Hazardous Waste is only a small portion of the waste generated in the workplace, but by far the most harmful to the nature and the environment.
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Characteristic Hazardous Waste
A solid waste may also be classified as hazardous if it exhibits one or more of the following characteristics:
Ignitability Corrosivity Reactivity Toxicity Located in Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations,
Section 261.20 thru 261.24 (The waste a listed hazardous waste
Mixture of solid waste
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ToxicityToxicity
Listed Hazardous Waste
Four Separate Lists
Non-specific Source Wastes - “F”
Specific Source Wastes - “K”
Commercial Chemical Products -“P” &
“U”
Located in Title 40, Code of Federal
Regulations, Section 261.30 thru 261.33
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Legislations on hazardous waste
RCRA ( Resource Conservation and Recovery Act )
CERCLA ( Comprehensive Environmental Response , Compensation , and Liability Act )
SARA ( Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act )
TSCA ( Toxic Substances Control Act)
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International hazardous waste conventions
Basel convention
Waigani convention
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Aim and objectives
The aim and objectives of this global convention are as flows:
To reduce Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and other wastes Subject to the Basel Convention to a minimum consistent with their environmentally sound management.
To dispose of the hazardous wastes and other wastes generated as close as possible to their source of generation.
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To minimize generation of hazardous wastes in terms of quantity and Hazardousness
To ensure strict control over movements of hazardous wastes across borders.
To prohibit shipments of hazardous wastes to countries lacking the legal, Administrative and technical capacity to manage and dispose of them in an environmental sound manner
To assist developing countries and countries with economies in transition in the environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes that they generate.
Aim and objectives
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Elements of hazardous waste management
Waste minimization
Transportation to processing and/or disposal facilities
Treatment and processing to reduce or eliminate toxicity ,to reduce the volume , and to immobilize contaminates
Secure longe-term storage and disposal
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Waste
minimization
Source reduction at the point
of generation
Recycling both on-and-off-sit
Input materialchange
Technology changes
Product changes
Good housekeeping
practices
Material purification
Material substitution
Process change
Equipment change
Process automation
Product substitution
Product concentration
Management and personnel
practices
Waste stream segregation
Inventory control
Loss prevention
Recycling both on-and-off-site
Primary recycling Recovery or salvage Reprocessing Reuse Secondary materialsSecondary recycling Secondary reuse
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The EPA cradle-to-grave hazardous waste management system attempts to track hazardous waste from generation to ultimate disposal .
This procedure is designed to ensure that waste are direct to ,and actually reach , permitted disposal sites
Hazardous waste transportation
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Generator requirements
Obtaining and EPA ID number Proper handling of hazardous waste
before transport Establishing a manifest of
hazardous waste Recordkeeping and reporting
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Proper handling of hazardous waste before transport
Pretransport regulations Pretransport regulations are designed to ensure
safe transportation of a hazardous waste from original to ultimate disposal :
To minimization the environmental and safety impacts of accidental releases.
To facilitate control of any releases that may occur during transportation
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Proper handling of hazardous waste before transport
These regulations require : proper packaging Labeling , marking or placarding Waste accumulation A generator may accumulate hazardous waste on-
site for 90 days or less, provided the following requirements are met :
Proper storage Emergency plan Personnel training
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Transporters and carriers
Transporters and carriersHazardous materials transportation act
and other regulation Modes of transport :Trucks Rail Ship and Aircraft
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Hazardous waste treatment , storage , and deposal requirements
Owners and operators must : Conduct waste analyses before a starting
treatment ,storage or disposal Install security measures to prevent inadvertent entry
people or animal into active portions of the TSDF Conduct inspections Conduct training Properly manage ignitable reactive or incompatibles Comply with local standards
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Preparedness and prevention
Facilities must be equipped with:An internal communication or alarm
system Portable fire extinguishers Water at adequate volume and
pressure to supply water hoses
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Preparedness and prevention
Owners and operators of TSDs must make arrangements to :
Familiarize police , fire and emergency response teams
Designate primary and alternate emergency response teams
Familiarize local hospital with the properties of hazardous waste
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Hazardous waste treatment and disposal alternatives
Waste management option Source reduction Separation and volume reduction Exchange/sale as raw material Energy recovery Treatment Secure ultimate disposal ( landfill)
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Principal objective of hazardous waste treatment
• Toxicity reduction • Conversion to forms that can
subsequently be processed by other technology
• Total elimination ( complete destruction )• Volume reduction • Immobilization
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Treatment technologies used to process hazardous waste
• Biological methods
• Physicochemical processes
• Stabilization and solidification
• Thermal destruction
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Hazardous waste storage
• Containers
• Tanks
• Surface impoundments
• Waste piles
• Landfill
• Underground injection
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