DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 115 117 FL 007 306

AUTHOR Masciantonio, RudolphTITLE The Ancient Greeks Speak to Us: A New Humanistic

Approach to Classical Greek and Greek Culture forSecondary Schools. Students' Programmed Text - LevelAlpha. [Second Edition].

INSTITUTION Philadelphia School District, Pa.PUB DATE 71NOTE 188p.; For related documents, see ED 044 958, FL 007

032 and FL 007 113

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$9.51 Plus PostageDESCRIPTORS Aud-iolingual Methods; Classical Languages; Cultural

Awareness; Educational Objectives; *Greek;Humanities; Humanities Instruction; InstructionalMaterials; *Language Instruction; *Programed Texts;*Secondary Education; *Textbooks

ABSTRACTThis is a students' programmed text for Level Alpha

of a humanistic approach to the instruction of Classical Greek andGreek culture in secondary schools. The goals of the program are tohelp students become aware of: (1) the impact of Helleniccivilization on contemporary society, including the impact of theGreek language on English; (2) the similarities and differencesbetween classical civilization and that of the present; (3) classicalallusions in literature and other forms of art; and (4) ClassicalGreek as a viable form of communication within its cultural milieu.The programmed text is divided into seven units: (1) An Introductionto Greek, (2) The Geography of the Greek World, (3) Everyday Lifeamong the Greeks, (4) The Alphabet, (5) Ancient Crete, (6) Troy, and(7) Greek Gods and Heroes. Each unit consists of a set of framescontaining questions. The answers, to be supplied first by thestudent, are also provided. The units contain cultural, lexical andgrammatical material in order of increasing difficulty, and aredesigned to be used with appropriate tapes. Language is taught byaudiolingual methods, according to principles of structurallinguistics. (CLK)

***********************************************************************Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal, unpublished

* materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort ** to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of marginal *

* reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality *

* of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available *

* via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not* responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions ** supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original.***********************************************************************

THE ANCIENT GREEKS

SPEAK TO US

4,4

A New Humanistic Approach

to Classical Greek

and Greek Culture

for Secondary Schools

;rTit4!:V2i1irrIcir,-,

p.om0,11; c-1-no7 0 ,,.

6:o ,9

ilWIZn0110>cc175292AOroZ0-4m opii.2-4-Imr-ZLIT'z'°-" cr-5il5Jrn-?,mir nizmzon,f;u, !vrzc4M?mt" -J F-'mrul;*VrAlm 2C"II??

052oLT,41 M-.4 71 X

IP rilrc:,71-r-Comir OM>rolMr--Ca'x120°m ,..

-InZx' 71 rnrn-060x37,m-OmmT.FP

STUDENTS' PROGRAMMED TEXT- - LEVEL ALPHA

c-17-,-1SERVICESu uu U

TTHE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PHILADELPHIA

19 71

'PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS COPYHIGH MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY

3 (14-e-r 16')/2-terr--

TO E.2('

RIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OPERATINGUNDER AGREEMENTS WITH THE NATIONAL IN-STITUTE OF EDUCATION FURTHER REPRO-DUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REOUIRES PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHTOWNER

Copyright 1970

by

The School District of Philadelphia

Second Edition 1971

BOARD OF EDUCATION

THE SCHOOL DISTRICT OF PHILADELPHIA

Richardson Dilworth, Esq., President

The Reverend Henry H. Nichols, Vice President

Mrs. Lawrence Boonin

Gerald A. Gleeson, Jr., Esq.

Mrs. Albert M. Greenfield

George Hutt

William Ross

Robert M. Sebastian, Esq.

Dr. Alec Washco, Jr.

Superintendent of SchoolsDr. Mark R. Shedd

Executive Deputy SuperintendentRobert L. Poindexter

Deputy Superintendent for InstructionDavid A. Horowitz

Associate Superintendent for Instructional ServicesDr. I. Ezra Staples

Director of Foreign LanguagesEleanor L. Sandstrom

4

ill

FOREWORD

r.THE ANCIENT GREEKS SPEAK TO US ictie

I/t A A iive S ;7/47-V A ;yo wriv

is a curriculum resource and instructional system in the Classical Greek language

and culture for secondary school students. It is designed to help students become

aware of:

. The impact of Hellenic civilization on our contemporary society

. The spoken Classical Greek language as a viable form of communication within

its cultural milieu

. The enrichment of the English language through the incorporation of ClassicalGreek roots and affixes

. Classical allusions in literature and other art forms

. Similarities and differences between an ancient civilization and our own

This instructional system was created by a team of specialists in classicallanguages and literatures for the School District of Philadelphia. It consists of the

following specially prepared materials:

. A Teachers' Guide

. A Student Programmed Text

. Tapes To Accompany the Student Programmed Text

. Visual Cues

It utilizes additional multisensory materials available from commercial publishers.

This new approach for the study of Classical Greek has been developed as a pilot

project in an effort to stimulate a renaissance of interest in Hellenic language and

culture.

I. EZRA STAPLESAssociate Superintendent forInstructional Services

ELEANOR L. SANDSTROMDirector of Foreign Languages

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This student text was written by Mr. Rudolph Masciantonio, CurriculumWriter for Greek and Latin, Instructional Services, with the advice and help of TheSchool District of Philadelphia's Greek Curriculum Committee and various consultants.

The Greek Curriculum Committee consists of the following people:

Mrs. Eleanor L. Sandstrom, Director of Foreign Languages, InstructionalServices, School District of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mrs. Helen Gizelis, Teacher of Classical and Modern Greek and World History,Arsakeion Higl- School, Psychicon, Athens, Greece.

Dr. James T. McDonough Jr., Associate Professor of Classics, St. Joseph'sCollege, Philadelphia, Pa.

Mrs. Elissa Wantuch Skiaroff, Teacher of Latin, Lower Merion High School,Ardmore, Pa.

Dr. Waiter Frieman, Professor of Classical Languages, West Chester StateCollege, West Chester, Pa.

Dr. Vincent Cleary, Associate Professor of Classics, Ohio State University,Columbus, Ohio.

Mrs. Allison Pyle, Elementary School Teacher, Willingboro Public Schools,Willingboro, N.J.

Dr. Cordelia Birch, Professor of Classics, Chairman of the High School GreekCommittee of the Pennsylvania Classical Association, Geneva College, Beaver Falls,Pa.

Mr. Alfred Chapman, Teacher of Latin and Greek, Episcopal Academy,Philadelphia, Pa.

Mr. Rudolph Masciantonio, Curriculum Writer for Greek and Latin, InstructionalServices, School District of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa. - Chairman of the SchoolDistrict's Greek Curriculum Committee.

The following people have served as consultants in the preparation of thesematerials:

Ei

vii

Brother Lance Strittmatter, T.O.R., Teacher of Greek and Latin, St. FrancisSeminary, Loretto, Pa.

Dr. Philip Heesen, Associate Professor of Classics, Millersville State College,Millersville, Pa.

Dr. J. Hilton Turner, Professor of Classics, Westminster College, NewWilmington, Pa.

viii

FOREWORD

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

UNIT I AN INTRODUCTION TO GREEK

UNIT II THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE GREEK WORLD

UNIT III EVERYDAY LIFE AMONG THE GREEKS

UNIT IV THE ALPHABET

UNIT V ANCIENT CRETE

UNIT VI TROY

UNIT VII GREEK GODS AND HEROES

ix

Page

V

vii

1

13

27

39

65

99

147

UNIT I

AN INTRODUCTIONTO GREEK

9

Frame 1 Welcome to the study of Greek! You are nowusing a programmed text. In using this programmedtext you will need an index card or a piece of cardboard tocover up the right-hand column where answers will some-times appear. Sometimes in a frame you will be asked toanswer a question. In some frames you will be asked toperform a small task. In this frame your small task is tofind an jndex card or piece of cardboard with which to coverup the right-hand column.

Frame 2 - The theory behind programmed learning is thatyou learn faster if you solve many easy problems and knowright away whether you are right or wrong. But you wouldget no practice in solving problems if you were to see theanswer (before /after) you replied.

Answerbefore

3

Frame 3 If you find that you cannot answer a questionit means that you have probably missed something inone of the earlier frames. Therefore, what shouh, youdo if you cannot answer a question ?

AnswerGo back a fewframes. Asa last resortlook at theanswer andreview theentire frame.

Frame 1 Let's talk a little now about the English deri\ ativesfrom Greek that we have been studying. About what percortageof English words come from Greek?

Answer -10n,

Frame 5 When one considers purely technical and scientificwords as an integral part of the English language the percentageof words of Greek origin----(increases/decreases).

Answer -increases

Frame 6 English words like "meow", "how-wow" "cuckoo"and "bang" are all examples of

Answeronomatopoeia

Frame 7 - The English word onomatopoeia is connected with Answernamethe Greek word which means ----.

Frame 8 A Christian religious rite of thanksgiving iscalled ----.

Answerthe Eucharist

Frame 9 - The English word eucharist comes from a Greek Answer"I thank youword which means ----.

Frame 10 The study of life and living things is called ----. Answerbiology

Frame 11 - The chemistry of living matter is called ----. Answer -biochemistry

Frame 12 A written account of a person's life is called ----. Answerbiography

Frame 13 - The artistic and beautiful handwriting of the monksof the Middle Ages is sometimes called ----.

Answercalligraphy

141

Frame 14 - The three English words biology, biochemistry, Answer -"life" or"life's"

and biography share a common Greek root, namely, the Greekword which means ----.

Frame 15 - An English word meaning "of a governor" or"pertaining to a governor" is the word ----.

Answer -gubernatorial

..;'rame 16 The English word gubernatorial comes from a Greek Answer"guidingprinciple"

word meaning ----.

Frame 17 - The Greek author Aristotle wrote much about thestudy of truths that underlie all knowledge and all existence,In a word, what did Aristotle write about?

Answerphilosophy

Frame 18 Governor Rockefeller of New York has been electedto the governorship of his state three times. Therefore threetimes he was a candidate.

Answergubernatorial

Frame 19 An English word derived from Greek which means"short- lived" is ----.

Answer -ephemeral

Frame 20 The Greek author Ph.tarch has written accounts ofthe lives of various Greeks and Romans. Such accounts arecalled ----.

Answerbiographies

Frame 21 Forming a name or word by imitating a soundassociated with the thing designated is called ----.

Answer -onomatopoeia

Frame 22 A person who studies plants and animals is called Answer -biologist

Frame 23 A person who studies the chemical elements thatmake up plants and animals is called a ----.

Answerbiochemist

Frame 24 In some Christian denominations people give thanksat a service called ----.

AnswertheEucharist

Frame 25 - Pronounce aloud each of the following Englishderivatives:

onomatopoeia, eucharist, philosophy, biology,biochemistry, biography, gubernatorial

5

Frame 26 - In your Greek notebook at the top of a page writethe heading Word Study, then divide the page into three col-umns. Head the left column English Word. The middlecolumn should be headed Greek Root. The right columnshould be headed Meaning of the English Word. The page shouldlook something like this:

WORD STUDY

English Word Greek Root Meaning of theEnglish Word

Frame 27 In the left-hand column copy each of the Englishderivatives listed in Frame 25. Leave the middle columnblank. You will fill it in after you learn to write Greek. Fillin the third column with the meaning of the English word.

Frame 28 - You are now using a programmed text. Youshould cover up the right hand column with a mask, that is,with an index card or a piece of cardboard.

Frame 29 - The new language you are now learning is calledGreek or sometimes Greek.

AnswerClassical(or Ancient)

Frame 30 Some of the world's greatest literature is writtenin Classical Greek. Classical Greek culture and civilizationreached its height about years ago.

Answer 2400

1 3

6

Frame 31 - Is the Modern Creek language exactly thesame as the Classical Greek used 2400 years ago?

