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System Architecture
@
Bruce G. CameronDirector, System Architecture Lab
Co-Founder of Technology Strategy Partners
[email protected] 27, 2016
www.system-architect.org
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
MyBackgroundDirector,SystemArchitectureLab
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
ArchitectureThe fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its components, their relationships to each other and to the environment, and the principles governing its design and evolution.
- ISO / IEC / IEEE Standard 42010
A formal description of a system, or a detailed plan of the system at component level to guide its implementation.
- The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF)
How much detail is required to capture architecture?
Diebstahlwarn-.anlage.
Reifendruck-.kontrolle.
Regensensor.
Lichtschalt-.modul.
Heizungs-.bedienteil.
Heizungs-.bedienteil..(Fond).
1-Achs-.Lu@feder.
Bedienzentrum.MiCelkonsole.
Anhänge-.modul.
Kombi-.instrument.
Car.Access.System.
Sicherheits-.u..InformaKons-.modul.
Fahrzeug-.zentrum.
Türmodul.Beifahrer.
Mensch-.Maschine-.Interface.
Park.Distance.Control.
Digitale.Diesel./Motor.Elektronik.1.
AdapKve.Cruise.Control.
Schaltzentrum.Lenksäule.
Türmodul.Fahrertür. A-Säule.links.
B-Säule.links.
A-Säule.rechts.
B-Säule.links.
Tür.vorne..links.
Sitz.Fahrer.
Audio.System.Kontroller.
Tür.vorne.rechts.
Sitz.hinten.
AkKve.Roll-.Stabilisierung.
Dynamische.Stabilitäts-.kontrolle.
Elektronische.Getriebe-.steuerung.
Sitz.Beifahrer.
Türmodul.Fahrerseite.hinten.
Türmodul.Beifahrerseite.hinten.
Sitzmodul.Fahrer.
Sitzmodul.Beifahrer.
Antennentuner. MulK.Media.Changer.
Audio-CD.Wechsler.Videomodul.
Bedienzentrum.MiCelkonsole.Fond.
AdapKve.Light.Control.
Elektronische.Dämpfer-.kontrolle.
Elektromech..Feststell-.bremse.
Drehraten-.sensor.(kein.SG).
Sitzmodul.Beifahrer..hinten.
Powermodul.
Digitale.Diesel./Motor.Elektronik.2.
Schiebehebe-.dach.
Chassis..IntegraKon..Module.
Verstärker.
NavigaKons-.system.
Telefon-.interface.
Spracheingabe-.system.
KopXörer-.interface.
Heckklappen-.li@.
Sitzmodul.Fahrer.hinten.
Stanheizung/.Zuheizung.
Controller.
Wischermodul.
Serienumfang.
Sonder-.ausstaCung.
Diagnose-.Zugang.
Zentrales.Gateway..Modul.
K-CAN.System.
MOST. K-CAN.Peripherie. byteflight. PT-CAN.
Source:ErnstFricke,BMW
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Twitter’s Architecture
Source:https://blog.twitter.com/2013/new-tweets-per-second-record-and-how
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
How Many Architectures?
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Architecture
The arrangement of the functional elements into physical blocks.- Ulrich & Eppinger
The whole consists of parts; the parts have relationships to each other; when put together, the whole has a designed purpose and fills a need.
- Reekie and McAdam
{form and function, parts and whole, relationships, and emergence}
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Boeing 787 supply chain architecture for subassemblies
TheSeattleTimes.September11,2005.FromESD.931SupplyChainstrategy:EvaluationandImprovement.Prof.MahenderPalSingh.Fall2009
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems8
What could break this architecture?
