documentation of best practice

TEAM UP TO CLEAN UP: SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT IN BHOPAL

DOCUMENTATION OF BEST PRACTICE

June 2014

Researched and Documented by: Abdul Muheet Chowdhary

OneWorld Foundation India

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... 3

Methodology ................................................................................................................................ 5

Background ................................................................................................................................... 5

Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 7

Programme Design ...................................................................................................................... 8

Key Stakeholders....................................................................................................................... 8

Process Flow .............................................................................................................................. 8

Financial Resources ................................................................................................................ 15

Achievements ............................................................................................................................. 16

Challenges in Implementation ............................................................................................... 17

Potential for Replication .......................................................................................................... 17

Sustainability of the Programme ............................................................................................ 18

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................. 19

References ................................................................................................................................... 20

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

BMC Bhopal Municipal Corporation

RWA Resident Welfare Association

SWM Solid Waste Management

MSW Municpal Solid Waste

INR Indian Rupee

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC) is one of the few municipalities in the country

that has implemented the system of house-to-house solid waste collection. This system,

adopted citywide from 15th August 2013, required the full cooperation of citizens who

had to manage their waste properly and provide it to the municipal workers who would

come to collect it daily. The old habits of keeping the house clean at the cost of public

spaces were no longer tolerable and had to be changed.

To change these habits, the BMC launched an awareness campaign known as ‘Team Up

to Clean Up’. As citizens were the main partners in solid waste management, the

campaign had a partnership approach and conducted a wide variety of consultations

with citizen groups such as Resident Welfare Associations (RWAs) and traders’

associations. It also undertook a mammoth publicity campaign which was generously

aided by the media. To further convey its seriousness about compliance, the

municipality placed special emphasis on fining offenders during this period.

Additional measures were taken to enhance the solid waste management system.

Segregation at source, a crucial requirement in reducing waste sent to the landfill, has

been piloted in the city. Facilities for eco-friendly Ganesh Visarjan and plastic-only

collection drives have also been launched.

The impact of these activities has been positive. Citizens have hailed these efforts, the

compliance of residential and commercial establishments with the expected norms is

increasing, the crackdowns on sales of unauthorised polythene are increasing and

overall public hygiene has taken a turn for the better.

METHODOLOGY

‘Team up to Clean up’ has been selected for documentation as it is a successful initiative

by the Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC) that partners with the general public in an

awareness drive about their responsibilities towards cleanliness and proper disposal of

waste. Other initiatives of the BMC are also covered.

The documentation team used primary research methods to obtain data on the

background, objectives, operations and achievements of the project. Semi-structured

interviews were conducted with the following officials of the BMC:

Sanjay Kumar, Additional Commissioner, Bhopal Municipal Corporation

Mumtaz Rasool, Additional Health Officer, Zone 4

Rakesh Sharma, Additional Health Officer, Ward 55

Field level operatives, who conduct the actual waste management, were also

interviewed. From the main beneficiaries and partners, that is the citizens of Bhopal,

interviews were conducted with shopkeepers and ordinary citizens who had

participated in Team up to Clean up.

BACKGROUND

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a huge challenge for urban areas all over India. It is

estimated that 1,00,000 MT of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is generated daily all over

the country.1 The responsibility of properly managing this waste lies with the urban

local body. Collection efficiency ranges between 70% to 90% in major metro cities while

smaller cities have an efficacy of 50%.2

The overall trend in service delivery has been negative with a steady decline being

observed over the years in the quality of SWM. A refreshing change from the average

trend is the city of Bhopal which has managed to turn its waste management around

through a slew of reform measures. Bhopal generates 800 MT of waste per day, with 370

1 Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. ‘Solid Waste Management Manual’.

http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/publicinfo/swm/chap1.pdf

2 Ibid.

MT biodegradable and 430 MT non biodegradable.3 However unlike most other cities, it

has developed efficient systems to deal with this waste.

In many cities half the solid waste generated remains uncollected, giving rise to

unsanitary conditions especially in densely populated slums which results in public

health hazards. The improper management of this waste, particularly non-

biodegradable waste, gives rise to severe environmental hazards as well.