Answer no

Frame 32 The Modern Greek language is spoken todayby about 10 million people living mainly in three countries:Greece, Cyprus, and Turkey. Some people of Greekbackground. in the United States speak Modern Greek, andthere are radio programs broadcast in Modern Greek inthe United States. Although Modern Greek and ClassicalGreek are not identical they are .

Answersimilar toeach other

Frame 33 - Through your study of Greek you will see howcur culture and civilization grew out of the past. You willalso read selections from the great masterpieces ofGreek .

Answerliterature

Frame 34 Through Greek you will learn about a fascinatingpeople who lived thousands of years ago. You will see howthese people have influenced modern civilization in suchareas as art, architecture, government, , , and

Answerlaw, medicine,religion,mythology, andliterature (Any3 of the aboveanswers wouldbe correct)

Frame 35 Many English words come from Greek. ThroughGreek your English vocabulary will

Answergrow orimprove

Frame 36 - Your knowledge of how English works will alsoimprove through your study of Greek. Contrasting onelanguage with another your knowledge of both.

Answerimproves

Frame 37 Learning Greek can be a very exciting andenjoyable experience. However, you must study, pay closeattention during class, and use this text properly.

Answerprogrammed

147

Frame 38 Say the Greek proverb which means in English"Know thyself."

Frame 33 Say the Greek proverb which means in English"Nothing in excess."

Frame 40 Say the Greek proverb which means in English"The love of wisdom is life's guiding principle. "

I Frame 41 - Say the Greek proverb which means in English"One man is no man."

Frame 42 The proverb "Know thyself" was supposed tohave first been spoken by a philosopher who lived aroundthe 6th century B.C. in Asia Minor. The philosopher'sname was ---- .

AnswerThales

Frame 43 - There were many Greek cities and settlementsin Asia Minor. Asia Minor is roughly the equivalent of themodern country of

AnswerTurkey

8

Frame 44 The proverb of Thales was carved on the wallsof Apollo's temple at Delphi. Where is Delphi?

AnswerCentral Greece.The ancientsthought it waslocated at thevery center ofthe world.

Frame 15 At Delphi there lived a kind of prophetess orfortuneteller who supposedly got her information fromcommunicating with the god Apollo. This prophetessor fortuneteller was called the of Apollo.

AnswerOracle

Frame 46 In ancient times generals, kings, emperors, andother important people visited Delphi to get the advice of the---- of Apollo.

Answeroracle

Frame 47 The Greek proverb which means "Nothing inexcess" was carved on the walls of

AnswerApollo's templeat Delphi

Frame 48 The Greek proverb which means "The love ofwisdom is life's guiding principle" can also mean .

Answer"Philosophy islife's guidingprinciple" or"The pursuit ofwisdom is life'sguiding principle."

Frame 49 In general it can be said that the Greeks(liked /disliked) intellectual pursuits,

Answerliked

Frame 50 The Greek word which means "philosophy" canalso mean "the love of isdon" and the "pursuit of wisdom."This fact indicates that there (is/is not) a one-to-oneequivalency between foreign words and English words.

Answeris not

Frame 51 What is Phi Beta Kappa? AnswerA nationalhonorarysociety withchapters incertain collegesand universities.

I G

9

Frame 52 - This honorary society takes its name from thefirst letters of each word in the Greek proverb that meansin English ------ .

Answer - "Thelove of wisdomis life's guidingprinciple.".

Frame 53 - Many fraternities and sororities take theirnames from .

Answer -Greek letters

Frame 54 The Greek proverb which means "One man isno man" reflects the Greek belief that one man is largely

(independent of/dependent on) other men.

Answerdependent on

Frame 55 True or false: The Greeks were so consciousof the importance of unity that they spent most of theirhistory as a single united country.

Answer -false

Frame 56 Explain the underlined word in the followingsentence: Human life is a very ephemeral thing,

Answershort

Frame 57 - Explain the underlined word: Monks in theMiddle Ages were experts at calligraphy,

Answer -beautiful hand-

.writing or script

Frame 58 - Explain the underlined word: Biochemistry Answer thestudy of thechemical makeupof plants andanimals

is a fascinating subject,

Frame 59 - Explain the underlined word: "Meow" is anexample of onomatopoeia.

Answer -adapting soundto sense

Frame 60 Explain the underlined word: The priestspoke about the Eucharist,

Answer - athanksgiving rite

Frame 61 - Explain the underlined word: Thegubernatorial election was finished,

Answer for thegovernorship

Frame 62 - Explain the underlined word: One of thesubjects that college students take is philosophy,

Answer thestudy of thetruths underlyingknowledge andbeing

10

Frame 63 Plutarch has written biographies of famous Answer -accounts oftheir lives

Greeks and Romans,

Frame G4 - Copy each of the following derivativesseveral times on scrap paper. Learn to spell eachword: onomatopoeia, eucharist, philosophy, biology,biochemistry, biography, gubernatorial, ephemeral,calligraphy.

Frame G5 The following are the items you should havelearned in this unit. If you are unsure of any of thesereview your programmed text or ask your teacher for help:

The Greek dialogue in which you say hello, give yourname in a sentence, tell where Greece is, and saygoodbye.

b. Four Greek proverbs and the background on each.

c, What Classical Greek is.

d. Why Greek is important.

e. ' The English derivatives listed in Frame 64,

f. How to use the programmed text.

11

UNIT II

THE GEOGRAPHY OFTHE GREEK WORLD

Frame 1 - We are now going to concentrate on Greekgeography. Greece is a land of many seacoasts, plains,and ----.

Answermountains

Frame 2 - Two seas found near Greece are the Ionian Seaand the ---- Sea.

AnswerAegean

Frame 3 The --- tended to divide the Greeks into smallcommunities.

Answerruggedterrain

Frame 4 Crete is an of Greece. Answerisland

Frame 5 Sparta, Athens and are large cities in Greece. AnswerCorinth

Frame 6 The Nile River is in ---- AnswerEgypt

Frame 7 Mt. Parnassus and ---- are mountains in Greece. AnswerMt. Olympus

Frame 8 Apollo's oracle was located at ----. AnswerDelphi

Frame 9 - ---- was the home of Odysseus. AnswerIthaca

Frame 10 - Some city-states were Athens, Corinth, and- -.

AnswerSparta

2 0

15

Frame 11 The concept of democracy came from A----. AnswerAthens

Frame 12 - In ---- the government was based on militarystrength.

AnswerSparta

Frame 13 An important city of commerce was C ----. AnswerCorinth

Frame 14 Apollo's birthplace was on the island of ----. AnswerDelos

Frame 15 A story of the war between Greeks and Trojansis THE ILIAD. It took place at ---- which is alsocalled ----.

AnswerTroy Ilium

Frame 16 Corinth was an important site for tradebecause of its ----.

AnswerLocation,position

Frame 17 The city which is the site of a great ancientcivilization is M-----.

Answer -Mycenae

Frame 18 On the island of Crete a mythologicalmonster lived. It was called the ----.

Answer -Minotaur

Frame 19 - The southern part of Greece, named afteran early king, the founder of this area, is the ----.

Answer -Peloponnese

Frame 20 - Delphi and Delos were places associated withthe God ----.

Answer -Apollo

Frame 21 There was many Greek colonies in Sicily

and in southern I

Answer -Italy

Frame 22 Two of Greece's neighbors to the east were P-- - -- and P----.

Answer -Phoeniciaand Persia

Frame 23 Two mountains in Greece are Mt. Olympusand ----.

Answer -Mt. Parnassus

Frame 24 - The home of the Muses was thoughtto be ----

Answer -Parnassus

16

2f

Frame 25 Clio was the muse of ----, i AnswerHistory

Frame 26 A girl who was chased by Zeus over many lands I Answerand seas was ----. i Io

Frame 27 Delos is situated in the middle of the sea. AnswerAegean

We are now going to work on derivatives.

Frame 28 When the British Empire controlled the seas itIA' ti s a ----,

Answer -.thalassocracy

Frame 29 The ending of the word Polynesia shows that it AnswerIslandsis an area made up of many ----.

Frame 30 The hippopotamus is so called because he wasthought to be a ---- horse,

Answerriver

Frame 31 In the word politics the Greek word for ---- is Answercityfound.

Frame 32 Scientific writings concerning the sea belong to,a. branch of study called ----.

Answerthalassography

Frame 33 A large city is called a ----, Answermetropolis

Frame 34 Mesopotamia is so called because it is situatedbetween tw 0 ----,

Answerrivers

Frame 35 The Greek expression meaning "everything ----"shows the ever-moving progress of time,

Answerflows

17

22

Frame 36 The Greek historian marched up-country,with 10,000 hired soldiers, against the king of Persia.

AnswerXenophon

Frame 37 - In the ANABASIS the 10,000 soldiers rejoicedwhen they reached ----,

Answerthe sea

Frame 38 The Greek idea that everything is in a constantstate of movement is expressed in English by the words:____

Answereverythingflows

Frame 39 - The Greek scientist-philosopher who gave usthe idea that all things flow was ----.

AnswerHeraclitus

Frame 40 - The name of Xenophon's history is the ----, AnswerAnabasis

Frame 41 - The governing and management of a city iscalled ----,

Answerpolitics

Frame 42 In the march up-country after the death ofCyrus the Greeks headed in a ---- direction,

Answernorthern

Frame 43 The Greeks whom Xenophon led felt theirhomecoming assured when they shouted the ----, the----,

Answersea,sea.

Frame 44 - Xenophon lived in the ---- century B. C. Answer5th

Frame 45 - Heraclitus lived in the ---- century B.C. Answer6th

Frame 46 The word music is derived from the Greekword for the nine ----.

Answermuses

Frame 47 An oread was a spirit that lived in the ----. Answer -mountains

Frame 48 - The Ionian Sea takes its name from ----. Answer -Io

18

23

Frame 49 Say aloud the Greek proverb from Ileraclituswhich means in English "All things flow".

Frame 50 Say aloud the Greek quotation from Xenophonwhich means "The sea! The sea!"

r

Frame 51 In the following frames you will see a picturewith arrows pointing to certain features.

Identify each one in a Greek sentence. For example:

,,. ,.,,,,,,-T,.-

..,...0,..

MI

.,;.1. . ., ,. .

--., : s..t.--,

The arrow points to an !viand. You should say in Greek"This is an island". Listen to the correct answer on tape.Then repeat it and listen to it again.

Frame 52

. ---_-----n--7..\ '...._

......_. 411.101 5....' kt.'S..''.' - , ...., `4.-Y"'.

iSb

, -

'.

A

A' 4,, '11'1"

19

2,i

Frame 53, -.titiiii _A likke-----7"------77--

..-

Frame 54

81410114. ... .n n

Frame 55 In the following frames you will see a map ofthe Eastern Mediterranean. An arrow will point to a particu-lar location. Identify the place pointed to in a completeGreek sentence. For example:

. --m

alli4Cr Ott

..,.

The arrow points to Crete. You should say in Greek"This is Crete". Then listen to the correct answer ontape. Repeat it and listen again.

20

2

rrame -;%

\'`,:. : f

-,.

..--1_.......,,

,--- ......,,..

\ .

..

-

---

....\

'..\\

-...,...,"" .......-_____.

.

:. . 'Y..

-, ,

,..-.0".

.

''....

.

.4

Frame 57

\,, ", ::,;,i.---...

(

........,,

C::1

....1 1.

.

....

....., ,

ES`fitFrame 58NLJI ,,.,

,."

:,.. ' ..,

".,

, .

ao 0.

.

2 f3

a)

a)Eatk

ILI

I

..

V..

4

.'1

.

1.I

N :.

-..

.

,

.,1.

..

\

.....

'''..

.

:.'

%

44

.

,

..

0CO CO

Eal$4

ILI

i

,i

<A

/,..

V#

1r, -,1, 1

.. ,1%1 \

.

:/,' .q.it tt

Or

1,..c.kY'

. .

'

V

1.

...i. ,

1

Ir. c ,.\ 4,,1 f

.

i

1

k r .\t 1

.

