marine biology exam practice - paramorina...porifera, cnidaria, ctenophora, mollusca porifera...
TRANSCRIPT
MARINE BIOLOGY
EXAM PRACTICE
Chapter 5 Bacteria, Diatoms,
Dinoflagellates
Identify the Bacteria Feature
dinoflagellates diatoms
Diatom Types
pennate centric
Chapter 7 section 1 Porifera, Cnidaria,
Ctenophora, Mollusca
Porifera Skeleton and Cells
Porifera Water Flow
Porifera Organization and Morphology
Asconoid – simplest type; shaped like a tube or vase with a single osculum
Porifera Organization and Morphology
Syconoid – larger type with series of canals
Porifera Organization and Morphology
Leuconoid – most complex and most common; numerous canals that lead to chambers
Class Hexactinellida
glass sponge; ex: Euplectella – Venus’s flower basket
Cnidarian Characteristics
• Contain stinging cells called cnidocytes in their tentacles that contain coiled stingers called nematocysts that can shoot out & paralyze prey
Cnidarian Body Plan
• have 2 basic body forms: polyp and medusa
Class Hydrozoa
• Portuguese man-of-war (Physalia physalis)
Class Scyphozoa Chrysaora fuscescens (Pacific Sea Nettle)
Class Cubozoa Box Jellyfish
Class Gastropoda
• ex: Abalone
Class Gastropoda
• ex: Nudibranch (sea slug)
Class Bivalia
• ex: Oysters
Class Bivalia
• ex: Scallops
Class Cephalapoda
• Chromatophores in the skin can help change color for camouflage
Class Cephalapoda
• Use their radula & beak to feed
radula
beak
Class Cephalapoda - Squid
Class Cephalapoda - Octopus
Class Cephalapoda – Cuttlefish
Class Cephalapoda – Chambered Nautilius
CHAPTER 7 ARTHROPODA & ECHINODERMATA
Phylum Arthropoda Organism: Barnacle
Acorn Barnacles Goose Barnacles
Phylum Arthropoda Group: Decapod
Organism: Shrimp
Brown Shrimp Peppermint Shrimp
Phylum Arthropoda Group: Decapod
Organism: Shrimp
Pistol Shrimp By snapping its claw it can make communication sounds but also something far deadly. It can deal a knock out blow from a distance by using its claw a sonic weapon. As the claw snaps shut, it fires a blast of bubbles. This implosion causes a shock wave that stuns the prey.
Phylum Arthropoda Group: Decapod
Organism: Shrimp
Mantis Shrimp The Peacock Mantis Shrimp is also known as the thumb splitter. The arms of the Peacock Mantis Shrimp are as powerful as a .22 bullet. The mantis shrimp’s eyes are considered to be the most complex in the animal kingdom.
Phylum Arthropoda Group: Decapod
Organism: Lobster
Atlantic Lobster
Phylum Arthropoda Group: Decapod Organism: Crab
Identifying the sex of a true crab: male = “V” shaped plate female = “U” shaped plate for carrying eggs
Phylum Arthropoda Group: Decapod
Organism: Hermit Crab
• not true crabs but are more closely related to the lobsters
• have no protective hard carapace on their hind parts so must use a discarded gastropod shell for their protection and home
Phylum Arthropoda Group: Decapod
Organism: Horseshoe Crab
Horseshoe crab blood’s blue color comes from the fact that it contains copper. Up to one-third of the crab’s blood is removed during the process. One quart of horseshoe crab blood is worth $15,000.
Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea
Organism: Sea Star
Chocolate Chip Sea Star
Beaded Sea Star
Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea
Organism: Sea Star
Sunflower Sea Star Crown of Thorns
Phylum Echinodermata Class Ophiuroidea
Organism: Brittle Star
Phylum Echinodermata Class Echinoidea
Organism: Sea Urchin
• Aristotle’s Lantern – complicated mouth of jaws and muscles with five teeth named after the philosopher who first described it in 4th century
Phylum Echinodermata Class Echinoidea
Organism: Sea Urchin
Phylum Echinodermata Class Echinoidea
Organism: Sand Dollar
CHAPTER 8 MARINE
CARTILAGINOUS & BONEY FISH
Class: Agnatha
• jawless fish
• hagfishes and lampreys lack jaws and are the most primitive fish
Class: Chondrichthyes Respiration
• rays have spiracles which aid in breathing
Class: Chondrichthyes Buoyancy
• shark liver aids in buoyancy because it contains oil
• some shark livers make up 20% of their weight
• sharks use their pectoral fins and tails for buoyancy control
Class: Chondrichthyes Nervous System
• lateral line used for sensing vibrations in water from the swimming of other animals
• system of small canals that run along the head and body
Class: Chondrichthyes Nervous System
• Ampullae of Lorenzini – jelly filled canals that can detect electrical and magnetic fields; used to help locate prey
Class: Chondrichthyes Nervous System
• very acute sense of smell
• It can detect one drop of blood in a million drops of water (25 gallons) and can smell blood 0.25 mile away.
Class: Chondrichthyes Reproduction
• males have claspers to insert sperm into female’s cloaca (one opening that serves digestive and reproductive functions)
MALE
FEMALE
CLOACA
Class: Chondrichthyes Camouflage and Coloration
• some display countershading
• darker on dorsal surface to blend with deeper water or sea bottom
• lighter on ventral surface to blend with lighter colored surface water
Class: Chondrichthyes Great White Shark
Class: Osteichthyes Buoyancy
• have a swim bladder which is an air filled sac that helps with buoyancy
Class: Osteichthyes
Dolphin fish – ray-finned fish
Class: Osteichthyes
Parrot Fish – ray-finned fish
Class: Osteichthyes
Lion fish – ray-finned fish
Class: Osteichthyes
Coelacanth – fleshy-finned fish
CHAPTER 9 MARINE
REPTILES & BIRDS
Class: Reptilia Order: Chelonia (sea turtles)
• Loggerhead - named for the size of its head
Class: Reptilia Order: Chelonia (sea turtles)
• Leatherback- largest sea turtle named for the shell
that has tough, rubbery skin
Class: Reptilia Order: Chelonia (sea turtles)
• Flatback - named for its compressed body
Class: Reptilia Order: Chelonia (sea turtles)
• Green Sea Turtle- named for the color of its fat
Class: Reptilia Order: Chelonia (sea turtles)
• Kemp’s Ridley - named for Richard Kemp, a
researcher who is renowned for studying it
Class: Reptilia Order: Chelonia (sea turtles)
• Olive Ridley- named for the olive tone of its
carapace
Class: Reptilia Order: Chelonia (sea turtles)
• Hawksbill- named for the shape of its head and
beak that resembles a hawk
Pelican & Relatives
Atlantic Puffin
• sea parrot
• excellent swimmers and flyers; flapping wings up to 400 times per minute and reach speeds of 55 mph
• Iceland is the breeding home of perhaps 60 % of the world's Atlantic puffins
• Emperor Penguin - largest penguins and restricted to the cold waters of the Antarctic
• Adélie Penguins - breed and raise their young farther south than any other penguin, on the continent of Antarctica
• Gentoo Penguin - third largest penguin found on the Antarctic Peninsula as well as many sub-Antarctic islands
• Chinstrap Penguins - live on large icebergs on the open ocean; sometimes called "Stone cracker Penguins" because of their high-pitched call
• Rockhopper Penguin - they live on rocky shorelines where they make burrows and nest; have no natural land-based predators because they inhabit harsh environments
• Macaroni Penguins - most numerous species of penguin with 18 million individuals
African Penguin
• also known as the black-footed penguin
• only penguin species found on the African continent
• allopreening, preening each other, can commonly be observed in African penguins because they cannot easily preen their own heads and necks
Humboldt Penguin
• most northern-dwelling penguin species and breed on the coastlines of Peru and Chile
• named after the cold water current that it spends most of it's time swimming in, which is itself named after the explorer, Alexander von Humboldt
CHAPTER 9 MARINE MAMMALS
Northern Elephant Seal
Harp Seal
Sea Otter
Walrus
• Largest pinniped
• Upper canine teeth are modified into long tusks in both sexes
P. Killer Whale
Q. Narwhal
S. Sperm Whale