Sewage channels are known to be clogged by plastic and non-biodegradable waste due

to careless garbage disposal and untimely collection of waste at source. Solid waste

dumping not only chokes the drainage system but also leads to the disintegration of

waste in these channels, causing sewage contamination. Waterlogging caused by

improper drainage and sewage contamination, in turn, coughs up issues of groundwater

contamination. This becomes a serious environmental and health concern since 33% of

the city’s population depends on ground water as an alternative source.4

During the monsoons, the risk of pluvial floods due to improper drainage in urban areas

also arises – in the case of Bhopal, this was last witnessed in 2006. Further, there is

higher incidence of water and vector borne diseases, especially in slum-dwelling areas

which have higher density of population and are located close to drainage channels

where appropriate measures are not taken to be rid of stagnant water. While stagnant

water becomes a breeding ground for diseases such as malaria and dengue,

contaminated drinking water has led to a rise in diarrhoea and typhoid cases.5

Some of the emissions of such unmanaged and untreated waste include:

Methane, a greenhouse gas 25 times more potent than carbon dioxide

3 Katiyar RB, Suresh S, Sharma AK. ‘Solid Waste Management in Bhopal (India): Present and

future challenges’. Ultra Chemistry Vol 9 (2), 197-214. 4th April. 2013.

http://ultrascientist.org/JUC/9(2)/Chem-197%20(2)13.pdf

4 SLB Results Workshop, Bhopal. 14-15 December 2009.

http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/slb/Workshop/Presentations/Session_I/GroupC/

Bhopal.pdf

5 ‘IDSP report warns of rise in typhoid and diarrhea cases’. Times of India. 12 August 2013.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/IDSP-report-warns-of-rise-in-typhoid-diarrhoea-

cases/articleshow/21770607.cms

Dioxin, a highly toxic chemical that causes cancer and damages the immune and

reproductive systems

Leachate, the highly toxic runoff generated by the mixing of rainwater with solid

waste. Leachate seeps into the ground and contaminates the soil and

groundwater.

The neglect of solid waste in public spaces and lack of its proper treatment can lead to

an accumulation of harmful greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, causing rising

temperatures and global warming. Unchecked landfilling is also a dangerous source of

greenhouse gases – such sites contribute approximately 3-4% to the annual global GHG

emissions. As evident, waste management practices are intricately related to greenhouse

gases emissions and have to be designed in a manner that limits its effect on the global

warming trend.

Therefore, in light of these concerns, a series of measures were undertaken by Bhopal

Municipal Corporation from 2009 to streamline waste collection and disposal. This was

followed by an awareness generation campaign run in 2013 called ‘Team Up to Clean

Up’ which sought to make the citizens of Bhopal aware of their obligations in keeping

the city clean.

OBJECTIVES

Generate awareness among citizens on proper solid waste management practices

and their responsibilities to keep public spaces clean through the ‘Team Up to Clean

Up’ campaign.

Enhance existing solid waste management system through -

o Segregating waste at source

o Plastic-only collection drives

o Providing facilities for proper immersion of idols

PROGRAMME DESIGN

KEY STAKEHOLDERS

Figure 1: Role of key stakeholders

Source: OneWorld Foundation India 2014

PROCESS FLOW

The BMC is one of the few municipal corporations in the country to comply with the

Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 that state it necessary

that municipalities collects solid waste directly from households. This compliance began

in 2009 and the model functions as follows:

•These are the key stakeholders of the campaign. Their cooperation is enlisted for the maintenance of cleanliness in Bhopal by making them aware of what their responsibilities are in the solid waste management process.

Citizens of Bhopal

•Chief implementing agency. In partnership with the citizens, manages the entire process of solid waste management from procurement to final disposal.

Bhopal Municipal Corporation

•These organisations have partnered with the BMC to further its outreach among citizens.

•Vodafone

•Indian Oil

•State Bank of India

•FM Channels

Supporting Organisations

House to house solid waste

collection is done daily by

municipal workers.

Plastic separated from solid

waste at landfill. Converted into

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) at

processing facility and sold to

companies who use it for power

generation.

Ward-wise waste transported

to landfill after removal of

valuable items by ragpickers.

In this model, the starting point is the collection of waste from the household. The term

‘household’ includes commercial buildings such as shops and malls. However this

required that the waste be properly put into dust bins by the members of the household

so that it could be given to the municipal waste collectors. It is here that the role of

citizen awareness became important.