C,t-I 0

a)Eal1.4

ILI

.

1*

t.' \4:':.. X

...

*i

.

,...aio

- ...".1_

1/41 tit. ,

,

1

t .

Frame 62 -'.',..

.Cifell, .

_

Frame 63 - In the following frames you will see a mapof Greece with arrows pointing to places. Identify the placepointed to in a complete Greek sentence. For example:

4..,Ot ....,,:,

....,..,.,-, s....,

. ..,,,,,.

,..& .

,

*....' $ i

,t'.'":". '., '7 ''' ..-it''`I' ,*4:)' 1

The arrow points to Athens. You should say in Greek"This is Athens". Then listen to the correct answer ontape. Repeat it and listen again. .

.

23

28

03)

c411k{a4

.,..,

.

..

...

.

/

4

.

4,5,P.

r

1

. .

. .

iiii

,,,

*:

li)

:

,

.,'

0 ,A,...

't , t

,I \

c411 li Vkiii

.. ,

:

' \0 '

)...

t1

.

i\,-at 1,04 v. tvi

..i - i '

:it ;

1

.

th..-

i

b

,

X"'

..,

a'.,

.

N '"e.i'N ..

,I,

1 ,

I

, .

v.-,.,

.'..t

\=

AP

!....

..

I

.

, .... ..

1 ,

-",......-----.-ft./ ''.-

A>

,

.7

Frame 67 -

... .,

'

d

...

<5 ID

,41.6Ga

Frame 68 -

rhs

an 4t

4 011

Frame 69 -..

-..

. .

IllEirs.

,

.

il9°

Frame 70 - - --,....,:-,

..,. ;;.;,04141t"-i'',, / ---. .:::' 477/.. ......., ->rpoldi; . ""nr.... "" 4" - °

iir '-'n ..5- .,.4%;Iret-so .f).2'';P'X'

,..- , Pt --7,-

i.

ti ..%:-,'....icrItli ,....,... I t'' /

i ,..? 4, r ,

;,10it' w

; . .C ,:,

j"i 6 a,

7,-

Frame 71 - In this unit you should have learned thefollowing:

1. The Greek names and locations of important placesin the Greek world.

2. Something about the importance of geography inGreek history and culture.

3. Two Greek quotations dealing with geography.

4. The following English derivatives: thalassocracy,

.

thalassography, Polynesia, hi .popotamus,Mesopotamia, political, metropolis, spread.

26

31

UNIT III

EVERYDAY LIFE

AMONG THE GREEKS

27

32

Frame 1 - We are now going to turn our attention to Englishderivative work. About what Percentage of English wordscome from Greek?

Answer -IC

Frame 2 - Greek roots have come into the English languagein two major ways. First of all, the Romans borrowedmany Greek words and English in turn borrowed from thelanguage of the Romans. The language of the ancientRomans is called ----.

AnswerLatin

Frame 3 - A second way in which Greek roots have comeinto English is through the coinages of scholars andscientists. These coinages or making up of new wordsstarted roughly in the 15th century and continue ----.

Answer - to thepresent time(today)

Frame 4 - Try to recall some of the new English words youlearned to say in Lesson 8. The word which meant "thestudy of animals" is ----.

Answerzoology

Frame 5 - Zoology is derived from a Greek root meaning"to live". Another word from the same root is the nameof a one-celled animal, the ----.

Answerprotozoan

29

33

Frame 6 - An English word which means "according totime" is _ _ _ .

Answer -chronological

Frame 7 - A record of events in the order of time is calleda _ _ .

Answer -chronicle

Frame 8 - A science dealing with man and his cultureand especially with primitive man is called _ _ _ . Answer --

anthropology

Frame 9 - Anthropology comes from a Greek root meaning Answer -anthropoid"man ". Another English word from the same Greek root

is_ _ .Frame 10 - Anthrosoid means_ . Answer - man-

like; a man-like creature

Frame 11 - The Greek goddess of love often identifiedwith the Roman Venus is named

Answer -Aphrodite

Frame 12 - The prefix means_ _ . Answer - all

Frame 13 - The word meaning "of or for all of theAmericas" is _ _ _ .

Answer -pan-American

Frame 14 - The study of industrial arts is called_ _ _. Answer -technology

Frame 15 - Technology comes from the Greek rootmeaning _ .

Answer - art

Frame 16 `- A mark used in a dictionary to indicate a longvowel is called a _ _ .

Answer - macron

Frame 17 - A device for magnifying or amplifying soundis called a _ _ _. Answer -

megaphone

Frame 18 - Exercises producing strength and beauty aresometimes called_ _ _ _ . Answer -

calisthenics

30

Frame 19 - A gold-colored flower that takes its name from-the Greek word for golden is the ----.

Answer -chrysanthemum

Frame 20 - In your Greek notebook under the heading WordStudy, copy each of the following derivatives. Leave the .

middle column blank. Fill in the third column with themeaning of the English worth zoology, protozoan,chronological, chronicle, anthropology, anthropoid,pan-American, technology, macron, megaphone, callis-thenics, chrysanthemum

Frame 21 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Hippocrateswhich means in English "Life is short but art is long."

Frame 22 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Palladnswhich means "All life is a stage."

31

35

Frame 23 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Menanderwhich means in English "It is not possible for anyone tofind a life without sorrow."

Frame 24 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Mimnermuswhich means "What is life without golden Aphrodite?"

Frame 25 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Plato whichmeans in English "For man the unexamined life is not worthliving."

Frame 26 - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Plutarchwhich means in English "The measure of life is beauty, notthe length of time. "

Frame 2? - Say aloud the Greek quotation from Plato whichmeans in English "It is not a great thing to live but to livewell is a great thing. " ,.:.

Frame 28 - Plato lived in the 5th and 4th centuries B.C.and wrote many great books which are still widely read.Most of Plato's writings deal with the subject of .

Answer -philosophy

Frame 29 - The word philosophy comes from the Greek Answer - the, study of thetruths under-lying knowledgeand being

word meaning "love of wisdom. " Philosophy is

Frame 30 - Plato had a very famous teacher who wrotenothing. Plato often quotes his teacher and the statementthat the unexamined life is not worth living is put on thelips of this teacher by Plato. Plato/s teacher was named

.

Answer -Socrates

Frame 31 - Plutarch lived at a time when Greece was partof the Roman Empire. He is best known for his onfamous Greeks and Romans

...

Answe'r -biographies

Frame 32 - Mimnermus lived about 200 years before Plato.Mimnermus wrote (poetry/biography) :..

Answer -poetry

Frame 33 - Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love. Sheis sometimes identified with the Roman goddess

Answer -Venus

3231)

Frame 34 - Menander lived in the 4th century B.C.He has left us many proverbs and quotations. He wasa (playwriter/historian).

Answer -playwriter

Frame 35 - The Father of Medicine is ----. Answer -Hippocrates

Frame 36 - Modern doctors take a pledge that theywill treat their patients well and uphold the standardsof the medical profession. This pledge was writtenby the Greek physician Hippocrates. It is called the

Answer -HippocraticOath

Frame 37 - Palladas, who said that all life was a stage,lived nearly a thousand years after Plato. His sayingwas made famous because it was quoted byin the play called AS YOU LIKE IT.

Answer -Shakespeare

Frame 38 - Let's consider how we know about every-day life in ancient Greece. Do we have movies made inancient Greece and recordings and tapes of the ancientGreeks?

Answer -No

Frame 39 - One of the ways we know about Greek every-day life is through the science which studies theirphysical remains, e.g., their buildings, utensils, andart. This science is called .

Answer -archaeology

Frame 40 - We also know about the Greek everyday lifethrough .

Answer -their writings(their books)

33

Frame 41 - If a person studied zoology in school hewould be studying about .

T

Answer -animals

Frame 42 - If your biology teacher showed you aprotozoan under a microscope he would be showingyou a small .

Answer -animal

Frame 43 - If your history teacher listed events inchronological order he would be listing them in theorder of .

Answer -time

Frame 44 - A chronicle would be a list of events in theorder of .

Answer -time

Frame 45 - The Greek prefix pan is used many times in Answer -allEnglish in words like pan-American, pan-Germanic,

and pan-European. The prefix means .

Frame 46 - Drexel Institute of Technology is a collegein Philadelphia. Technology is the study of .

Answer -industrial arts

Frame 47 - In a good dictionary the word "go" would bewritten with a little line over the "o" to indicate thepronunciation thus: g6, The little line over the "o" iscalled a macron or .

Answer -long mark

34

38

Frame 48 - A megaphone is a device used to ----the speaker's voice,

Answer -amplify(or louden)

Frame 49 - Callisthenics are performed to makethe body strong and beautiful. Callisthenics are oftenperformed in gym class.

Answer -exercises

Frame 50 - A chrysanthemum is a gold-colored ----. Answer -;lower.

Frame 51 - How do Greek roots come into Eng Hill?(2 ways)

Answer -1. through

Latin2. through the

coinages ofscholars andscientists

Frame 52 -- Copy each of the following derivativesseveral times on scrap paper. Learn to spell eachword: zoology, protozoan, chronological, chronicle,anthropology, anthropoid, pan-American, technology,macron, megaphone, callisthenics, chrysanthemum.

Frame 53 - Now we will turn our attention to Greekeveryday life, A typical Athenian citizen in the 5thcentury B.C. would rise about daybreak, dress in atunic, cloak, and sandals, and eat a very(light, heavy) breakfast.

Answer -light

Frame 54 - After breakfast an Athenian citizen wouldgo to work. Athenian citizens might be artists, poets,sculptors, merchant; farmers, shopkeepers, shoe-makers, blacksmiths, fishmongers, grocers, ordaylaborers. In the course of the morning the Athenianwould buy food for his family at the agora or .

Answer -market place

Frame 55 - The Athenian citizen would return home forlunch when (his wrist watch indicated it wasnoontime/hunger or the position of the sun indicated itwas noontime),

Answer -hunger or theposition of thesun indicatedit was noontime

.35

39

Frame 56 - After lunch the Athenian would return towork for part of the afternoon. Part of the afternoonwould be spent at the gymnasium - a kind of sportsground outside the city - where he would exercise,talk, and bathe. Then he would return home for .

Answer -dinner with hisfamily or a ban-quet with hisfriends

Frame 57 - Greeks ate (with their fingers/withknives, forks, and spoons),

Answer -with their fingers

Frame 58 - Greek banquets were long elaborate affairs.The Greeks enjoyed both food and at these banquets,

Answer -conversation

Frame 59 - After dinner the Greek family might spendtime listening to stories about .

Answer -gods and heroes

Frame 60 - The Greek attitude toward women was verydifferent from the modern American attitude. Womenwere almost without legal rights in ancient Greece.Women stayed at home, managed the slaves, andraised citizens for the state. It was easy for a man todivorce his wife but almost for a woman todivorce her husband.

Answer -impossible

Frame 61 - Athenians regarded the education of malechildren as (very important/unimportant).

Answer -very important

Frame 62 - Female children were given whatevertraining or education they were thought to need(at home/in school).

Answer -at home

Frame 63 - Decide whether this statement is true orfalse. Athenian boys studied music and literature atschool.

Answer -true

Frame 64 - At the age of 7 a boy was given to the careof an old male slave known as a pedagog. This slavewas responsible for protecting the boy and teaching himgood .

Answer -manners

Frame 65 - Athenian boys also learned to wrestle,dance, and swim. They also learned to play a stringinstrument called the lyre. Look at the picture of alyre in the answer slot of this frame.

Answer. is....,-..-.

4 lir6,--1rAre,.

_,i: . _. '.7

36

.40

Frame 66 - Athenian boys from poor families would cadschool at the age of 16 in order to go to work. Wealthierstudents continued in school for 2 more years. AllAthenian males took an oath of loyalty to Athens and itsideals at the age of 18. The next 2 years were spentin .

