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Evolution and Natural Selection
How species change over time
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Evolution and Natural Selection
Genetic variations are passed on through reproduction
Evidence for evolution illustrates how organisms are related
Natural selection leads to evolution
Our understanding of evolution has changed over time
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Evolution
The theory that organisms today developed from more simple life forms and have changed (evolved) over time.
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Natural Selection
The theory that states that those organisms best adapted to their environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing.
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What was Darwin’s hypothesis?
Darwin hypothesized that organisms had a common ancestor, but had adapted to their particular environments and changed over time.
Darwin published his
research in 1859
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Natural Selection For natural selection to
occur, there must be at least two varieties of a species.
For example: the peppered moth
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Peppered Moths
At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in England, coal burning produced soot that covered the countryside in many areas
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What do you think happened?
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Evolution/Natural Selection White moths became
easier to see, while the black moths became harder to see. The black moths were more likely to survive and pass on the gene for dark color to their offspring.
Over time, the black moths
have become more common.
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Evidence for Evolution:Common Ancestry
Common Ancestry: If species evolved from a common ancestor, then they should share common anatomical traits
Hawaiian Honeycreeper: family of
birds in Hawaii that have similar
skeletons and muscles, indicating
they are closely related.
Over time, their common ancestor evolved
into several species, each with a specialized bill for eating certain foods. Just like Darwin’s finches on the Galapagos!
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Evidence for Evolution:Homologous Structures
If animals evolved from a common ancestor, then they should share common structures – and they do!
These are called
homologous structures
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Evidence for EvolutionEmbryo Development
What do you notice? List 2 observations
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Evidence for Evolution:Vestigial Organs
Some organisms have structures or organs that no longer have a useful function.
These structures or organs may have been useful to the ancestors of a species, but over time have evolved into what we term vestigial organs.
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Examples of Vestigial Organs
Kiwi (flightless bird)
Whales (hind leg bones)
Humans (tailbone, appendix)
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Evidence for EvolutionFossils
Fossils provide a look
into the past
Scientists can trace how
a species has evolved
by studying fossils
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Wrap Up the Evidence
Common Ancestry
Homologous Structures
Vestigial Organs
Embryonic Development
Fossils
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Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
1) There is variation in the traits of individuals within a population
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Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
1)There is variation in the traits of individuals within a population
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Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
1)There is variation in the traits of individuals within a population
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Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
2) There is differential survival and reproduction, i.e., some individuals survive and reproduce, some don’t
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Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
2)There is differential survival and reproduction, i.e., some individuals survive and reproduce, some don’t
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Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
2) There is differential survival and reproduction, i.e., some individuals survive and reproduce, some don’t
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Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
2) There is differential survival and reproduction, i.e., some individuals survive and reproduce, some don’t
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Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:3) Traits have a genetic basis, or
are inherited from parents
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Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:3) Traits have a genetic basis, or
are inherited from parents
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Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:4) Advantageous traits, which
allows organisms to have more offspring, will become more common in the population over time.
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Examples of Natural Selection:
The Evolution of The Polar BearOur story begins with the Polar
Bear’s closest living relative – the Brown Bear
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The Evolution of The Polar BearAround 300,000 years ago a
small group of Brown Bears became reproductively isolated from the rest of the population
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The Evolution of The Polar Bear
This small founding population of Brown Bears were able to survive and reproduce living in the Arctic Tundra. After MANY generations, a random genetic mutation occurred . . .
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The Evolution of The Polar BearBecause of the genetic mutation,
a litter of Brown Bears exhibited WHITE coloration
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The Evolution of The Polar BearHow do you think the white fur
color affected these bears chances of surviving long enough to have cubs of their own?
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REMEMBER: Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
1)There is variation in the traits of individuals within a population
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2)There is differential survival and reproduction, i.e., some individuals survive and reproduce, some don’t
REMEMBER: Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
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2)There is differential survival and reproduction, i.e., some individuals survive and reproduce, some don’t
REMEMBER: Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
X
X
X
X
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3) Traits have a genetic basis, or are inherited from parents
REMEMBER: Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
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4) Advantageous traits, which allows organisms to have more offspring, will become more common in the population over time.
REMEMBER: Natural Selection Rests on 4 Premises:
X
X
X
X
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X X
X
XX
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XX
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X
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XX
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X
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XX
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What Happened?
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Through Reproductive Isolation and Natural
Selection . . . One Species Evolved
Into Another New Species By Adapting To Its New
Environment
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We see this trend again and again in the Animal Kingdom . . . Speciation by means of Reproductive Isolation
& Natural Selection!
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Discussion Topic
Echidna and Platypus belong in the animal kingdom and in the Phylum Mammalia, though both Echidna and Platypus have characteristics that can be categorized in the mammal, reptile or avian phylum. If you were the scientist to change the taxonomy, would you change their classification or keep it the same? Give evidence and logical response.
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Activity
Go to the following website and answer the worksheet.
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/natural-selection
You will need to download Java to play this.