As mentioned earlier, scattered untreated waste has serious ramifications on the quality

of soil and groundwater, drainage mechanisms and health of the general population.

Hence, collection of waste at source is an important step as it prevents indiscriminate

disposal of waste in public spaces and water bodies.

Team Up to Clean Up

The ‘tragedy of the commons’ is a rampant phenomenon in India where the household

is kept meticulously clean at the cost of public spaces such as roads where household

waste is ruthlessly and carelessly dumped. It was precisely this mindset that the BMC

had to change if its solid waste management system was to be successful. This led to the

conceptualisation of the awareness generation campaign called ‘Team Up to Clean Up’.

Its first phase was conducted in the city during 1st to 22nd March, 2014. The campaign

had three main goals:

i. Create awareness among the public on their roles and responsibilities in solid

waste management

Figure 2: SWM in Bhopal


ii. Intensify operations during this time of heightened awareness

iii. Penalise offenders to ensure compliance

Creating awareness

The following messages had to be

conveyed to the public:

Since solid waste is collected

at the household level by the

municipality, it becomes the

responsibility of each household to

properly dispose of their waste in

garbage bins and provide these to

the municipal workers when they

do their daily rounds. Littering the

commons is not allowed and is a

punishable offence.

The use of polythene bags

below 40 microns is illegal and

should be avoided.

These were conveyed through a

variety of a ways. Meetings were

called with Resident Welfare

Associations (RWAs) and traders

associations where this message was

disseminated and public support

elicited. Even unlicensed and unorganised street vendors, who form a large chunk of

traders in urban areas, were reached out to and informed of their responsibility in

keeping a garbage bin and disposing of their waste properly.

Anti-polythene drives were conducted where citizens were informed that bags below 40

microns were illegal. Large, eco-friendly shopping bags produced by corporate partners

such as Vodafone and Indian Oil were distributed to the public and they were

encouraged to use these as permanent shopping bags.

Figure 3: Appeal notice in public awareness campaign

Source: BMC

In addition to meetings held with such groups, mass rallies were held along with

extensive publicity in the form of hoardings, pamphlets and advertisements in the

media. High level municipal officials such as the Municipal Commissioner, Additional

Commissioner and Corporators participated in these rallies and outreach programs,

giving it a strong sense of importance in the eyes of the public.

Another unique strategy for disseminating awareness was conducting tests in

government schools to gauge the awareness levels of children about sanitation practices.

This was accompanied by the distribution of certificates to them as a motivation factor.

As a significant portion of students in government schools come from slums and

underprivileged households, this formed another effective mechanism for the state to

reach out to vulnerable households about effective solid waste management and

sanitation practices.

Figure 4: a) Team Up to Clean Up rally with corporators, municipal workers and citizens b) Wall

painting sample

Source: Bhopal Municipal Corporation 2014

Figure 5: School children being handed certificates by the Additional Commissioner, BMC after

completion of tests


Box 1

Health Officers

The Assistant Health Officers play a key role in ground-level management of solid waste.

They are responsible for operations, monitoring and fining public offenders and cracking

down on larger offences such as the sale of unauthorised polythene bags. Each AHO handles

multiple wards and, based on the reports of ward-level supervisors offenders, are penalised.

Below are sample offences with their penalties.

Offence Penalty (Charges in INR)

Washing four wheelers in public 300

Animal waste

Cattle

Pigs

50

500

Possession of unauthorised polythene bags 100 and confiscation of bags

Intensify operations and penalise offenders

During this period, as mobilisation went on and the general public became increasingly

aware of their responsibilities in maintaining a clean atmosphere, it became imperative

for the municipality as well to provide their services with optimum efficiency. Collection

had to be done on time and properly. If this was not done, then it would be easy for

citizens to blame the government and dismiss the Team Up to Clean Up campaign.

Thus, the municipality made protracted efforts to ensure optimum service delivery

during the campaign.

The communication strategy could be seen as two-pronged. One aspect focussed on

positive reinforcement through engagements, rallies and exhortations to civic duty.

Another prong of the strategy focussed on negative reinforcement through penalising

offending behaviour. Thus, during this period, maximum efforts were taken to fine

those who littered public spaces and did not dispose of their waste properly.