Answer -military training

Frame 67 - The following are the items you should havelearned in this unit:

a. Greek viewpoints on life as expressed in 7different quotations.

b. Information on everyday life in ancient Athens.

c. How we know about everyday life in ancientGreece.

d. The English derivatives listed in Frame 52.

e. How Greek life and American life compareand contrast.

37

41

UNIT IV

THE ALPHABET

39

42

Frame 1 - The frames you will be working with now dealwith the alphabet and its history. The word alphabetcf)Im.f.s from the names of the first two letters in theGreek alphabet, viz., -i.1ptia. 'oeta. h the answer slotfor this frame you see the CO eek letters alpha andbeta. These letters are very similar to the Englishletters a and b.

Answer -

a

Frame 2 - The ancient Egyptians invented a form ofpicture writing. They used this picture writing on theirtombs and altars. This picture writing is sometimescalled

Frame 3 - Picture writing spread from Egypt to other

Answerhieroglyphi(:;,;

parts of the Middle East. The Semitic people in whatis now Israel, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon usedpicture writing but changed it somewhat. The Phoeni-cians were an important Semitic people. Their tradingvessels sailed throughout the sea.

Arfswer -Mediterranean

Frame 4 - Besides the Phoenician alphabet, two otherSemitic alphabets that developed were the Hebrew andthe Arabic. The Hebrew alphabet is still used todayin the writing of the Hebrew language. The Arabic alpha-bet is used today to write the Arabic language. Is thePhoenician alphabet still used today?

Answer -No

Frame 5 -The Phoenicians brought their alphabet to theGreeks. The Greeks changed the Phoenician alphabetsomewhat. The Greek alphabet is used in the writingof both Classical and Greek.

Answer '-Modern

Frame 6 - The Greek alphabet itself developed intotwo alphabets which are very important to the modernworld. One was the Cyrillic alphabet used in thewriting of Russian. The other was the ---- alphabetused in the writing of English and many other languages.

Answer -Roman

Frame 7 - The Roman alphabet is used in the writing ofmost of the languages in the world. Almost allEuropean languages are written in the Roman alphabetwith the exceptions of Russian and

AnswerGreek

41

43

Frame 8 - The Roman alphabet is gradually spreadingto non-European languages. Chinese and Japanese arenow being written in the Roman alphabet. Swahili andmany other African languages are also being writtenin the alphabet.

Answer -Roman

Frame 9 - The Cyrillic alphabet was invented by SaintCyril, a missionary in Eastern Europe. It is reallythe Greek alphabet with some new letters added. It isused in the writing of the language.

Answer -Russian

Frame 10 - Study this chart which summarizes thehistory of the alphabet. The alphabets still in usetoday are indicated in capital letters:

Egyptian Hieroglyphics

Early Semitic

Phoenician HEBREW ARABIC

iSimple Greek

STANDARD GREEK Western Greek

CYRILLIC ROMAN E

Oscan Umbrian

Frame 11 - In the chart given in Frame 10 naturally therewas some oversimplification. All of the steps in the de-velopment of the various alphabets are not shown. Thechart shows only the broad outline of development. Tryto draw the chart on a piece of scrap paper from memory.Check your work with Frame 10.

42

4 4

Frame 12 - Name the letters in the following Greekproverb:

a , ..y -v w 0( rwro-v.

%I

Answer -gamma, nu,omega, theta, iota

Sigma, alpha,upsilon, tau,omicron, nu

.. A SI ,Frame 13 - In the Greek proverb re t4.1 7( (1".1 tiro 10what is the function of the marks above (A) and o?

Answer -They indicate theaccent in the word.You throw yourvoice on thesyllable bearing theaccent mark.

Frame 14 - The proverb rrcires r:4164.7iv wasinscribed on the wall of the temple of Apollo atDelphi. It means in English

Answer"Know thyself."

Frame 15 - Name the letters in the followingGreek proverb:

PP7ole\v 4 yv V.

Answer -mu, eta, delta,epsilon, nu ----alpha, gamma,alpha, nu

Frame 16 - The proverb,u9div .irrif was alsoinscribed on the wall of the temple of Apollo atDelphi. It means in English .

Answer"Nothing inexcess"

Frame 17 - Changing letters of a word from one alphabetto another is called transliteration. Giving the meaningof a word or expression in another language is calledtranslation. Write the word transliteration on scrappaper. Then write the word translation. Make sure thatthe distinction between the two is clear in your mind.

Frame 18 - Transliterate the following Greek expression:

0/A o fro stit'd ,Z90'0 Ar id/9e, V;17.12S.

Answer -Philosophia bioukubernetes.

Frame 19 - Translate the following Greek expression:

9S,Aocro0/.4 firou gufiee-vq7,7

43

Answer -Philosophy is theguiding principleof life.

44i

Frame 20 - Transliterate:a a 4 a ...

El S .11,1bo Ou get 8 .11,17,.Answer -

Heis averoudeis aner.

Frame 21 - Translate: .

S a a ase

.0

C/ S 4 le*, ou de s s w?".Answer -

One man is no man.

Frame 22 - Transliterate:/WA./ r rat Oa Adrni.

Answer -Thalatt a, thalat t a.

Frame 23 - Translate:

eel ) el Tro , 61.1Ad r rd.Answer -

The sea! The sea!

Frame 24 - Transliterate:77,Avrot .

. fitsAnswer -

Panta rile'.

Frame 25 - Translate:..,

7Toilf T4 " I .Answer

Everything is influx.

Frame 26 - In the following Greek quotation locateeach breathing mark and distinguish smooth fromrough breathing marks:

r a % %. a ' ,E / S e r Y 9 , 0 ud C / C rle9, .

Answer -Fir r has a rough

breathing mark,All the otherwords have smoothbreathing marks.

Frame 27 - What is the sound value or pronunciationof a rough ('' ) breathing mark?

Answer -It has the soundvalue or pronunci-ation of the h in theEnglish word"hat".

Frame 28 - Does a smooth breathing mark have anysound value or pronunciation?

Answer -No

44

4ti

Frame 29 - Say the Greek quotation from Plato whichmeans in English "It is not a great thing to live but tolive well is a great thing."

Frame 30 - Say the Greek quotation from Plutarchwhich means in English "The measure of life is beauty,not the length of time."

Frame 31 - Say the Greek quotation from Plato whichmeans in English "For man the unexamined life is notworth living."

Frame 32 - Say the Greek quotation from Mimnermuswhich means in English "What is life without goldenAphrodite?"

_

45

4.

Frame 33 - Say in Greek the quotation fromMenander which means in English "No one canfind a life without sorrow."

Frame 34 - Say in Greek the quotation fromPalladas which means in Englis'a "All life is astage."

Frame 35 - Say in Greek the quotation fromHippocrates which means in English "Life is shortand art is long."

Frame 36 - 42 - In Frames 36-42 listen to thequotations as they are read syllable by syllable.Repeat each quotation and listen again.

Frame 36 a rille ',tr.( Ti I rrine4AA.1 a Pry.

- Plato.3 % o k t

Frame 37 ii(rficvv odPiou ((Ti ma AAos

04)) Xpovou pip fres- Plutarch.

Frame 38 0 Illell Td Cr° C ROSSOOC1 '8/ c4rOt 4 1' 5', a 1 rr cer

- Plato.3 i

Frame 39 773 di 19105 a ref) kour4s'A $iPedi T's;Mimnermus.

Frame 40 o i, K Errs -v c u` p E.7 -so AO"34 A uwo-v otdc-viCs.

- Menander.

.

Frame 41 cr-tr lle ?; ras 43 RIOS .

- Palladas.

Frame 42 O fii os /9,14XUS 4 fnTEx-r)7 fteurfir7. - Hippocrates.

46

48

Frame 43 - Some of the letters in the Greekquotations you have been reading are unfamiliarto you. For example the Greek letter zeta (Y )occurs in the quotation ei "dr.( r Ef711' :6112ES . This letter has the sound of theEnglish letter ---.

Answer -z

Frame 44 - In the quotation o 1 V e ergs rro siftos oS Ar. ros :rveisio 41' rthe letter xi (5) occurs. This letter has the soundof x in the word box.

Frame 45 - In the quotation Ti's fitosre" xp tiro's 0p it r;

the Greek leiter chi(X)occurs. It is pronouncedlike the eh in the English word character.

Frame 46 - In the quotation in Frame 45 the Greekletter phi (0) occurs. It is pronounced like the ph'sin the English word Philadelphia.

Frame 47 - The first letter of the Greek alphabet iswritten al and has the name

Answer -alpha

Frame 48 - Alpha has the sound of the a in the English Answer -aword father and is transliterated ---.

Frame 49 - The next letter of the alphabet is, and hasthe name ----.

Answerbeta

Frame 50 - Beta is transliterated b and has the sound . Answer -bof the letter ---.

Frame 51 -y has the name gamma and is usuallypronounced like and transliterated with ----.

Answerg

Frame 52 - Give the names of the following Greekletters: d _

E .

at

9

Answer -delta, epsilon,zeta, eta, theta

Frame 53 - Transliterate the following Greek letters:

4E

g17

.

8

Answerd, e, z, e, th

47

43

Frame 54 - Give the names of the following Greekletters: (

K

X

#VN

Answer -iota, kappa,lambda, mu,nu, xi

Frame 55 - Transliterate the following Greek letters:tK

X

14-V

1

Answer -i, k, 1, m, n, x

..

Frame 56 - Give the names of the following Greekletters: 0

IT

P0T

Answer -omicron, pi, rho,sigma, tau

Frame 57 - Transliterate the following Greek letters:oIT

PrT

Answer -o, p, r, s, t

Frame 58 - Give the names of the followingGreek letters:

V

X40(As

Answer -upsilon, phi, chi,psi, omega

Frame 59 - Transliterate the followingGreek letters: u

ib

XIP

1.4.1

Answer -y or u, ph, ch, ps,o

48

)0

41

Frame 60 - Read the following Greek quotationaloud:

c.4.) el II 1A464apX4 Ail 7 ic:og

Frame 61 - Name all the letters in the GreekQuotation in Frame 60,

AnsweraEV40 - epsilon,igamma, omega

Eifto - epsilon,iota, mu, iota

./A04 - alpha,lambda, phi, alpha/Ns kappa,alpha, iotaa 0.

441/4e yd - omega,mu, epsilon,gamma, alpha

a"gyp - alpha, rho

chi, etaroc tau,epsilon, lambda,omicron, sigma

Frame 62 - In this section of frames you will learn toread the capital letters of the Greek alphabet. Youprobably have noticed that capital letters are not usedas frequently in Greek as in English. The first wordin a Greek sentence (is/is not) capitalized.

Answer -is not

Frame 63 - In Greek, capital letters are used for thefirst letter of proper names. Sometimes inscriptionsare written entirely in capitals. In general, however,Greek capitals are .(not as important/as important)as Greek small letters.

Answer -not as important

Frame 64 - Read the following quotation silentlys xy -via et lf...1 IJ TO 'V.

Frame 65 - Read the same quotation in capital lettersusing Frame 64 as a guide.

FNS2 Or 1AUTONFrame 66 - Read the following quotation silently:. ),prpliv .9..c- i e.

Frame 67 - Read the same quotation in capital lettersusing Frame 66 as a guide

MN'S' EN ALANFrame 68 - When Greek words are written entirelyin capital letters accents and breathing marks (areomitted/are used).

Answer -are omitted

49 51

Frame 69 - Read the quotation silently first insmall letters and then in capitals. Follow thesame procedures for Frames 70 through 80

0/A0o-004i MOO ifUitile'VP, r*rSoi AOIO 48A 9 10T KTGEPNWTHS..

Frame 70 ) aers a -rilp ouch!, el 74,4 2 .

EI I AN HP Cordial I ANHP.

Frame 71oak.' r nt Osi° la r nil .

CIA AATTA 0 AAATTAFrame 72 .

Trie-v rot fi a 1 .

ITANTA PEI.Frame 73 oi) li-v pert ri irrne,

(AA:t et Vv.Or ZHN MErA TI EITIN AAAAEY ZUN.

