Porifera Invertabrate Lacks any true tissues Endoskeleton consist of hard needle-like structures of inorganic material
Hoplolaimus Galeatus Has an hydrostaticskeleton Muscle Contraction resultsin thrashing motion Body wall muscles aligned longitudinally
Scorpio Maurus Relies on exoskeleton for structure Segmented body with jointed appendages
for movement
PHYLA MAMMILIA
H. Sapien
Three types of muscle-Skeletal-Cardiac- Smooth
Skeletal muscle is voluntary, so you can move at will. It’s attached by tendons and ligaments to bones throughout the body
Cardiac muscle is involuntary and contracts in response to electrical stimulation in the heart
Smooth muscles are involuntary internal muscles that form the walls of organs and blood vessels. They respond to both nervous stimulation and movement of the skeletal muscles.
The breakdown of a muscle fiber
Tropomyosin and troponin are both regulatoryproteins bound to strands of actin.
A muscle fiber at rest, tropomyosin coversthe myosin-binding sites. This preventsactin and myosin from interacting.
When Calcium Ions accumulate in the cytosol, theyBind to the troponin complex. This causes it toShift along the actin strand exposing differentMyosin-binding sites
When Calcium ion concentration rises, thethin and thick filaments slide past each otherand the fiber contracts
Conversely when the concentration is lowered, the binging sites are covered and contraction stops
Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into movement
With the muscle attaching to two parts of the skeleton, muscle fibers can be shortened in a contraction producing a movement
Hardened internal skeletons are called endoskeletons
Three major types of joints on the human body are-Ball and Socket joint-Hinge joint-Pivot joint
Each one has a different range of motion
Rare genetic disorder Myostatin-related muscle hypertrophy First discovered in beef cattle in late 1990’s Prevents the body from producing myostatin a limiting factor to
muscle size Little to no body fat Incredibly fast metabolism Little is known about the disorder, but side effects of a child
without body fat can lead to stunted growth and impaired central nervous system
(MD) is an inherited muscle disease in which muscle fiber are unusually susceptible to damage
Primarily affects voluntary muscles, which become progressively weaker throughout the stages
Fat and connective tissue often begin to replace muscle fibers Some types of MD affect cardiac muscle as well
Signs and symptoms of MD include-Muscle weakness-Apparent lack of coordination-Progressive crippling, resulting in fixations of the muscles around yourjoints and loss of mobility.
Specific signs and symptoms vary from each form of the disease. Muscular Dystrophy is a general term describing a group of inheriteddiseases.
Each form of MD involves a genetic mutation. The most common types appear to be caused by a genetic deficiency of the muscle proteindystrophin
Presently we do not have a cure for muscular dystrophy.
The best we can offer are physical therapies to reduce the pain
of the muscles contracting or surgery if necessary
However in some cases doctors may prescribe medication that
Is capable of slowing the muscle deterioration. The anti- inflammatory corticosteroid prednisone may help improve muscle strength and delay the progression of some muscular dystrophies