2Si2O7PRODUCTION OF SCANDIUM AND Al-Sc ALLOY BY USING CaCl2 MOLTEN SALTMasanori Harata*, Hiromasa Yakushiji, Toru H. Okabe*Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, *Graduate Student, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of TokyoIntroductionMolten Salt ElectrolysisMetallothermic ReductionEPMA analysisPhase separation was improved by using CaCl2 as a flux. However, excess Ca reductant remained in the Al4Ca phase. Reduction: Sc2O3 (s) + 3 Ca (g) 2 Sc (s) + 3 CaO (s)Al-Sc alloy was directly produced fromSc2O3 by using Al as the collector metal; however, excess Ca reductant remained in the alloy sample.Rare Earth ElementsLightweightChemically reactiveApplicationsResourceFig. Ellingham diagram of selected oxides.Experimental temperature (1273 K)Temperature, T / K-1400-1200-1000-800-600-400-2000300500700900110013003/2 Fe + O2 = 1/2 Fe3O44/3 Al + O2 = 2/3 Al2O3Ti + O2 = TiO22 Mg + O2 = 2 MgO2 Ca + O2 = 2 CaO4/3 Sc + O2 = 2/3 Sc2O34/3 La + O2 = 2/3 La2O34/3 Y + O2 = 2/3 Y2O3 4 Ag + O2 = 2 Ag2OStandard Gibbs energy of formation, DGf /kJ mol-1Properties of ScPurpose of this studyTo develop a new process that can produce Sc metal or Al-Sc alloy directly from Sc2O3 at temperatures lower than those used in the conventional process.What is Scandium?Catalysts, Laser crystalsOthersCurrently, Sc is mainly used as an alloying element for Al alloy.Metal halide lampBaseball batBicycleConventional process Sc2O3 + 6 HF 2 ScF3 + 3 H2O

    Minerals such as Thortveitite contain a large amount of Sc. However, such minerals are not used as a source of Sc because they are scarce.Sc is one of the rare earth elements (RE).Recently, Ni smelting has changed from a pyrometallurgicalprocess to a hydrometallurgical process that can recovera large amount of Sc2O3 at a low cost.ExpensiveMolten salt electrolysis Improvement of electrolysis cell to prevent Fe contamination. Investigation of the reaction mechanism of CaCl2Sc2O3 molten salt. Development of a new direct production process of Sc or Al-Sc alloy by molten salt electrolysis.Reduction temperature: T = 1273 KHolding time: t' = 6 hrCurrently, Sc is produced in the form of oxide (Sc2O3) from rare earth ores or as a byproduct of uranium mill tailings. The production cost is high because an expensive reaction apparatus is required for handling the fluoride.

    Disadvantages Contamination from the crucible cannot be prevented due to the high-temperature reaction.

    973 K1873 KSc is the 31st most abundant element in the earths crust, with a crustal abundance of 22 ppm. Sc2O3 + 6 e- 2 Sc + 3 O2-C + x O2- COx + 2x e- AnodeCathodeSc2O3 + C 2 Sc + COxOverall reactionPotential lead (Ni wire)Stainless steel tubeRubber plugReaction chamberFe crucibleAr inletHeaterCaCl2-Sc2O3 molten saltAl (or Ag)-Sc alloy (Cathode)Carbon electrode (Anode)Ni reference electrode Ceramic insulatorFig. Schematic illustration of experimental apparatus for the metallothermic reduction experiment.Table Minerals containing ScXRD analysis(b) Feed: Sc2O3, Reductant: Ca, Collector metal: Al(c) Feed: Sc2O3, Reductant: Ca, Collector metal: Al, Flux: CaCl2(a) Feed: Sc2O3, Reductant: CaAl-Sc alloysAl-Sc alloy is expected to be used as a structural material for aircraft etc.Sc2O3 is converted into ScF3 because it is thermodynamically stable. Further, it is difficult to reduce Sc2O3 to metallic Sc even by using Ca as a reductant.Table Chemical composition of ThortveititeMole percent ScTemperature, T / CExperimental temperatureFig. Phase diagram for the AlSc reactionTable Experimental conditions for the metallothermic reductionFig. Schematic illustration of experimental apparatus for molten salt electrolysis.As a preliminary experiment, Y2O3 was used instead of Sc2O3, and the production of Ag-Y alloyby the electrolysis of CaCl2-Y2O3 molten salt was investigated.