Frame 74per eery AN'irti i Tr) if:a los 01/4 xpolyou

P ilf"ME TP014 910Y ESTI"! ICAAA02. OT.

XPONOY N1H1c02..yrame 75 0 te -v. E re r, dr rot AP/Ss

ou ifi'n.arOs :Iv t9p1:1 ff Iv .

0 AWE:SETA ITOI 9101 Or 131.(2701*Newnan

Frame 76 rii d Oros :ere, %/Puri s°A Op* ' i rr),g ;111 AE BIOS ATEP XPT1H2POPO/0 THE;

Frame 770 irK Er- ro -v does"; if AS -v :auFro-9

o'ud L -le o's

OYK ES..T IN ETP FIN 9%ONAATJTON OTAENOM.

Frame 78r 'row* Fits e Aro s.I K HNH ITAI 0 8 01..

Frame 79,, c /.0 irri os ArPoartX crS P? Of e re X 'VI? P.( Ir, .

.0 BIOS SPAXTI H LSE Tr% N H M A KPH .

a sit _I /r tiFrame 80 - Ey44) Eipi .(Agia in"4 )11 ry,A .avx 01 if41 ri,A 0 c.

E r.n. EIMI AAA KAI SIIVIErAAPX14 KM TEA OS.

.

Frame 81 - Certain Greek letters are used commonlyfor various purposes. For example, in mathematicsGreek letters are frequently used as symbols. Theratio between the circumference of a circle and itsradius is expressed by the Greek letter ----.

Answer -

ir

Frame 82 - The Greek symbol k stands for Christ andis frequently used in religious art. It comes from thefirst two letters of the Greek word for Christ(Yeseraes). It is a combination of the Greek letterschi and ---.

Answer -rho (p)

Frame 83 - Another common religious symbol is A r2which represents God as the beginning and end of allthings. Recall the quotation that means in English"I am alpha and omega, the beginning and the end."

Answer - ,I.4Z Eips 4AOS4

Kea 41)1 404 ,.3i,49XA M47 riAos.

Frame 84 - In this set of frames you are going to learnto write some of the quotations you have been reading.Lcok at the enlarged written version of the quotationwhich means "KnoW thyself."

" a .1 .yy_c4t9t_ -(7- -0.:4 U 72_0_1e,..

fry to copy the quotation on paper. Your teacher willlook at your work.

" zi a a, 0.Frame 85 - Practice writing y-v cu vl (rat u To 10..6 times.

Frame 86 - Look at the enlarged written version of thequotation which means "Nothing in excess."

,,-pote-t, otyarte. .

Copy the quotation carefully on your paper. Your teacherwill look at your work. .

Frame 87 Practice writing pldev .4 y1 "Il6 times.

Frame 88 - Look at the enlarged written version of thequotation which means "Philosophy is life's guidingprinciple."

,,,, .pilloo-oyism iti/ou Kifieciolo77-)7s .

Frame 89 - Practice writing 'Wore /gi ffufierr6 times.

52

Frame 90 - Look at the enlarged written version of thequotation which means "One man is no man."

I` a a _1

E i s erv4p 0 vac/ sat 1/),,t),

t b %a I

Frame 91 - Practice writing EIS 4777,0 adt4 .17*,6 times.

Frame 92 - Look at the enlarged written version of thequotation fro_ m Xenophon which means "The sea!The sea!" -

Ag .si. 1

0( T -roc, NA ci r roe.A ... I A..%

Frame 93 - Practice writing Vail alT T. Va Mirro6 times.

Frame 94 - Look at the enlarged written version of thequotation from Heraclitus which means "All things arein flux. " e ,..,

71-01 "1/ 7"al p E 1 .

.. c ...

Frame 95 Practice writing 1T .t le Tei4 'el6 times.

Frame 96 - Look at the enlarged written version of thefollowing quotation from Plato which means "It is notsomething great to live but to live well Is a great thing. '

GILL inYpry". -=Frame 97 - Practice writing oLterry E6 times.

ficyd Ti

53

t)

Frame 98 - Look at the following enlarged version ofthe quotation from Plutarch which means "The measureof life is beauty not the length of time."i a A I

a A0 tl ypf -0-Y 0 U

... a %

Frame 99 - Copy /./ 1 rove 'V Ato e I fry-,ffstiAos ot xpcivou pi Ire stwo times.

Frame 100 - Look at the following enlarged versionof the quotation from Plato which means "For manthe unexamined life is not worth living." _ .

c ) r a13 (CV E 5 (Tel 07 QS- 13 10 S___ -011--/g/0,7 ro g dy low rr (40,

Frame 101 - Copy i :eyef i r4o-rar 'grogO Of tyros siele 0,4 ir cetwo times.

Frame 102 - Look at the following enlarged versionof the quotation from Mimnermus which means"What is life without golden Aphrodite?"

i ._ . __._77 s OE ft / 0 S a( TEP

/Top o vii il SSe.Xp u cr 1 s J A .

Frame 103 Copy ris di fi.o s .41 T 6 ,, , .

%orp u eqs ;fricfroc ri Pis twice.

Frame 104 - Copy twice the quotation from Menanderwhich means "No one can find a life without grief,"viz., o WI Zerry ebp47-v

), ,filo -*/ .4 4 UffOle 0

aWIC v6.5.

Frame 105 - Copy twice the quotation from Pallaqswhich 'means "All life is a stage," viz., Grirl*Yr?Tr :IS ce) ,et OS .

54

)1,

Frame 106 In the frames that follow we are going todiscuss accent marks. You have probably noticed that inGreek there are ---- kinds of accent marks.

Answer -three

Frame 107 - On scrap paper try to write the three kinds ofaccent marks that occur in Greek.

Answer -1 \

Frame 108 - An accent that looks like this ' is called anacute accent. The grave accent is similar to the acute but itslants in the other direction. Write a grave accent on yourpaper.

Answer -

Frame 109 - The third type of accent is called the circumflex.It is really a combination of the acute and the grave. Writea circumflex accent on your paper.

Answer -

Frame 110 - In the pronunciation of Greek the type of accentindicates the ---- on which the speaker throws his voice,

Answer -syllable

Frame 111 - Accent marks are used in ---- Greek as wellas in Classical Greek.

AnswerModern

55

I)'

Frame 112 - Originally accent marks were used to indicatepitch. With an acute accent the voice would be raised alittle. With a grave accent the voice would be lowered.With a circumflex accent the voice would be first raisedand then lowered. Ancient Greek originally was a tonallanguage, i.e., a language using different pitches exten-sively. .

Frame 113 - Certain spoken languages of our own time aretonal languages. For example, Chinese and Swedish. Tonallanguages make extensive use of different ----.

Answerpitches

Frame 114 - Greek words which start with vowels (11 E, Pb elO, u, w ) ore have a breathing mark. There are twotypes of breathing marks, smooth breathing and --breathing.

Answerrough

Frame 115 - Write a smooth breathing mark on your paper. Answera

Frame 116 - Write a rough breathing mark on your paper. Answert

Frame 117 - As you may have noticed punctuation in Greekis slightly different from punctuation in English. Periodsand commas, however, are (used/not used) in Greek.

Answerused

Frame 118 - Greek uses a semicolon where English uses aquestion mark. Greek uses a raised period where Englishuses a semicolon.

Frame 119 - As we have said before, capital letters in Greek(are/are not) used for the first letter of the first word

in a Greek sentence.

Answerare not

Frame 120 - Capital letters---(are/are not) used for the firstletter of a proper name in Greek.

Answerare

56

Frame 121 - We will learn to write the capital letters inGreek. Copy the following quotations on your paper. Noticethat many of the Greek capitals are exactly the same asRoman capitals.

FN.001 DAYTON.MHDEN /TAN.cP1A0I0c1,1A BIOYKYBEPNHT1-12..

Frame 122 - Copy this quotation:

EiF ANHP OYLIE12.ANHP.

Frame 123 - Copy these quotations from Xenophonand Heraclitus:

OAAAT TA, OAAAT TA.1TANTA PEI.

57

59

Frame 124 - Copy this quotation from Plato:

OY ZI-IN MEFA TIMIN AMA ET ZHN.

Frame 125 - Copy this quotation from Plutarch:

METPON MOT EITIKAAAOI Ole XPONOTM H KOM.

Frame 126 - Look back at frame 125. Write thequotation in small letters. Omit accents.

AnsweriwerfievIfi 0 CJ

ken tatAlis01) 0 oife t)

pwros.

58

co

Frame 127 - Copy this quotation from Plato:

0 ANEIETAITO1 BIOSOlf BISIT01. AN OPS2ITC2 .

Frame 128 Look back at Frame 127. Write thequotation in small letters. Omit accents.

Answer

6 :I YE ElloWTO S

,6', os

ot fitur,-osn

at 7gpC411, Le,

C .0Pm ae 129 - In the quotation i c Vert% 1705VC0

o L gi ca 7 0°'S :4 'V 5, CO 7r (4)look at the last letter of the last word. You will noticeunder the CO a small iota. Copy the wordon your paper.

Frame 130 The small iota under the omega is called iotasubscriptit ___(is/is not) pronounced.

Answeris not

Frame 131 - At one time the word :ry Op cr, ff ce.) waswritten a-vs/4;7"w ( . When the iota lost

aits sound,

it was written under the preceding vowel. The small iotaunder the vowel is called ----.

Answeriotasubscript

Frame 132 - Copy this auotation from Mimnermus:

TIC PE BIOSAT E P XPYIHEActPOAITHI.

59

61

Frame 133 - Look back at Frame 132. Write the quotationin small letters. Omit accents.

Answer -

ri s dE

Rios giFfe

X put175

*A0podeqs;

Frame 134 - Copy this quotation from Menander:

OTK EITIN EYPEINRION AAYTIONOILIENOI.

Frame 135 Look back at Frame 134. Write the quotationin small letters. Omit accents.

Answer -3 3

OW( ECMrupcovtiple-v:(Aunci-y

oudevos.

Frame 136 - Copy this quotation from Palladas:

IKHNH ]TAI 0 BIOS.Frame 137 Look back at frame 136. Write the quotationin small letters. Omit accents.

Answer

rIflir r)

ri. us 6

Dios.

60

62

Frame 138 - Copy this quotation from Hippocrates:

0 810i BPAXYEH AE TEXNH MAKPH.Frame 139 - Look back at Frame 138.in small letters. Omit accents.

Write the quotation Answer

6 RiosAoqus4 deraver?iburpr?.

Frame 140 - Copy this quotation from the New Testament:

Elf) EMI ARIA KM12MErA J APXH KM TEAOI.

Frame 141 - Look back at Frame 140.in small letters. Omit accents.

Write the quotation Answer -

betaI

EIPI:1144 If41a

WIII cr di:no mu

TeXo s .

61

83

Frame 142 - We are now going to review reading Greek.Read each quotation aloud in this and the following frames:

yz el er:Juro-v.

Frame 143 /4 * ci c v :tya -v.

Frame 144 66i lo rogft giou lfufid '7'rJTo s.

Frame 145 - Lis j-rie Otehs 4-1elie .

Frame 146 OD% it r r,4 0.7)47'74 .

Frame 147 7ret".1/7.44hci.

Frame 148 ot, tine iiiret 7 IF 1 rTrvi etAA:t cZi V.11/.

I 1 Cr/2 0-v ,Bloc. E cr T I ff:t lAosFrame 149 3

0 U Xi0 0 1,o U /I 73 NO C

Frame 150 6 .i-vcfir.irros 0 r0 gAi, .0' .

Oti 0/ cid ro s a -v 17 io 17 cr .

41ri S dE 'Co s . a TE,Frame 151 -

this 'A Olio cirXPr rls ;

Frame 152 - 0 to PC Erri -v E tire.9% *-to ZAtinco oaf/di-re; s

Frame 153 irk r? -V* 77:tS O AoS.Frame 154 - a Ares oeff xu-s , di

TE-y-rp7 p.t irfirleye) clpt :IA k .1)

Frame 155 - aI 11 Eyst :te)(), tr.t) ri Aos.