Additional enhancements to Solid Waste Management System

Segregation at source

The key to reducing the amount of waste that goes to the landfill is to segregate it at

source. This is one point that has been repeatedly made by conservationists, activists

and waste management specialists. Studies have shown that effective segregation of

waste can reduce the amount going to the landfill by 60%.6 Such a steep reduction of

organic waste at the landfill can result in a considerable decline in the emission of

harmful greenhouse gases that are emitted by the decomposition of these materials and

raise adaptability to climate change.

Segregation at source also finds mention in the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management

and Handling) Rules, 2000. However, despite being common knowledge as well as

having a statutory basis, this process is followed only by the municipalities of

Bengaluru, Coimbatore, Kanpur, Mysore and Pune, with varying degrees of success.7

The city of Bhopal has now joined this elite list as it has started the process of

segregation at source. The process has been piloted in Ward 55 of the city in 2014. Two

garbage bins, one green and one blue, have been distributed to all the households with a

request that bio-degradable waste be put in the green dustbin and non-biodegradable

waste be put in the blue dustbin.

A compost pit has been developed

in the ward where the bio-

degradable waste is composted

into manure. This manure is then

used in the nearby parks and

gardens. An e-waste store has also

been developed to deal with the

increasingly pressing issue of e-

waste handling.

Plastic-only collection drives

From 12th-17th May, 2014, another unique drive was conducted: plastic collection.

Municipal sweepers and cleaners were instructed to collect polythene packets only.

Thus, polythene that goes into the green belt of the city and poses a critical hazard to the

ecosystem is removed. If the pilot is successful, the initiative is to be repeated and

potentially upscaled.

6 Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board.

<http://www.tnpcb.gov.in/enforcement.asp?src=municipalsolid.html/>

7 It is ironic to note that the four metropolitan cities of India - Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and

New Delhi - do not follow this crucial measure.

Figure 6: Segregation dustbins being distributed to the public


Immersion facilities

Ganesh Visarjan, or the immersion of statues of Lord Ganesh, is done in the water bodies

of Bhopal, leading to environmental pollution. These idols are made of Plaster of Paris

and chemical paint that contains mercury, cadmium, lead and carbon. Their immersion

in water bodies pollutes the water due to harmful chemicals and slow decomposition.

This has an irrevocable effect on the aquatic ecosystem including fishes and plants and

also leads to an obstruction in the flow of water, affecting the natural state of affairs.

To address this issue, the BMC piloted a novel solution. During the visarjan of 2013, it

developed artificial ponds in each ward that contained water from the river Narmada. It

offered citizens the option of providing their statues to the municipality itself, with the

assurance that the statues would be immersed in the ward-level ponds.

The initiative became a grand success as devotees were saved the effort of doing the

immersion themselves and the immersion of statues in the water of the Narmada, which

is considered sacred by Hindus, was an added advantage. The Chief Minister, Shri

Shivraj Singh Chouhan, himself participated in the activities and immersed statues,

giving the initiative much publicity and credibility. After the immersion, the

municipality disposed of the statues in an eco-friendly manner. Building on this success,

the BMC is planning to institutionalise the practice from November 2015.

Monitoring and Evaluation

During the implementation of Team Up to Clean Up, the highest levels of the BMC

were involved in monitoring. The Municipal Commissioner, Additional

Commissioner and Health Officers visited programme areas to ensure proper

operations.

Daily reporting was done to keep track of progress.

The BMC has established a call centre through which citizens can inform the

municipality in case of any operational deficiencies such as garbage not being picked

up.

FINANCIAL RESOURCES

Solid Waste Management

The BMC maintains its SWM system through collection charges levied upon households

that are as follows:

Unit Monthly charges (in INR)

Household 30

Shop < 1000 sq ft 500

Shop > 1000 sq ft 1000

Table 1: Collection charges by BMC


Prior to April 2014, these funds were directly collected by the municipality. However

from the commencement of the financial year 2014-15, these funds are to be linked with

the property tax, streamlining their collection.

Team Up to Clean Up

The initiative has been entirely funded by the BMC. However Indian Oil, Vodafone and

State Bank of India provided support during this awareness drive by providing eco-

friendly shopping bags to citizens which were to be used instead of plastic bags. The

total cost of Phase I of this awareness drive is INR 30 lakhs.