    Table Theoretical decomposition voltage Ca contamination of Al-Sc alloy could beprevented by controlling the potential betweenthe anode and the cathode.A complex oxide (CaSc2O4) was formed and reduction was incomplete.Sc2O3 was successfully reduced to metallicSc and alloyed in situ to form Al-Sc liquid alloy during the reduction. It was difficult to separate the metal phase from the salt phase.ConclusionIt was demonstrated that Ag-Y alloy could be produced by the electrolysis of CaCl2-Y2O3 molten salt.The electrolysis cell must be improved to prevent the contamination of the molten salt by Fe. Reduction and alloying: Sc2O3 (s) + Al (l) + 3 Ca (g) Al-Sc alloy (l) + 3 CaO (s) Conversion into fluoride:ElectrolysisMetallothermic reduction Development of a new technique for preventing Ca contamination of Al-Sc alloy. Currently, Sc2O3 reduction is an ongoing experiment.C + 1/2 O2 = COC + O2 = CO2Sc2O3 is one of the most stable oxides on earth

    Sheet1

    G/ kJ at 1100 KE/ V

    Sc2O3(s) + 3/2 C(s) 2 Sc(s) + 3/2 CO2(g)991.011.71

    Sc2O3(s) + 3 C(s) 2 Sc(s) + 3 CO(g)957.7191.65

    Sc2O3(s) 2 Sc(s) + 3/2 O2(g)1584.8872.73

    Y2O3(s) + 3/2 C(s) 2 Y(s) + 3/2 CO2(g)992.5741.71

    Y2O3(s) + 3 C(s) 2 Y(s) + 3 CO(g)959.2831.66

    Y2O3(s) 2 Y(s) + 3/2 O2(g)1586.4512.74

    CaCl2(l) Ca(l) + Cl2(g)629.1083.26

    CaO(s) + 1/2 C Ca(l) + 1/2 CO2(g)322.8251.67

    CaO(s) + C(s) Ca(l) + CO(g)311.7281.61

    CaO(s) Ca(l) +1/2 O2(g)520.7842.70

    Go(at 1100K)Eo(V)

    Y2O3 + 3/2 C 2 Y + 3/2 CO2992.5741.71

    Y2O3 + 3 C 2 Y + 3 CO959.2831.66

    Y2O3 2 Y + 3/2 O21586.4512.74

    CaCl2(l) Ca(l) + Cl2629.1083.26

    CaO + 1/2 C Ca(l) + 1/2 CO2322.8251.67

    CaO + C Ca(l) + CO311.7281.61

    CaO Ca(l) +1/2 O2520.7842.7

    Sheet2

    at 1200 K

    vs. Cl2/Cl-(V)

    Ca/Ca2+-3.20

    Sc/Sc3+-2.24

    Y/Y3+-2.52

    Ni/Ni2+-0.67

    Fe/Fe2+-1.01

    Fe/Fe3+-0.79

    Sheet3

    Plain

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Ti

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Profile of Titanium, TiFeTiO

    FeTiO3151.720.3681123122

    Atomic Property

    Atomic number 22

    Atmic weight 48

    Electron configuration ([Ar] 3d2 4s2

    Metallic atom radius (0.147nm

    Ion radius 0.076nmTi2+

    0.069nmTi3+

    0.064nmTi4+

    Electronegativity ()1.6Def. of Pauling

    Crystal Property

    Density 4.5g cm-3at 293 K

    Crystal structure : ahcpA3at 1156 K

    Latice constant : a2.950at 293 K

    Latice constant : c4.683at 293 K

    Crystal structure : bbccat 11561953 K

    Latice constant : a3.307at 1173 K

    Latice constant : c3.307at 1173 K

    Transformation point 1156K

    Transformation heat 4100J mol-1

    Melting point 1953K

    Melting heat 18700J mol-1

    Boiling point 3535K

    Boiling heat 397000J mol-1

    Electric resistance 5510-8 mat 293 K

    Thermal conductivity 0.0197W m-1 K-1

    Yangs' Modulas 1.1421011 Pa

    Specific strength 0.254

    Resource Property

    Clark number 10

    Reserve 1)532.3MtTiO2 (2001)

    Resource (?