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems9
Performance Increase Over Time
Year of entry into service1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Perfo
rman
ce
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Saab 2000
BombardierCRJ1000
MD-11
Boeing777-200
EmbraerERJ170-100
AirbusA380
Boeing 787-9
SukhoiSuperjet 100Fokker
50
Airbus A310
Airbus A319Airbus A320
ATR 42
Boeing 767-300
Boeing 757-200
BombaridierDash 8 Q400
Airbus A300B4
De Havilland Dash 7
DC-10-10
Concorde
Boeing747-400
Boeing747-8
Boeing 737-100
Boeing737-600 NG
Boeing 727-100
Tupolev Tu-144
DC-8-10Lockheed Starliner
Boeing 707-320
Boeing 377Stratocruiser
Vickers Viscount
De Havilland Comet 1-4
DC-3
Embraer 120 Brasilia
ArchitecturesStandard deviationAverage Performanceper architecture
The performance metric is decomposed into contributions from passenger carrying efficiency (PCE), aircraft technical performance (thrust-to-weight ratio,! "⁄ ,and maximum cruise velocity, V) and market value (list price, P).
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Architectural DecisionsWe have no reason to expect the quality of intuition to improve with the importance of the problem. Perhaps the contrary: high-stake problems are likely to involve powerful emotions and strong impulses to action.”
Daniel Kahneman
• Architectural decisions are the subset of design decisions that are most impactful
– They relate to form – function mapping, they determine the performance envelope, they encode the key trade-offs in the eventual product, and they often strongly determine cost.
• Architectural decisions lead to architectures that are fundamentally different from each other
– Which wheels are powered on a car, whether or not an aircraft has a tail, whether an algorithm runs in real time or not, etc.
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems11
Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Option 4 Option 5 Option 6 Option 7
Function 1: Lifting payloadConfiguration Monoplane Biplane Triplane Box Wing C-wing Annular Wing TandemWing Vertical Location
High Wing Mid Wing Low Wing Parasol Wing
Shoulder Wing
Wing Shape Rectangular Tapered Delta Swept Back Swept Forward
Elliptical Variable Sweep
Structure Cantilever Strut-braced Wire-BracedPassive ControlShape
Dihedral Anhedral Straight Gull-wing Polyhedral
LE devices LE Flap Slat Kruger Flap Leading Edge Slot
TE devices None Plain Flap Split Flap Slotted Flap Kruger Flap Double slotted flap
Triple Slotted Flap
Tip devices Winglets Wing Fence DownletsFunction 2: Storing payloadNumber of Fuselages
BWB 1 2 3 Flying wing
Structure Monocoque Semi-monocoque
Truss Geodisc
Shape Cylindrical Airfoil-shaped Box-shapedWing Integration Wing Box
carrythroughBlended Ring Frames Bending
BeamFunction 3: Accelerating payloadEngine Type Piston Prop Electric Turboprop Turbofan Turbojet RamjetNumber of Engines
1 2 3 4 5 6
Engine Location Inside Vertical Tail
Side of fuselage aft of wing
Above/in fuselage
Behindfuselage
Under Wing Above Wing In Wing etc.
Function 4: Maintaining stabilityPitch controlConfiguration Horizontal V-shape TaillessHorizontal location
Aft of wing Canard Three surface
Vertical location Fuselage (Inverted-T)
Vertical Tail (cruciform)
Vertical Tail (T-Tail)
Shape Swept back Tapered Straight Elliptical
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Tests for Architectural Decisions • Does this decision strongly influence metrics?
Sensitivity
• Would substantial rework be required to change this decision? Could we make this decision downstream without regards for other decisions?
Connectivity
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Decision Connectivity
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Architectural decisions can be sequenced, using their sensitivity and connectivity.
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems15
Prioritization of Architectural Decisions
Connectivity0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Sen
sitiv
ity
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Wing Vertical Location
Wing Shape
Wing Passive Control Shape
Engine Type
Number of Engines
Engine LocationHorizontal Tail Location
Horizontal Tail Shape
Landing Gear Configuration
Location of Body Gear
Low Sensitivity and high connectivity(3rd priority)
High Sensitivity and high connectivity(1st priority)
High Sensitivity and low connectivity(2nd priority)
Low Sensitivity and low connectivity(4th priority)
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems16
Could this technology break the architecture?
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems17
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
How might engines grow?
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Bypass Ratio as a Limiting Factor?
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
What can you do?
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
How long might this architecture last?