Figure 7: BMC's toll free grievance redressal mechanism

Source: BMC

ACHIEVEMENTS

Widespread publicity campaign

Team Up to Clean Up was extensively publicised through the city. The following

number of items were printed by the BMC:

Item Number

Stickers carrying slogans 50,000

Pamphlets 300,000

Hoardings 50

Table 2: Items used in publicity campaigns


The message was further disseminated through local newspapers and FM radio

channels. Newspapers in particular gave the initiative extensive coverage. The

involvement of high level functionaries such as the municipal commissioner and elected

representatives also gave the initiative a sense of seriousness in the eyes of the public.

The intensity of the message, combined with the ramping up of operations and

deployment of penalties on offenders resulted in the campaign being taken seriously by

the public, who gave it a largely positive response. RWAs and traders’ associations, in

particular, hailed the initiative and were supportive of it.

Behaviour change aimed at the general public is a time-taking process. However, the

Team Up to Clean Up campaign is a step in that direction. The strength of the campaign

is that it makes them aware of the facilities and options already open to them and does

not have herculean or unrealistic expectations.

Crackdown on illegal polythene sales

In the period from November 2013 to

March 2014, the BMC conducted a

crackdown on the use of unauthorised

polythene. Widespread confiscations

were made and more than 100 tonnes

were seized. A series of challans were

issued in civil courts out of which 10

convictions resulted in a penalty of

INR 10,000.

The extensive media coverage given to

Figure 8: Polythene packets below 40 microns being

seized during a raid


these raids also acted as a deterrent on such illegal practices.

CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION

Changing the attitudes of citizens. As with any behaviour change strategy, it is

something which happens over a long period of time and requires continuous and

persistent efforts. This is especially true in the field of solid waste management where

the dominant mentality among the citizens is one of keeping the house clean at the cost

of community spaces. However, the high-octane campaign, use of fines for offenders

and provision of alternatives went a long way in catalysing this change.

Inadequate infrastructure. The BMC has a fleet of 700 autos and cycle rickshaws, which

is not enough to cover the 2.5 lakh households of Bhopal. An additional 500 vehicles are

necessary for optimum coverage.

Collection of user charges. The BMC is moving to integrate the user charges for waste

collection with the filing of property tax. However, different properties have different

numbers of people living on it, especially in the case of residential buildings with

tenants. Thus, the collection charges through this system would become ‘size-neutral’,

with the number of people living on a property not affecting the user charges for waste

collection. This leads to losses for the BMC, as the amount of waste generated directly

depends upon the number of people living on a property. A method, thus, needs to

evolved where the number of residents on a property is factored into the collection of

user charges.

POTENTIAL FOR REPLICATION

The conditions under which the initiative can be successfully replicated are as follows:

1. Existence of a well-functioning collection system:

This is the first and most important pre-requisite. Telling people not to litter becomes

meaningless if they have no other option. The municipality should first focus on

building an efficient collection system and then conduct a campaign on building

awareness of people as to what exactly their responsibilities are.

2. Ownership of the collection system by the municipality:

The entire collection system consisting of the employees, storage infrastructure and

transport vehicles must be owned by the municipality. A crucial result of this is that

it has more credibility, trust and accountability in the eyes of the public. This makes

them more willing to pay for it as a service. The PPP model does not always work, as

the experience of the Kanpur Municipal Corporation shows.8

The ownership of the collection system also means that the municipality has

complete control over operations and thus can address bottlenecks much more easily

provided a strong grievance redressal and monitoring and evaluation system is in

place as in the case of the BMC.

3. Use of ‘ground up’ strategy:

With respect to implementing the collection system, it is important to start small,

play safe and keep upscaling the programme in an evolutionary manner, constantly

learning from mistakes and incorporating them into the model. A ‘big bang’

approach where everything is done at once is a recipe for disaster, especially in a

field like solid waste management which deals with deep-set cultural traits of

people.

4. Support and involvement of the highest levels of administration:

During the implementation of Team Up to Clean Up, the involvement of municipal

heads such as the Commissioner and Additional Commissioner gave the public as

well as municipality officials a sense that the initiative was being taken seriously and

was a major factor for its success.

5. Strong monitoring systems:

The emphasis on monitoring ensured that municipal operations during the

campaign were heightened and offenders were penalised, two critical factors for the

campaign’s success.

