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Documenting kinship systems in Alor-Pantar, eastern Indonesia
Gary HoltonUniversity of Alaska Fairbanks
ICLDC, Honolulu, 28 March 2013
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Some questions
lWhy Alor-Pantar?¡little-known group of languages¡Papuan outlier of as-yet unknown origin
lWhy Kinship?¡important sub-domain of language¡can inform linguistic prehistory
lWhy Documentation?¡highly susceptible to erosion¡difficult for linguists¡often neglected
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Overview
lbackground on Alor-Pantarldescription of kinship system in one AP
language (Western Pantar)lcomparison across four AP languages
¡ascending terminology¡sibling/cousin terminology
lconclusions¡implications for Alor-Pantar prehistory¡implications for language documentation
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Caveats
l This is not a de"nitive study of kinship in Alor-Pantar.
l Originally motivated by investigations into prehistory.
l Rather, this is a preliminary study based primarily on survey data from genealogies.
l Much ambiguity in existing data (published and unpublished)¡“older relative, FBC, FZC, FMZCC,
FMBCC, FFZCC, FFBCC, MMZCC, etc.”
¡“kakak laki-laki” 4
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Location
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Alor-Pantar languages
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Alor Island
Pantar Island10 km
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Linguistic prehistory
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lCultural distinctiveness (Anonymous 1914)l Structural/lexical similarities (Stokhof 1975)lReconstruction (Holton et al. 2012)lPossible link with Bomberai but little support for
Trans-New Guinea (Robinson & Holton 2012b)lPhylogenetic studies suggest radiation from
Pantar Strait, but modern cultures agricultural and montane (Robinson & Holton 2012a)
l Signi"cant variation in alignment properties across the family (Fedden et al. 2013)
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Kinship, exchange, marriage
lmarriage¡patrilocal¡patrilineal, though mother’s clan plays
signi"cant role in marriage negotiations¡preference for cross-cousin marriage*
lexchange ¡bride-givers receive most¡token payment to bride-receivers¡bride payment must include moko¡full payment rare, thus maintaining
inter-generational debt between clans8
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Economy
lPrimarily subsistence agriculturelSwidden system requires large communal
labor efforts three times per year (land clearing, planting, harvesting)
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Comparative kinship systems
l Western Pantar (Holton 2008)
l Teiwa (Klamer 2010, Robinson 2011)
l Adang (Robinson 2011)
l Kamang (Stokhof 1977, Schapper 2011)
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Western Pantar
Adang
Kamang
10 km
Teiwa
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Western Pantar ascending/descending
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-iar F, FB-iu M, MZ-irasi MB, WF-irasi manne FZ-wake C, ♂BC, ♀ZC-airas ♂ZC, ♀BC
niar ‘my father’hiar ‘your father’giar ‘her/his father’
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Western Pantar ascending
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niar niu nirasiniarnirasimanne
niu
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Western Pantar descending
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nawake nawakenawake nawake
nikkar /niaku
naipang
nairas nairas
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Western Pantar descending
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nawake nawake nawake nawake
ni’e /niaku
naiyang
nairas nairas
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Western Pantar +0° siblings/cousins
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-ikkar ♂eB-i’e ♀eZ-iaku ♂yB, ♀yZ-aipang ♂Z-aiyang ♀B-’ar ♂FZS, ♂MBS-ingtamme ♀FZD, ♀MBD-baddang ♂FZD, ♂MBD, ♀FZS, ♀MBD
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Western Pantar +0° siblings/cousins