1.Baseline scenario: Technologies related to increasing bypass ratio are developed2.Component efficiency increase: Improvements in component efficiency, at constant turbine inlet temperature and overall pressure ratio.
3.Turbine inlet temperature and overall pressure ratio increase: Improvements
in turbine inlet temperature and overall pressure ratio, at constant component efficiencies. 4.All major technologies advance: Bypass ratio, component efficiencies, turbine inlet temperature and overall pressure ratio all increase to their practical maximum levels.
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Key Architectural DecisionsA350Family BWBFamily
Whatarethekeyarchitecturalfeaturesthat
separatethesetwodesigns?
Fuselagedoesnotlift–wingdesignedforlargestvariant
Fuselagelifts– commonwingimpliessmallerdesignpenalties
Source: Robert Liebeck / Boeing
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Role of the Architect
“Somesinglemindmustmaster,elsetherewillbenoagreementinanything.”
AbrahamLincoln
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Who are the Architects?
Prof.BobLiebeck,Boeing
ArchitectoftheBoeing“BlendedWingBody”
DesigneroftheLiebeck Airfoil
SeniorTechnicalFellow
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Who are the Architects? Dr.ErnstFricke,BMW
VPProjectNextGenerationMINI,CompactClassBMW
Formerly:• DepartmentManager
StructuralDynamics,NVHandVibrationComfort
• ProjectManagerSystemsEngineering
• MemberoftheArchitectureTeam
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
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©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
FIGURE 12.9 The hybrid electric vehicle conceptual solution space, showing the general vehicle concept areas based on electric range and degree of electrification. [13]
Source: CarlosGorbea,“VehicleArchitectureandLifecycleCostAnalysisInaNewAgeofArchitecturalCompetition,” Dissertation,TUMunich,2011
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
The OpportunityWe conceive, design, implement and operate complex and sometimes unprecedented systems
Do they meet stakeholder needs? Do they deliver value?
Do they integrate easily, evolve flexibly, operate simply and reliably?
Well architected systems do!
Acts as as source of competitive advantage
Source: Carlos Gorbea
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Architecture Helps us Make Complex Things Less Complicated
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
• Architecture can be an explicit choice
• Architectural decisions can be identified and sorted
• The system architect must help make the complex system less complicated
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Backup
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
� Reduce ambiguity in corporate strategy and technology insertion by defining the context and boundaries of the system
� Employ creativity to create the concept for the system, managing in the spectrum of solution neutral thinking
� Manage complexity so that the system is comprehendible to all during its design, implementation, and evolution
Three Roles of the Architect
Source: BMW
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
Visualizing Software Architecture and Interactions (Core-Periphery)
*A.Maccormack,C.Y.Baldwin,andJ.Rusnak,“theArchitectureofComplexSystems:Do‘Core-Periphery’StructuresDominate?,”HarvardBusinessSchoolWorkingPaper10-059,2010.
Substantialvariationsinthesizeofthecoreacrosssystemsofsimilarsize,bothonanabsoluteandarelativebasis*
SharedCorePeripheralControl
©2016Dr.BruceCameron SystemArchitecture– StrategyandProductDevelopmentforComplexSystems
VTRAT Case Study Background• VTRAT: automated, virtual
instructional training aid designed to introduce & refresh visual scanners on their duties during anti-aircraft threat engagement.
• Employs hardware & software that displays realistic visual characteristics of anti-aircraft weaponry.
• Supports 62 sites worldwide:– AMC: C-5, C-17, KC-10, CK-135, C-130H, C-130J– AFSOC: CV-22, MC-130H/J/P, AC-130U/H/J, AC-
130W, EC-130J, U-28, PC-12, C-145A, C-146A– ACC: HC-130P, EC-130H, HH-60G
• Release 2 courseware versions per command yearly, plus other projects
Acquisition Strategy• Firm Fixed Price, CLS, Single Award
• Base Year, plus 4 Option Years • Options for TSSC & CLS Support
• Small Business Set Aside • Funding Appropriation: 3400 & 3010
• Under $20M• Mar, 2014 – SORAP decision to transition sustainment to Ogden