Once an efficient collection system has been setup, Team Up to Clean Up can be

implemented in any municipality in the country with ease as it does not have any

resource-intensive requirements and relies upon a good administrative structure.

SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PROGRAMME

Based on the success of Phase I of Team Up to Clean Up, the BMC will be conducting

Phase II of the campaign from 5th9 to 25th June 2014.

8 Kanpur’s municipal corporation ran into several difficulties owing to the lax performance of its

partner, A2Z. This led to the refusal of several citizens to pay for services. The partnership is now

embroiled in legal action over inefficiencies.

9 5th June is World Environment Day.

An awareness generation campaign such as Team Up to Clean Up is critical to the

sustainability of the city’s solid waste management system. If the citizens do not

cooperate with the government, no amount of supply side efforts will yield positive

results. Thus, it becomes crucial to maintain a constant engagement with citizens.

From the fiscal side, the awareness generation campaign as well as the running of the

solid waste management system itself is sustainable as it is based on a revenue-

generating model. The support of high level political and administrative authorities is

also another factor which will ensure its long-term sustainability.

With regard to environmental sustainability, solid waste management is crucial in urban

areas for developing and adapting to biotic pressures and consequent climate change.

With the advent of global warming, planned solid waste management practices will help

not only in cleaning up the city but also in collecting the waste and treating it properly

with the requisite climactic knowledge and technology. Bhopal Municipal Corporation’s

efforts will go a long way in ensuring that the ecosystem becomes more resilient to such

changes and in developing the ability to control its ill-effects, thereby, reducing adverse

effects on the quality of life of the population and on the adaptive capacities of the

ecosystem.

The most important factor for the sustainability of the programme is that it partners with

the public in the provision of an essential service. Thus, a perennial source of demand

and support has been tapped into.

CONCLUSION

Bhopal Municipal Corporation through its ongoing initiatives has been addressing the

pressing issues of sustainable development relating to water, environment,

infrastructure and the growing needs of the urban population. Team Up to Clean Up is a

simple yet important step in the right direction. Citizens need to be made aware as to

what exactly their obligations are in maintaining public hygiene. These obligations must

themselves be realistic. The provision of household collection by the BMC shows such a

realistic expectation and is responsible for the success of the awareness programme, as it

does not demand the impossible.

However, there is a long way to go. The move towards segregation at source is another

step in the right direction and needs to be upscaled throughout the city. Regular and

stringent fining of offenders and crackdowns on the illegal sale of unauthorised

polythene will over time convey the message to the public that the government is

serious about eliminating the use of plastic. Over time, behavioural traits will change

and be imbibed into their culture and people might no longer need to be so stringently

monitored. Heightened awareness of the public, therefore, brings attention to the larger

picture of sustaining efforts in environmental protection and mitigating the effects of

climate change.

Research was carried out by the OneWorld Foundation India (OWFI).

Documentation was created by Research Analyst, Abdul Muheet Chowdhary

For further information, please contact Rajiv Tikoo, Director, OWFI.

REFERENCES

Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. ‘Solid Waste Management

Manual’.


Katiyar RB, Suresh S, Sharma AK. ‘Solid Waste Management in Bhopal (India): Present

and future challenges’. Ultra Chemistry Vol 9 (2), 197-214. 4th April. 2013.


SLB Results Workshop, Bhopal. 14-15 December 2009.

http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/slb/Workshop/Presentations/Session_I/

GroupC/Bhopal.pdf

‘IDSP report warns of rise in typhoid and diarrhea cases’. Times of India. 12 August

2013.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/IDSP-report-warns-of-rise-in-typhoid-

diarrhoea-cases/articleshow/21770607.cms

Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board.

http://www.tnpcb.gov.in/enforcement.asp?src=municipalsolid.html/



http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/slb/Workshop/Presentations/Session_I/GroupC/Bhopal.pdf

http://www.urbanindia.nic.in/programme/uwss/slb/Workshop/Presentations/Session_I/GroupC/Bhopal.pdf

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/IDSP-report-warns-of-rise-in-typhoid-diarrhoea-cases/articleshow/21770607.cms

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/IDSP-report-warns-of-rise-in-typhoid-diarrhoea-cases/articleshow/21770607.cms

http://www.tnpcb.gov.in/enforcement.asp?src=municipalsolid.html/

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