Frame 156 - Give the Greek quotation from the NewTestament which means in English "I am alpha and omega,the beginning and the end".

62

84

Answera #

E ytAi

:A Oa IN)a

Gip C yet

417)0%7,reAos.

Frame 157 Most of the New Testament was originally,_written in the ---- language.

AnswerGreek

Frame 158 Most of the Old Testament was originallywritten in the ---- language and then translated into Greek.

AnswerHebrew

Frame 159 - The Greek of the Bible was a special form ofGreek known as the koine or ---- dialect. '.

Answercommon

Frame 160.- We will now review some English expressionsconnected with the Greek alphabet. For example, a deltais ----.

Answera triangular-shaped riverMouth

Frame 161 - A deltoid-shaped object has the shape of a ----. Answertriangle

Frame 162 - A sigmoid-shaped object has the shape of Answersigma or s

,Frame 163 To place in order according to the letters ofthe alphabet is to ----.

Answeralphabetize

Frame 164 - Changing s to r is called ----. Answerrhotac i sm

Frame 165 A very small amount is called an ----. Answeriota

Frame 166 The expression alpha and omega means the Answerendbeginning and the ----.

Frame 167 A beta. class hotel would be a - - - class hotel. Answer2nd

Frame 168 There is a type.of radiation known as the gammaray. It is named for the -----.

Answer3rd letterof the Greekalphabet,gamma

63

G5

Frame 169 - The following are the items you should havelearned in this unit:

a. The history and importance of the Greek alphabet.

b. The reading of the Greek alphabet.

c. The writing of the Greek alphabet.

d. A Greek quotation involving the first and last letter ofthe Greek alphabet.

e. The following English expressions: alpha and omega,gamma ray, beta, rhotacism, alphabetize, iota.

64

66

UNIT V

ANCIENT CRETE

65

1 - Read the following paragraph aloudin Greek:

4 Kpir/ irri-v t-y 7;1)

A:y4ef44, mclirvc/ 4 epiiil irr%RA / i .2

TiirOS. 19 1-trUJS I. fri. Z v 3 gp3viv kpnlrfri 6 Ad84;ptv&os

2 4 i,0' WV t-v frywrp. a Mriwzrervpos

krn KO :ii wY Spa I l r Og Mt I Tel 0 fi OS

2 - Now read each of the followingquestions aloud in Greek and try togive an oral answer. Refer to Frame1 if necessary. Then read eachanswer aloud from the answer column.

eTro ci ern -V 1 11,171;

c)7 ir, 0? rriCcri-v c. -le

AT et, Air.(/,,,

17E A .rre / .

). c3 Erra 9 irf.) 7.' -vrpros; Tell. 4 160;j7-1?

3 %

LOT/ 7'creS .

Trf 10-7-11, Cf st;i1e)(41-te4-. IV 15"/ r'?;

Mrvws Err),/b tipxwvkv I r e i I g .

.)

7100" Err , -V a5 -

Mi -yarge vie o r ;

c 1 It Irydra ufi o'sErr/ -v k -v/64 77.

..6_ PO u Er r/ 11 0

Aglifr ;pile Oes ;

8 AAR 6,40, 10 e9o-cirs -v k-vr

kfi* Tr?.a

7 Ti' CO'n le o..

M i -v (.../ T at 1,1,0 0 S ;

o: Mi-v w'rd upo'serr/ oro

S kW%:IV eftto or orett;,pos .

67

68

8 - Read the following paragraphsilently:

3 .ire TAI Er Ti V CV Tut

Ai )04ile 77 e 1 orye / . $ Irfi rr?a % AErr, l e l ro s . . M (v id sI C ,' ,e#547iV o cxp9( 14) V LAl

K p 4 7 v . 8 Agit/1'40.-y Ris igrrryiv kitopfrp . o Mlle gre7duip a'sCo T/ ire I/ ,rt veriffediff os "III rdupos.

9 - Now answer the following questionsin writing. Check your answers care-fully with the answer column.

0% 6170e erriv p, ir,i79;

C' rlZer;-te i-v

.4) alr4; 'rot/ ,I.7TEA.irei .

c10- 7703 c crr rte oA e1 , - le : rat ut 0 o s,-

413 MryZ row,osEirrer it I. 40,5 7?

0, 1. c1 1 - ire u c 4-r, v

A et Ab cif). "Y 00 S;8 A sigu,ory els

SErr/ le evirpi rri

12 - r a c .-n-le 4;afde X ai V 1."' ke rrrP;

m r-,,,,, s arr. i`leC 4 i0 4/0)( ea .11

a

c y Irfi r7 7 p .

Ti' , c13 Er. 7- 1 -v 0

My (4/ T11J, OS' ;

.0c M. v es. rtu,or3Err/ /r.e.

:iv 6,0 14, 77-0 s

ire) Tal;%ipos.

68

14 - Read the following paragraphaloud in Greek: a

$ r r%PY a rifixwv el.M A/ 40 Cr _, i , ,

ireiirl. AlrieWS OIC I E .401 st, ofelAoile.i 3

MrYWO ON 66.Aci A sc1detAos. M(vaispirc7 Aar Ilia Acv.

15 - Now read each of the followingquestions aloud in Greek and try togive an oral answer. Refer to Frame14 if necessary. Then read eachanswer aloud.

O),

TA E. r T i V 0 elio)( t a,/L, ...lie'? Til ;

CV

A.0 3Arn "V tat CI-T/10

6,,

cefix GU 1/a -EV ice, 1712 :

r .

A e ,6 COde MI-V to d '4410'4 A OS; "Yoli

/. Aillealot

oi de lier. da A o s .

17 - 011 c7 Afir-v cad Ad i d 4 los; o'li . M r-v 64).tob 9$0,1674.41 c4dAes .

69

70

18 A..,I i re 7 Micors 44 tfiegi o-v; led / WY idoV.

I" 1rc7 ilgt id d Ao-v,

19 Now read the following sixsentences aloud:

Mr-veas p sea? Alt, eht A ay.A4 cyan 4d1 dalo-be plea?.A st ridig Aery it41.1-E7 M Ilreal

atS

A a ldd ao-v Ai rvwc 014/ee I .lose cro Wveas A el 101.010-V.*lee A et IAA One Mi "V C4/ S.

20 - All of the sentences in Frame 19mean just about the same thing. Eachcould be translated into English

Minos hates Daedalus.

21 - In Greek, word order is not asimportant as in English. In fact,the words in a Greek sentence can bemixed up usually without reallychanging the meaning. In English,by contrast, word order(is /is not) very important tomeaning.

is

22 In Greek the relationshipbetween words is often indicatedby the endings on the words. Youhave noticed perhaps that KingMinos' name in Greek is sometimes spelledM slew s . and sometimes All 1.11/ La 1Similarly Daedalus name is some-times spelled ti el /1st A OS andsometimes .

ati w Vet A 0 -le

23 Before we explain the differencein .spelling between Whew s andMilecAid and between 4 IridAo Sand A Pail ole we have to talkabout the distinction between the subjectand the direct object in a sentence. Thesubject of the sentence is often the doer or

direct object

70

71

performer of an action. The directobject in a sentence may be thought..._

of as the word toward which theaction of the sentence is directed.It should be remembered that notall sontonces have both a subjectanrt ;) - - - .

24 Pick out the subject andobject in the following sentence:

Minos hates Daedalus.

"Minos" is the subject."Daedalus" is the object.

25 - Pick out the subject andobject in the following sentence:

Daedalus hates Minos.

"Daedalus" is the subject."Minos" is the object.

26 As you have seen in Frames24 and 25 word order in English- - - (is/is not) very importantbecause it shows which word isthe subject and which word is thedirect object.

is

27 In Greek the subject is indicated bya special form or spelling and the objectlikewise by a special form or spelling.The special subject form or spelling iscalled Cie nominative case. The specialobject form or spelling is called theaccusative case. Write the phrases"nominative case" and "accusativecase" on your paper.

71

72

28 - Very often in Greek the nominativecase form ends in a and the accusativecase form ends in "le or a . Sometimesthe accusative is the same as thenominative. Let us look at the nom-inative case and accusative case formsof some of the Greek words we havemet before. The nominative case willbe listed first. Say the words aloudand copy them on your paper.

44 re/4.1osA 41e/aAo-v

29 - Mille WS

Aft aV ta a..

30 ;up° -vasxeo 0 le 0 "),

31- Aro s0/0 noa

32 erle. Dietayr 0 C,e m

of "V Bp "'WY33- tat.% A co c

If :1 AAes34 - Sometimes the nominative case hasendings other than S. Let us now look atsome more nominative and accusativeforms. Say the words aloud and copythem on your paper.

at Aecr r .1tP. A *I rrarto

.

35 - (T/C11//

36- rex ffe 7

37 - 0AoWellist00A0e00;4"V .38 - ifuorp lei T7)$ifufts, le* TPT-y

72

73

39 - Read each sentence in the followingpattern practice aloud. Then make eachsentence negative aloud. Check yoursentence with the answer column.

hif104/5 MOV Ai/et? itit'VaJC 1494 "P°

OZ ',44 /rel.

4o - Mhews 1:effol n. y /pre.e" ° M i'-vius :1-r 4owro -Voti pio-E7 .

41 - AAds i:ilos A ire ?, Aivas it:adios 01,,u/r47.

42 -14rieWS tgad T Tel 'V id/ re. Niveas 64; A at r rya -Yva 4 r-e7.

43 Mi-vws OW/ "f°7-10 At / r c7 Al i."-rau s gem 9-v i -vot, )44 ire.

44 -mryeas 9"°rOgi rot "te 1.414E1 iiii,vios gliAorocitd-vof At ) re.

45 0 i A E 7

AA

cY1' 8,0w/ros M%-v'wee. Ova 0 i) 7 'etV404INOSA 1 e al Cc.

46 - Øi. ei 4:(7, i,407T0 S' Ail old 61010. o3 OtAci :Ey tifideros

447 clotA01/.

4 7 -91 /A C7 A)/ "V # wp frOS irel)A05 Cai 06/AE7 :111401/7/05

#(:(1AOS .

48 - 4 , A c; rry eff(A,iros 01 Aoro#41, ot1 9SlAc7 jvapwwos01Aorosila-v.

73

74

49 hatidsles OIde Ali;wit . A et% dit Aos ou,rOlch Atry wet .

50 A di dgitAos alit 4.4 eht Aoy. hotiddA°S 04Kotdc helldee AO.V.

45 1 A aiddAos °I de- :1,4,40 'role. bifida ilos ojsr°ids. :ir4piero-y.

52 Aglidalos 07de Kel 1 Ao s . 4.fichitolos ocr#rorde ":(1,10 S ,

53 A 417 4 a ACS OrdC tRioi 4 7. ;of A t7 daos oLkol cle Nat r nev.

1' 4 4 7 d a Aos oh/c0/Aore piitne.

4 4; (At A es Or, ,..

0 Tose PLA a vocom-be.

55- 441 cht Aos odetrim-v.4-Y.

411 da Ao s ofOLIc 6r/rv")4v.

" LI etre/4 A os 07c/cit vfiep-P1 vrv.

4.4.ciaAos oeim.

oleic K uotreFY47Vv.57 Read each sentence in the followingpattern practice aloud. Then make eachsentence negative by beginning it with theword pi .

y 1 Z 6 1 Cr d UT0-0 pi, rro Ai .,r . f faoy.

58 - rriZei hillei41.i. ,w) yvZi A M/ qua .

59 - rY(Z91 tiartd.1A011. 1.47 yve:ill, ibildidov.60 -

y-sew8, ,6210-y. p* y:119/ fil on e .

61 - ylfelja/ ilegiown-e-v. ft, yy4218, :/-4114iffev.