    Species of ore (

    Rutile (), TiO2

    Ilumenite (, TiFeO3

    Production

    1)4.58MtTiO2 (2001)

    2)24.9kt (2001)

    2)16.3kt (2002)

    2)7.3kt (2003)

    Smelting Process

    Croll process

    Hunter process

    Reference

    31993

    1) "() 50", (2002) p 52

    2) "() 50", (2002) p 295

    Titanium

    High specific tensle strength ! High corrosion resistance !But Expensive !

    Ta

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Tantalum

    High chemical stablity Used for capacitorBut Expensive !

    Nb

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Niobium

    High chemical stablity Used for capacitorBut Expensive !

    Fe

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Profile of Iron, Fe

    Atomic Property

    Atomic number 26

    Atmic weight 55.85

    Electron configuration ([Ar] 3d6 4s2

    Metallic atom radius (0.124nm

    Ion radius 0.087nmFe2+

    0.067nmFe3+

    Electronegativity ()1.8Def. of Pauling

    Crystal Property

    Density 7.87g cm-3at 293 K

    Crystal structure : abccA2at 01156 K

    Latice constant : a2.866at 293 K

    Latice constant : c-at 293 K

    Crystal structure : gfccA1at 11841667 K

    Latice constant : a3.6468at 1189 K

    Latice constant : c-at 1189 K

    Crystal structure : dbccA2at 1665 K

    Latice constant : a2.9322at 1667 K

    Latice constant : c-at 1667 K

    Transformation point a g1184K

    Transformation heat a g940J mol-1

    Transformation point g d1665K

    Transformation heat g d1090J mol-1

    Melting point 1809K

    Melting heat 13800J mol-1

    Boiling point 3160K

    Boiling heat 351200J mol-1

    Electric resistance 9.7110-8 mat 293 K

    Thermal conductivity 0.0818W m-1 K-1

    Yangs' Modulas 1.91011 Pa

    Specific strength 0.241

    Resource Property

    Clark number 4

    Reserve Mt

    Resource (

    Species of ore (

    Production

    Mt

    kt

    kt

    kt

    Smelting Process

    Reference

    31993

    Iron

    King of metals !

    RE

    The Periodic Table of Elements

    AABBBBBBAAAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    Al

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Aluminum

    Mg

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Profile of Magnesium, Mg

    Atomic Property

    Atomic number 12

    Atmic weight 24.31

    Electron configuration ([Ne] 3s2

    Metallic atom radius (0.160nm

    Ion radius 0.078nmMg2+

    Electronegativity ()1.2Def. of Pauling

    Crystal Property

    Density 1.7g cm-3at 293 K

    Crystal structure : ahcpA3at 1156 K

    Latice constant : a3.209at 293 K

    Latice constant : c5.211at 293 K

    Melting point 932K

    Melting heat 8960J mol-1

    Boiling point 1376K

    Boiling heat 128700J mol-1

    Electric resistance 3.910-8 mat 293 K

    Thermal conductivity 0.193W m-1 K-1

    Yangs' Modulas 0.4431011 Pa

    Specific strength 0.255

    Resource Property

    Clark number 8

    Reserve 1)?Mt

    Resource (?

    Species of ore (

    Magnesite, MgCO3

    Dolomite, MgCO3CaCO3

    Carnalite, MgCl2KCl6H2O

    Production

    Smelting Process

    Molten salt electrolysis (IG process, Alcan process, Dow process)

    Thermalreduction (Pidgeon process)