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ningtamme
ningtamme
nabaddang
nabaddang
ni’e/niaku*
ni’e/niaku
ni’e/niaku*
naiyang naiyangnaiyang
na’ar
nabaddang
nabaddangna’arnikkar/niaku
nikkar/niaku*
nikkar/niaku*
naipang naipangnaipang
l single “marriageable” term -baddang
l gender-speci"c terms for other cross-cousins -ingtamme / -’ar
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Western Pantar descending
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nawake nawake nawake nawake
ni’e /niaku
naiyang
nairas nairas
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Western Pantar affines
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narunabaddang‘o.s. cross-cousin’
ningtamm
enabaddang
naiyang
ni’e/niaku
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Western Pantar descending
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nawake nawakenawake nawake
nikkar /niaku
naipang
nairas nairas
nawake
na’ar
naipang
nawake
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Western Pantar
lmore distant relationships
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na’ar
niarniar
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Western Pantar exchange
l wallang ‘opposite clan’ (‘suku lawan’)l synonym for gabaddang ‘opp. sex cross-cousin’,
essentially, ‘marriageable’ l another synonym: nai tane ‘my one’s body’l spouse treated “as if” gabaddang, but distinction is
noted¡gabaddang haila
l true cross-cousins belonging to opposite clans (lit. ‘base’)
¡gabaddang wang gaminingl assumed cross-cousins, not opposite clans (lit. ‘included’)
l extended to more distant siblings¡gaiyang haila / gaiyang wang gamining 23
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Western Pantar: summary
l standard average bifurcate merging system
l slight imbalance in that FZ derived from MB
l marriage rules tied closely to kinship
l similar systems common regionally
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n-oma’ na-xala’(sam/uwaad)n-umer
n-oma’(sam/uwaad)
na-xaler na-xala’
niar niu nirasiniarnirasimanne
niu
Western Pantar
Teiwa
Ascending terms: comparison
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niming niwi nimingselniming
niwisel
niwi
nepaa noukoela
noukoela
nepaanouko nouko
Adang
Kamang
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Ascending terminology: lexicon
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F FB FZ M MZ MB
WP -iar -iar -irasi manne -iu -iu -irasi
Teiwa -oma-oma (sam/
uwaad)-xaler -xala’
xala’ (sam/
uwaad)-ian
Adang -iming -iming -wi sel -iwi -iwi -iming sel
Kamang -paa -paa -ouko -ouko -ouko ela -paa ela
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Ascending terminology: summary
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lWP¡[F, FB] [M, MZ] [MB, (FZ)]¡FZ = ‘female MB’
l Teiwa¡[F, FB] [M, MZ] [MB] [FZ]
lAdang¡[F, FB, (MB)] [M, MZ, (FZ)]¡MB = ‘F sel’, FZ = ‘M sel’
l Kamang¡[F, FB, (MB)] [M, FZ, (MZ)]¡MZ = ‘maternal F’, MB = ‘maternal M’
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Western Pantar +0° siblings/cousins
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-ikkar ♂eB-i’e ♀eZ-iaku ♂yB, ♀yZ-aipang ♂Z-aiyang ♀B-’ar ♂FZS, ♂MBS-ingtamme ♀FZD, ♀MBD-baddang ♂FZD, ♂MBD, ♀FZS, ♀MBD
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Teiwa +0° siblings/cousins
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-gas qai ♂Z, ♀yZ-ian qai ♀B, ♂yB-qau ♂eB, ♀eZ-ian ♀MBD, ♀FZS, ♂MBS, (♂FZS)-dias ♀MBS, ♀FZS-bruman ♂MBD, (♂FZD)
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Teiwa +0° siblings/cousins
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-ian -bruman-bruman -ian-gas qai -gas qai-qau/-ian qai
-qau/-ian qai-gas qai-qau/-ian qai
-dias -ian-ian -dias-ian qai-ian qai -qau/-gas qai-qau/
-gas qai-ian qai -qau/
-gas qai
l gender-speci"c “marriageable” terms
l single term for other cross-cousins
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Adang +0° siblings/cousins
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-matu ♂eB, ♀eZ
-di’i ♂yB, ♀yZ
-uding ♂Z, ♀B
*at least one speaker usesmotu/di’i throughout
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Adang +0° siblings/cousins