62 yveZ 8s 14 A Aas /4 yveZA kJ A Ain

74

63 r 1'Z e 61.i.1 a 7 ra V. p? yvaA Pi Ai rniz

64 - r -rg:18/ owir.. "1.-se. //9 ,re:44 tr4V 71/7/.

65 rreot9I 0,Aoa-001,,ce. fri> Y '4) 19,

91 i Aoroji..ev.66 - yv eD 0/ le vffe, -r ... r* -v. Ad? l' ve;621

iruteep VI) r)? -v.

67 - Now read aloud each question inthe following pattern practice andanswer aloud each question affirmatively.Check your answer by looking at theanswer column.

/lire/ MAeritis AOY;

led i . /Wee / Alliftis

68 pir C7 Mr-loWS AsiliOldlOY;t ..

led/. p I ere; M-rws464 %chola-Y.

6 - li 1 Cr E7 M flews :).11)01affo-y; Ted r P Ire; mi've4sell' op 44, fro-.

70 - it// eel M irgos A.AZ-vole; -y4 l'. du i et 7. AV-rws...xe 0 -vo -v.

71 p / ere; Mr1941S H:A los , led/. ii irs7 /14/fraf s

triZIA0s.72 - iti i cc, M7-p(4, s 0.a47r.ne; -ra / . /pre; MlfrtiJS

OgiAa r ree v.73 AV, EI MA/WS rif/ vir; 7.(/' A, I re? Mines

yrj .

74 - ilierC7 Mrl'es/S 0 /.10,09/Lv wit. /dire tg-reas01/Aoreillistne

75 - Ire; Iterye.)g treyi°907#7vr; -no . p 1 frc't Mr-w4n'rug ce-v 4 rr) -1/

75

76

76 - Now we will turn our attention tothe English derivatives we have learnedrecently. An English word meaning"dictator" or "absolute ruler" andderived from the Greek word Ttypi "If YOS

is

77 - An English word meaning "bull-like" and derived from the Greek wordTd De o s is

76

78 - An English word meaning "highlyskilled" and derived from the Greek

A41

..41,name at 4 AOS is .

Daedalian

79 - An English word meaning "onewho hates the human race" andderived from the Greek words/4 i re 7 and Z"ViakotaffOt is

misanthrope

80 - An English word meaning "onewho loves mankind" and derived fromthe Greek words 0/.el and

as.nyeeteMIS is .

philanthropist

81 - An English word meaning"woman hater" and connected with theGreek word I, ors I is .

misogynist

82 - An English word meaning"complicated" or "intricate" and

..

derived from the Greek wordAo et:ietv 6'os is .

labyrinthine

83 - An English word meaning "toflirt" and derived from the Greekword 56/ A E j is

philander

84 - An English word meaning "alover of the British people" andderived from the Greek wordot At, is .

Anglophile

85 - An English word meaning "alover of the French people" andderived from the Greek word

0i A c8 is .

Francophile

77

78 ;

86 - Open your Greek notebook to theheading Word Study. Add the following .

words to the first column of your listthere: tyrant, taurine, Daedalian,misanthrope, misogynist, labyrinthine,philanthropist, Anglophile, Francophile,philander.

87 - Now put in the Greek words andthe meanings of the English words inthe appropriate columns of your list.Refer to Frames 76-86 if necessary.

88 - Explain in your own words-themeaning of each of the following .

English sentences. Pay particularattention to the underlined word whichis defined in the answer column. ThePresident of the United States is nota tyrant.

absolute ruler,dictator

89 - The man had a taurine facial bull-likeexpression.

90 - John D. Rockefeller was anotable philanthropist.

benefactor of man-kind, contributor toworthy causes

91 - Queen Elizabeth II iscertainly an Anglophile.

a lover of theBritish people andtraditions

92 - General De Gaulle has beendescribed as a Francophile.

lover of the Frenchpeople

93 - There are many Daedalian highly skilledcarpenters in Philadelphia.

94 - A person who would wish todestroy the whole world with nuclearweapons would certainly be amisanthrope.

hater of the humanrace

'78-

7j ;

95 - A person who would want to make allwomen in the world slaves would certainlybe a misogynist.

hater of women

96 - High school students are much toobusy with their studies to philander.

flirt

97 - Labyrinthine puzzles can be fun tosolve.

complicated

98 - Read aloud the following paragraphin Greek:AniatoteS 0/41. a .340)(401i 4.i.Odrodei bei7delAo-we. o, g$ i A a

Lit icidio-v. /1.4 ire:0 44 /lie.% o -v.

99 - Now read the following similarparagraph aloud in Greek:

Mileta S £14 . o 4cxcAr EF .

oir OA Adr*I 4A0-V. 0(2) 0 IAE7sA41641.10-v. pircis li4r4A0-,..

100 - Now read the following similarparagraph aloud in Greek:

Air-veas le WV. cl, aZo oy to -be Early,side 44 rc/.1Ao-w e . _au yd, AE7, ..... , ,Adicidilo-te. pirer 43.11 0440-v.

79

8

101 - In Frame 98 Minos is the speaker.In Frame 99 Minos is spoken to. In Frame100 Minos is .

spoken about

102 - Frame 98 is said to be written inthe 1st person. Frame 99 is written inthe 2nd person. Frame 100 is writtenin the .

3rd person

103 - The difference between the 1st,2nd, and 3rd persons is indicated by theverbs. Verbs are words which indicateaction or being. Try to find the verb ineach of the following sentences:

Minos knows Daedalus. knows

104 - Minos hates Daedalus. hates

105 - Minos is the ruler, is

106 - Minos does not like Daedalus. dies like

107 - I know Daedalus. know

108 - I like Daedalus. like

109 - I am not a ruler, am

Now try to locate the verb in eachof the following Greek sentences:

A A .110 MI lOW S E /i /

aE /4.4 /

..

1 1 1 - 41, iv , sE1. c

112

. ,112 Mi-le gas Errix Erriv113 - 0 i1det MI -w ta 44 . 0 i de/

80

81

114 - " A. 00 i r Oa 'iv yw ait Off' Sti115 - 04 A a.. ,

0/ CPC Mt ledda oide116 - .

/4 / Cr GO B6 .1 / dal I 0 -10.d,

dU / Or C.J

117 - /4 4-6 S d a X 01 e . At iEIS118 -

..e.41(re7 IA 4 I ei 4 A ov. friv-ei...119 - 2° " 0 IA 1:4*) a eitcla Ao-v. 01.1 ia120 - a _,ou spiAcis. 4.1,01dAole.

.

0 /Avis121 - a .0

ou 0/A E7 Ad/ CifiA0-. Go At:122 - A verb is said to be in the first personwhen the subject is the speaker. A verb is saidto be in the second person when the subject isspoken to. A verb is said to be in the thirdperson when the subject is .

spoken about

123 - In English to indicate the first personthe word "I" is frequently used. To indicatethe second person the word "you" is frequentlyused. Thus "I know" is first person but "youknow" is

2nd person

124 - In English the 3rd person is oftenindicated by adding "s" to the verb. Thus"he knows" and "Minos knows" are both

3rd person

125 - The verb "to be" in English has specialforms or spellings to indicate person. "I am"is first person. "You are" is second person."Is" indicates the .

3rd person

81

82

126 - Greek has special forms orspellings to indicate person. Separatewords like "I" and "you" are notneeded to indicate the first and secondperson. Thus I 114 i is firstperson, el is second person, and

r-r II is .

3rd person

3 /127 - Cii4 i , the first personform, means in English "I am".ET , the second iierson form, means"you are". le r/ , the third personform, means .

"is"'or "he is","she is", or"it is" or"there is")

_,128 - Ovfv et , the first person form,means in English "I know". oir 19.4 ,

the second person form, means "youknow". odfde , the third personform, means .

"knows"(or "he knows,""she knows", or-"it knows")

129 - Look at the following Greek verbforms and their English meanings:

AI Or(Al I hate

A4 rc , s you hate,

/4 / CE(A (fle, she, it) hates

iftgS A w I love

0 I A E 5 you love

OsAe; (he, she, it) loves

What do you notice about the endingson the Greek words?

Ail triAii 14 WEIS,A4 9 re havethe same endings as

0/A 47) #11EIS41

OIA ea I.

130 - Many Greek verbs follow thepattern of , , , , r1,:, and 911 X c1in indicating person. Some verbs,however, such as 0144 and

- -(do/donot) follow this pattern.

3 .Ey",

do not

82

131 - Read each sentence in the followingpattern practice aloud. Then make eachsentence negative aloud. Check yourSentence with the answer column:

a I, .. 37 trio/7p elleiy ii;,:"' 19 (261r

...

1-; TAA:sei, ourifeft: .

132 - iv TAA :to', sift;133 - i.v E z 4.0 erd 7 17 EZys 4, irp oj A..

E ; .

134 - iv, kid:4 LTIVIcv ica as r!, obit.et

135 i'v T A A JO E. iv 'EA A 2 4 spPr0.

136 - 1 y E Le an- T. 11' Etrfitro yr 9 cle..rCI.

137 - Mr", (.4 S la-T-y 1-,/ifeci Tr? .

!, DImr-rws owl Ee711i-y ir/g) 7 Tr? *

1382

Mr-Vc4JS c rr I 'V 1 'Y

`EXA14 :1I.M /1' 4 S 04 to- ri-rFr 'EX X.'s ci s .

139 MO"VdOS irT)-Y iVEt/or:1FrP

z a/MineWs au ir Er 71 n#i-r E &;io g4i rr p .

83

Q ii

Iptrf (10 A.41 (5091 . t" 1 If A"' 44i), - MI

'omit./ el0 ?MAO', rr, -0 1 II' r e 7 A. w . - 391 *A.)7.050-0eY16

/3y /of no A.P/S60.00r/0 ',vitt& 90 A e- - 191

4-444.&.W.0 Lsricts no .04.4.4.414.0 13 rists

- 091

. A.vsy 4a yt 0 jo 1 A.0 43r/s16 - 6N

*soy y /8,J/ z2vis 20 Sol/ rtiN ,!Tr,

- 8171 Ss3f /91

fp) .401 4*Aer/0 s 'ay 10 A.r0oier IS - L171

s 13 yipg q0 A.ttaX.P 5131( /0 A4A. lot., - 9171

Suc r 4 no A.of, sz3r, 0 A.010 337T

si9rios 20 socrvi . sj.prqs sox r vi Xmlosor.0 evrt0 no

e ' A. 1 ci /50 of or /0 Mr to

- T U 4.6.4.6V.0 7r. pf fio ."..4.4.4..v.o 7 r /0 -X171

' A-Oic9f 1,7rIli no -04- °id AV T Y 1 40

- IN SOrryt Tr/ t's 70 'sorrr4 Vt"0 -oti

158 - irplr)77, -s p i re/ s ; 1/.47 . Kfi cl. 77, 79A., v-4

159a 447 chi Acry A i I re,' s -10.1 I. 4 ei (S4 Act -v

p I ed'ia .160 -

01 Ao rosd tgry ig, i lecis ; -se4 t . ithlorojesid v4 1 IF 4:1

161 -09/07' /(Iiire;S ; -yo s'. .15% v

ft I V' 0162 - Atir..pectos /147-$. 40.4 du i ci-e7 ; -nc I. AliVe0/ S

/4; 1 604 1,4 i re 7.led 4 M%,14501",i; rav Afire 1 .

163 - m;"yeas ifi..,57.,ry A , re?.164 - Mivws 617/4 Aol /./ irei; -owl' Mr." 4 s

aid 4 Aws 1.4 0-67 .

165 - MA061 S 0/A 0 0-0AL Y //,/ I re '1';

_4-zg,t,t;T:5,11 1,..11.

.v.t )1. A 1.1-64..sAlcre id4 I o-e7

166 - Mt-rws 4 0 7

167 - Read each of the followingsentences aloud. Then make eachsentence negative. Check youranswer.

n0p a -e v o - 0 ; da Tv,o ,t V YO V Ow rord.( .