    Reference

    31993

    Magnesium

    Ca

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Calcium

    Na

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Sodium

    Au

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Gold

    Ag

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Silver

    Cu

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Copper

    Ni

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Nickel

    PGM

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitneriumPGM

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Profile of Iron, Fe

    Atomic Property

    Atomic number 26

    Atmic weight 55.85

    Electron configuration ([Ar] 3d6 4s2

    Metallic atom radius (0.124nm

    Ion radius 0.087nmFe2+

    0.067nmFe3+

    Electronegativity ()1.8Def. of Pauling

    Crystal Property

    Density 7.87g cm-3at 293 K

    Crystal structure : abccA2at 01156 K

    Latice constant : a2.866at 293 K

    Latice constant : c-at 293 K

    Crystal structure : gfccA1at 11841667 K

    Latice constant : a3.6468at 1189 K

    Latice constant : c-at 1189 K

    Crystal structure : dbccA2at 1665 K

    Latice constant : a2.9322at 1667 K

    Latice constant : c-at 1667 K

    Transformation point a g1184K

    Transformation heat a g940J mol-1

    Transformation point g d1665K

    Transformation heat g d1090J mol-1

    Melting point 1809K

    Melting heat 13800J mol-1

    Boiling point 3160K

    Boiling heat 351200J mol-1

    Electric resistance 9.7110-8 mat 293 K

    Thermal conductivity 0.0818W m-1 K-1

    Yangs' Modulas 1.91011 Pa

    Specific strength 0.241

    Resource Property

    Clark number 4

    Reserve Mt

    Resource (

    Species of ore (

    Production

    Mt

    kt

    kt

    kt

    Smelting Process

    Reference

    31993

    Iron

    King of metals !

    compound

    The Periodic Table of the Elements

    AABBBBBBBBAAAAAA

    HydrogenHelium

    1 H2 He

    1.0084.003

    LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeon

    3 Li4 Be5 B6 C7 N8 O9 F10 Ne

    6.9419.01210.8112.0114.0116.0019.0020.18

    SodiumMagnesiumAluminiumSiliconPhosphorusSulfurChlorineArgon

    11 Na12Mg13 Al14 Si15 P16 S17 Cl18 Ar

    22.9924.3126.9828.0930.9732.0735.4539.95

    PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton

    19 K20 Ca21 Sc22 Ti23 V24 Cr25 Mn26 Fe27 Co28 Ni29 Cu30 Zn31 Ga32 Ge33 As34 Se35 Br36 Kr

    39.1040.0844.9647.8750.9452.0054.9455.8558.9358.6963.5465.3969.7272.6174.9278.9679.9083.80

    RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdnumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenon

    37 Rb38 Sr39 Y40 Zr41 Nb42 Mo43 Tc44 Ru45 Rh46 Pd47 Ag48 Cd49 In50 Sn51 Sb52 Te53 I54 Xe

    85.4787.6288.9191.2292.9195.94(99)101.1102.9106.4107.9112.4114.8118.7121.8127.6126.9131.3

    CaesiumBariumLutetiumHafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadon

    55 Cs56 Ba71 Lu72 Hf73 Ta74 W75 Re76 Os77 Ir78 Pt79 Au80 Hg81 Tl82 Pb83 Bi84 Po85 At86 Rn

    132.9137.3175178.5180.9183.8186.2190.2192.2195.1197.0200.6204.4207.2209.0(210)(210)(222)

    FranciumRadiumLawrenciumRutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitnerium

    87 Fr88 Ra103 Lr104 Rf105 Db106 Sg107 Bh108 Hs109 Mt

    (223)(226)(262)(261)(262)(263)(262)(265)(266)

    LanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbium

    Lahthanid57 La58 Ce59 Pr60 Nd61 Pm62 Sm63 Eu64 Gd65 Tb66 Dy67 Ho68 Er69 Tm70 Yb

    138.9140.1140.9144.2(145)150.4152.0157.3158.9162.5164.9167.3168.9173.0

    ActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobelium

    Actinid89 Ac90 Th91 Pa92 U93 Np94 Pu95 Am96 Cm97 Bk98 Cf99 Es100 Fm101Md102No

    (227)232.0231.0238.0(237)(239)(243)(247)(247)(252)(252)(257)(258)(259)

    Profile of Magnesium dichloride, MgCl2Nb2O5NbCaCO3CaCationic ratio

    Formula weight 95.214.60.01730.03460.50.00500.00500.1443

    Density 1)2.3g cm-3at 293 K265.8100.1

    1.7g cm-3at 10171099 K1050

    Crystal structure : CdCl2 1)A3at 1156 K

    Mg-Cl 1)2.53at 293 K

    Melting point 2)987K

    Melting heat 2)43095J mol-1?