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l no distinct cousin term
-uding -uding -matu/-di’i
-matu/-di’i
-uding-matu/-di’i
-uding-matu/-di’i
-uding-matu/-di’i
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Kamang +0° siblings/cousins
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-naka ♂eB, ♀eZ
-kak ♂yB, ♀yZ
-naut kang ♂Z, ♀B
-namuk ♂FBS/FZS, ♀FBD/FZD
-naut ♂FBD/FZD, ♀FBS/FZS
-naut ela ♂MBS/FZS, ♀FBD/FZD
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Kamang +0° siblings/cousins
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l distinguishes paternal side; no cross-cousins
l competition between age-based (-naka/-kak) and gender-based (-namuk/-naut)
-naut -nautela
-namuk -naut -naka kang/-kak kang
-naka ela/-kak ela
-naka ela/-kak ela
-namuk -nautela
-nautkang
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Sibling terminology: lexicon
lWP¡-ikkar, -i’e, -iaku, -aipang, -aiyang,-’ar, -ingtamme,
-baddang
lTeiwa¡-gas qai, -ian qai, -qau, -ian, -dias, -bruman
lAdang¡-motu, -di’i, -uding
lKamang¡-naka, -kak, -naut kang, -namuk, -naut, -naut ela
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Sibling terminology: summary
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agedistinction
gender distinction
cross-cousins marriageable
maternal/paternal
WPsame-sex siblings/parallel cousins
siblings,same-sex
cross-cousins
✔ single term ✗
Teiwasame-sex siblings/parallel cousins
siblings, opp.-sex
cross-cousins
✔ gender-based ✗
Adang same-sex siblings siblings ✗ ✗ ✗
Kamang maternal same-sexsibling,
maternal cousins
✗ ✗ ✔
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Implications for Alor-Pantar prehistory
l very little reconstructable vocabulary¡*-mam ‘father’ re$ected in only 2 of 4 languages¡Adang sibling terms likely innovated based on ‘eldest’ and
‘youngest’¡quali"ers ‘left’, ‘right’, ‘child’
l robust cross-cousin systems found in 2 of the 4 languages, both on Pantar
l exchange system prevails across the islands in spite of radical differences in kinship¡may indicate that cross-cousin system is a recent diffusion
l we need more data40
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Implications for language documentation
l Closely related languages can show signi"cant variation in kinship systems
l Genealogies are necessary but not sufficient
l Kinship must be understood (and documented) within cultural contexts as functional systems
l Linguists need more training, more interdisciplinary collaboration
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References
l Fedden, S., D. Brown, G. Corbett, G. Holton, M. Klamer, L.C. Robinson & A. Schapper. 2013. Conditions on pronominal marking in the Alor-Pantar languages. Linguistics 51(1).33-74.
l Holton, G., M. Klamer, F. Kratochvíl, L.C. Robinson & A. Schapper. 2012. The historical relation of the Papuan languages of Alor and Pantar. Oceanic Linguistics 51(1).87-122.
l Holton, G. & M. Lamma Koly. 2008. Kamus Pengantar Bahasa Pantar Barat. Kupang, Indonesia: UBB-GMIT.
l Klamer, M. 2010. A Grammar of Teiwa. Berlin: Mouton.l Robinson, L.C. 2011. [Unpublished "eld notes on Alor-Pantar languages]. l Robinson, L.C. & G. Holton. 2012. Internal classi"cation of the Alor-Pantar language family using
computational methods applied to the lexicon. Language Dynamics and Change 2(2).123-49.l Robinson, L.C. & G. Holton. 2012. Reassessing the wider genetic affiliations of the Timor-Alor-
Pantar languages History, Contact and Classi!cation of Papuan Languages, ed. by H. Hammarström & W. van der Heuvel, 59-87. (Language and Linguistics in Melanesia, Special Issue 2012 Part I). Port Moresby: Linguistic Society of New Guinea.
l Schapper, A. & M. Manimau. 2011. Kamus Pengantar Bahasa Kamang-Indonesia-Inggris. Kupang, Indonesia: Unit Bahasa dan Budaya.
l Stokhof, W.A.L. 1975. Preliminary notes on the Alor and Pantar languages (East Indonesia). Canberra: Australian National University.
l Stokhof, W.A.L. 1977. Woisika I: An Ethnographic Introduction. Canberra: Australian National University.
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Acknowledgements
lMr. Mahalalel Lamma KolylLaura C. RobinsonlMarian KlamerlAntoinette Schapper