    Boiling point 2)1708K

    Boiling heat 2)156200J mol-1

    Cf,-3.4116.7 MgCl26H2O

    Profile of Magnesium tetrachloride, TiCl4

    Formula weight 189.67

    Density 1)1.702g cm-3at 293 K

    Crystal structure : ?at 1156 K

    Ti-Cl 3)2.170at 293 K

    Melting point 2)249K

    Melting heat 2)9967J mol-1?

    Boiling point 2)408K

    Boiling heat 2)35770J mol-1

    Cf

    Profile of Magnesium tetrachloride, TiCl3

    Formula weight 154.22

    Density ?g cm-3at 293 K

    Crystal structure : a 3), Ti-Ti: 3.54 , Ti-Cl: 2.45 ,

    b, Ti-Ti: 2.91 , Ti-Cl: 2.45 ,

    g, Ti-Ti: 3.54 , Ti-Cl: 2.45

    d

    Sublimation point 2)1103K

    Sublimation heat 2)166150J mol-1

    CfTiCl36H2O

    Profile of Magnesium tetrachloride, TiCl2

    Formula weight 118.77

    Density 1)3.13g cm-3at 293 K

    Crystal structure : CdI2 1)at 1156 K

    Latice constant : a 3)3.43at 293 K

    Latice constant : c 3)6.10at 293 K

    Sublimation point 2)1580K

    Sublimation heat 2)248500J mol-1

    Cf

    1)

    2) Barin

    3)

    AgNO3

    AgNO

    107.914.0116.00gmol

    169.93.39740.020

    1.3979400087

    2.3979400087

    Sheet1

    ScYLaFeAlTi

    Atomic number213957261322

    Atomic weight44.95688.906138.90655.84526.98247.867

    Density (g/cm3)2.994.476.157.872.74.51

    Melting point ()1539152092015386601668

    Boiling point ()283133883461286125193287

    Crystal structurehcphcphcpbccfcchcp

    Sheet2

    MineralsSc2O3 content (%)MineralsSc2O3 content (%)

    OxidesMagnetite0.00010.04PhosphatesXenotime0.00151.5

    Hematiteup to 0.15Monazite0.0020.5

    Titanomagnetite0.00020.02Apatite0.00030.08

    Ilmenite0.00150.15SilicatesZircon0.0050.3

    Rutile0.0050.16Beryl0.00051.2

    Wolframite0.0051.3Garnet0.020.4

    Uraninite0.150.2Olivine0.00030.02

    Laterite0.0030.03Pyroxeneup to 0.04

    Sheet3

    Sheet1

    Exp.Mass of sample, wi/gExcessCalculated nominal

    no.FeedCollector metalFluxReductantreductant ratiocomposition of Al-Sc alloy

    Sc2O3AlCaCl2Ca

    a0.69--1.202-

    b0.150.96-0.262Al-6mol%Sc

    c0.150.961.270.262Al-6mol%Sc

    Sheet2

    Exp.NominalExcessMass ofConcentration of element i, Ci (mass%)b

    no.composition ofreductantflux

    Al-Sc alloyaratio, RCaawflux/gAlScCaSiFeTa

    CAl-9mass%Sc20.0058.3219.0022.45< 0.010.14< 0.01

    DAl-9mass%Sc20.0063.6717.8117.12< 0.010.361.03

    EAl-9mass%Sc21.2761.1421.7614.83< 0.010.411.85

    FAl-6mass%Sc21.2470.0216.6112.74< 0.010.140.47

    GAl-5mass%Sc1.51.0673.8713.3710.850.300.221.37

    HAl-5mass%Sc1.251.0676.6711.2211.600.540.100.40

    IAl-5mass%Sc11.0682.449.765.93< 0.011.160.68

    JAl-5mass%Sc0.751.0684.6710.092.15< 0.012.080.99

    Sheet3

    Table1-1

    Table Physical properties of Sc and some selected elements.

    ElementAtomicnumberZAtomicweightMDensityat 20 r/ gcm-3Melting pointTm / Boiling pointTb / Ionic radius ri / Crystal structure at 25 Electro negativityPrice($/kg)

    Sc2144.962.99154028320.75hcp1.2018000.0018,000

    Y3988.914.47152533370.90hcp1.11450.00450

    La57138.916.15092034571.03hcp1.08350.00350

    Ce58140.126.77079834271.01fcc1.08350.00350

    Nd60144.247.01101630670.98hcp1.07450.00450

    Sm62150.407.54107317910.96hcp1.07300.00300

    Fe2655.857.87153628630.55bcc1.640.030.03

    Al1326.982.70066025200.53fcc1.471.441.44

    Ti2247.874.54166632890.61hcp1.329.669.66

    a: Price of oxide.(approximate value)

    Table1-2

    Table 1-2 Abundance of the elements in the earth crust[16].

    Rank.Atomicnumber,ZElementContent ofearth crust(%)Rank.Atomicnumber,ZElementContent ofearth crust(%)

    0108O46.604062Sm06.010-4

    0214Si27.724164Gd05.410-4

    0313Al08.134266Dy04.810-4

    0426Fe05.004370Yb03.010-4

    0520Ca03.634472Hf03.010-4

    0611Na02.834555Cs03.010-4

    0719K02.594668Er02.810-4

    0812Mg02.094704Be02.810-4

    0922Ti00.444835Br02.510-4

    1001H00.144950Sn02.010-4

    1115P00.1055073Ta02.010-4

    1225Mn00.0955192U01.810-4

    1309F00.06255233As01.810-4

    1456Ba00.04255342Mo01.510-4

    1538Sr00.03755432Ge01.510-4

    1616S00.0265574W01.510-4

    1706C00.0205663Eu01.210-4

    1840Zr00.01655767Ho01.210-4

    1923V00.01355865Tb0810-5

    2017Cl00.0135953I0510-5

    2124Cr00.016069Tm0510-5

    2237Rb0910-36171Lu0510-5

    2328Ni07.510-36281Tl0510-5

    2430Zn07.010-36348Cd0210-5

    2558Ce06.010-36451Sb0210-5

    2629Cu05.510-36583Bi0210-5

    2739Y03.310-36649In0110-5

    2857La03.010-36780Hg0810-6

    2960Nd02.810-36847Ag0710-6

    3027Co02.510-36934Se0510-6

    3121Sc02.210-37044Ru0110-6

    3203Li02.010-37146Pd0110-6

    3307N02.010-37252Te0110-6

    3441Nb0210-37378Pt0110-6

    3531Ga01.510-37445Rh0510-7

    3682Pb01.310-37579Au0410-7

    3705B0110-37675Re0110-7

    3859Pr08.210-47776Os0110-7

    3990Th07.210-47877Ir0110-7

    Table1-3

    Table 1-3 Sc containing minerals[17-23].

    MineralChemical formulaDiscoveredyearProductioncountryContent ofSc2O3 (mass%)

    Thortveitite(Sc, Y)2Si2O71911Norway25.01

    BazziteBe3(Sc, Al)2Si6O181915Norway14.50

    KolbeckiteScPO42(H2O)1926U.S.41.30

    MagbasiteKBa(Al, Sc)(Mg, Fe2+)6Si6O20F21965Russia02.10

    Jervisite(Na, Ca, Fe2+)(Sc, Mg, Fe2+)Si2O61982Italy18.48

    CascanditeCa(Sc, Fe2+)Si3O8(OH)1982Italy14.74

    JuonniiteCaMgSc(PO4)2(OH)4(H2O)1997Russia17.76a

    PretuliteScPO41998Austria47.38

    ScandiobabingtoniteCa2(Fe2+, Mn)ScSi5O14(OH)1998Italy11.32

    KristianseniteCa2ScSn(Si2O7)(Si2O6OH)2002Norway08.11

    a: Calculated value

    Table1-4

    Table The minerals containing Sc.

    FormMineral nameContent ofSc2O3 (mass%)

    OxidesUraninite0.15~0.2

    Wolframite0.005~1.3

    Laterite0.003~0.03

    Magnetite0.001~0.04

    Hematite~0.15

    Titanomagnetite0.0002~0.02

    Ilmenite0.0015~0.15

    Rutile0.005~0.16

    Columbite0.01~0.8

    PhosphatesXenotime0.0015~1.5

    Monazite0.002~0.5

    Apatite0.0003~0.08

    SilicatesThortveitite25.0~48.3

    Zircon0.005~0.3

    Beryl0.0005~1.2

    Garnet0.02~0.4

    Olivine0.0003~0.02

    Pyroxene~0.04


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