168 Asir dd A o 10 of d. I .4 17 At A cee °tiff

or chi .

169 - rip* Tire 01 01 id iffi6rn-r 0 t N,cA40_,______7-4.1' 44.419fi'v69"0 Z If 07 del .

170 Ti-p A die i;r2 -r 80v 0Told.

171 TO 'Y M,,t./retcro-y of cid .ray Afrrt:r4e0/oev

lb 3 JOeft. 01 crel

172 - Read each of the followingquestions aloud and then answerthem affirmatively aloud. Check-!-,

your answer.

7 440 0nip el "V V 0"e

A ,,'1044 / , rupocvvov01 li ei .

85

1" idaticiaAo-r oir6:4 ; 70.1 I. 4 said A el.o Tact .

174 - rev. 614I 74 i. ie, ir pp -vcid a .

175 TO -V A etA7p/ Y 670 -i° Oior Da ; -)e/1:: Of. :orItvalele OTedel.

176 ra -ye M, 7" (LT 4 Irene 01 dr 614 .; 14 A T'S,'Novtord Up0 V 0 Ided .

177 74201 Ie y0 "fe Alr-rwS 0 rdEto... .0.

Vei i . ri140.1 'V 700 -e

MI.:~5 0rder..,.,.,

V't i' hatillt AoY140-reas of elev.

178 -4 et 41#10.11 Mirods Of GICI

179 - 1,945 A1Fv. ga s oldEY; 'rd. ir/O 7)-r.Milows OF de y

180 7; -,, Asi 0;i0 , 'r . 49 one AC-rwso p/der.

vd i rOv /14"%e van.116;0e0 s os; div

181 - rc-y A 1 I -vZ ret vfie r Mi-ykts0; eitlf;

-mo i rev AhvZnivteroAeValt aide IC

182 - Now we are going to review someof the things we have learned aboutCrete's history, culture, and influence.Much of what we know about Cretecomes from archaeology. Anothersource of our information is thew - - - - of the Cretans.

writings

185 - The form of Greek that theCretans knew was written in a scriptcalled Linear. B. Linear B was-very (different from/similarto) the Greek alphabet that we havelearned.

different from..

186 - Before 1952 we could not readLinear B. In that year the youngBritish cryptologist Michael Ventris(:.!ciphered it and showed that LinearB was a written form of the - - -(Greek/Cretan) language.

Greek

187 Crete ruled the Aegean Sea for800 years. The cities on the Greekmainland seem to have paid taxes andtribute to Crete. The Cretans seemto have established colonies on theGreek mainland. Many of the rulersof Crete seem to have used the nameM .

Minos

188 - The capital of Crete wasKnossos - a place made famousby the great 1)- of King Minos.

palace

189 - Sir Arthur Evans, a famousBritish archaeologist, discovered theruins of Knossos in 1899. The palace atKnossos was notable for its staircases, itscolumns, and its elaborate drainage andplumbing systems. King Minos wasapparently so respected that there were

:no/extensive) fortificationsaround the palace.

no

87

190 - The power and wealth of KingMinos had three sources: industry,mastery of the sea, and domination ofthe market. The Cretans did - -:- -(little/much) trading with Egypt beforethe year 1450 B.C.

much

191 Around 1450 B.C. the Egyptians stoppedtrading with Crete and started trading directlywith the Achaeans on the mainland of Greece.The Achaeans became conscious of their strengthand stopped paying taxes to - .

Crete

192 - The Achaeans attacked Creteitself and burned the Great Palace atKnossos. An Achaean war lordinstalled himself on the throne of

King Minos

193 - After this attack Crete'simportance in history greatly- - - - (diminished/increased).

diminished

194 - There are several famousmyths connected with Crete andKing Minos. Some of these mythsinvolve the Minotaur - the monsterborn of King Minos' wife. ThisMinotaur was half man and half

- -.

bull

195 - Every year the city of Athenssent seven handsome young men andseven pretty maidens to Knossos as atax or tribute to King Minos. Theseyoung people were sent into theLabyrinth - the Minotaur's homewhere eventually they were killedby the Minotaur. The Minotaurenjoyed eating p .

people

88

8)

196 - The Labyrinth - sometimesidentified with the Great Palace atKnossos - was a kind of maze havingmany halls and rooms. It wasvirtually impossible to find one's wayout once one entered. The Labyrinthhad been built to house the Minotaurat the request of King Minos by thefamous engineer and architect

Daedalus

197 - One year the son of the King ofAthens came to Crete as one of theyoung people to be sacrificed to theMinotaur. His name was Theseus.Before meeting the Minotaur Theseusfell in love with Ariadne, one of Minos'daughters. Ariadne gave Theseus aspecial sword with which he killed theMinotaur and a spool of thread that wouldenable him to find his way through the

Labyrinth

193 - Later Daedalus, the architectof the Labyrinth, lost favor with KingMinos. Minos had Daedalus imprisonedin the Labyrinth. Daedalus built wingsfor himself and his son Icarus in orderto escape. Icarus flew too close to thesun and caused the wax binding in hiswings to melt. Icarus was drowned inthe Aegean Sea but Daedalus escaped.The part of the Aegean Sea in which

%

Icarus supposedly fell is called todaythe .

Icarian Sea

I

89 .

199 - The Cretan religion centeredaround the worship of the MotherGoddess who in a way was like ourMother Nature. The Mother Goddessmade the fields and forests grow.She was the life giving spirit inanimals. She changed the seasons ofthe year. Her male companion wassometimes thought of as King Minos orthe Minotaur or a - - - -.

bull

200 - The females and the bullsdepicted in Cretan sculpture andpainting often have a religioussignificance. Cretan religion - aswell as Cretan art and architecture

(was/was not) influencedby Egypt and the Near East.

was

201 - Let us now turn our attentionto the English derivatives learned inthis unit. The English word taurinemeans "bull-like" and comes fromthe Greek word .

..Ta' tir, 0 S

202 - The English word Daedalian A 4 idet A 0 smeans "highly skilled" and comesfrom the Greek name .

203 - The English word misanthrope ",44 1 re I "hates"a/ A,evy uptarrOS "man"means "one who hates mankind" and is

derived from the Greeks words - - -and - - - - .

90

91

204 - The English word philanthropistmeans "one who loves mankind" andis derived from the Greek words

and

A ei "loves"Pi ayr (Ain. o s "man"

205 - The English word misogynistmeaning "woman hater" is connectedwith the Greek word - - - .

206 - The English word labyrinthinemeans.neomplicated" and is derivedfrom the Greek name

A_hl re/ "hates"

d -10 Bo s

207 - The English word philandermeans "to flirt" and is derivedfrom the Greek root - - - .

0 /A e; "loves

208 - The English words Anglophile(meaning "a lover of the British people")and Francophile (meaning "a lover ofthe French people") have the commonGreek root - - - - .

AE! "loves"

209 - Now let's turn our attention tothe Greek quotations learned in UnitsI through IV. In each of the followingframes give the meaning in English ofeach quotation and the source if possibleafter reading the quotation carefully.Check your answer.

y -v 20 6/ er' ro/-v KnOw thyself.(Thales)

212 - 40 : A dv r ra 6 if;i A a 7- rd . The sea! The sea!(Xenophon)

213 -0 / A 0 O"O $6;4 let0 e

/U/51 eto-rq rp7 s .

Philosophy is life'sguiding principle.

(Greek Proverb)

214 - g a ,CIS orYV/0 °Ude/ S :(-)015/o,

One man is no man.. (Greek Proverb)

215 - a 4A .ou .717 le p erg, ri irri-v,A .1 Ft/ +1; -1.0a-,

It is not a greatthing to live but tolive well is a greatthing. 'Plato)

216 -ifergre010 RIO I. k CT / trod A A os.OU )(' re 'row p ieros

The measure of life H

is beauty, notlength of time.

(Plutarch)

217 -6 :I-re f ; Td r ros MOS

2 ig i w TO V 2at ,/Ou OliOZ Mew .f

For man the un-examined life is notworth living.

(Plato)

218 - a/ris de fice s a r IR X Puy; s' o odtr 1 s ;A sk

What is life withoutgolden Aphrodite?

(Mimnermus)

219 - At " .010K frri-r cuespv is/ 0-y

t:blu 77-cry oau de-virs .

It is not possiblefor anyone to finda life Withoutsorrow. 'Menander)

220 -4 if9-1e# irral s a fires

All of life is astage. /Palladas)

221 - o fife t;.. j% de %7

raX-Yr? pa frei .

Life is short butart is long.

/Hippocrates)

92

Q2

222 -To ',Ejecd

4 0 aCI*

31

MO.(a a

at I ro (Ai/4 cr.( de,y1Iret% re Xas.

I am alpha andomega, the begin-ning and the end.(New Testament)

223 - Onyour paper, copy in Greek eachquotation found in Frames 209 to 222.

224 - Let's now review some of the thingswe have learned in this unit about howGreek works. As we have seen, languagesare different. For instance, English dependsheavily on word order in a sentence toexpress meaning. In Greek, by contrast,word order - - - - (is/is not) very importantto meaning.

is not

225 - In Greek, the relationship betweenwords -, - - - (is/is not) often indicatedby the endings on the words or, moreaccurately, by the spelling or form of thewords.

is

226 - The special form or spelling ofa Greek word which indicates that it is thesubject of the sentence is called the

case.

nominative

93

Q A

227 - The form or spelling of a Greekword which indicates that it is thedirect object in the sentence is calkedthe case.

accusativeI

228 - The subject of the sentence isoften the doer or performer of anaction or thc word about which somethingis said. The word toward which theaction of the sentence is directed isoften the .

direct object

229 - Verbs are words which indicateaction or being. A verb is said to bein the first person when the subject isthe speaker. A verb is said to be in thesecond person when the subject is spokento. A verb is said to be in theperson when the subject is spoken about.

third

230 - In English to indicate the firstperson thc word - - - - is frequentlyused.

I

231 In English i o indicate the secondperson the word - - is frequentlyused.

you

234 - In the following frames you willfind sentences written in the first person.Change the verb to the second and thirdpersons. Check with the answer column.

\ , A .0e 114 1 /17 I le 440 S ,

a , ...Errs Mt VW S

4.

235 Toy Aisvoto TA 1400 V 01 4. TOY Airrtilraupolo01, 194

deTo-be MivsarAvipery

s.otaev.236 - 1

91Aoro p IA -se ?lets). 1091, A ore p istv freed.....01 AoseAmv *Irv.

237 - % A/ One 0,,i (0. gory #I ACTS .

/9;0 v id 1 A c 7 .

238 - In the following frames you willfind sentences which have words in thenominative case. Change each nom-inative form to the accusative. Be surethat you understand the difference inmeaning between the original sentenceani the new sentence you prodace. Ifthe difference is not immediately clearto you, give the meaning of eachsentence in English. The Englishmeaning of the original sentence followedby the meaning of the new sentence isgiven in the answer column.

Woo to s ordcA "

ivi i -1,14)4 ,pid c vMinos knows.He knows Minos.

95

239 -

4 ead a IOS 01 41(

Ligt Ida Aov orderDaedalus knows.He knows Daedalus.

2'4° d MI-Ye:0 ra ed00 S COVEYTd-. M # le WT.tufro-se0%diVe

. The Minotaur knows,He knows theMinotaur.

241 :ill 4306.i fro S 42141/CY.:170 19fiallre-r cpLicy

A man knows.He knows a man.

242 - In the following framesyou will find a nominative caseform listed. Change this formto the accusative case.

4i o s ,trio-se243 - xe 0-yes x 6 -we -se

244 -irc"Alor itto Nos

245-, &el A .1 r ra ai.A a 7- r 4 -le

246 -rif * -y)5 a 'to- ki y!7 le

247 - . .248 -

16/A 0 co $6 ist 0 / A a re gi idle249 -

If tififple 7-9 s 1r WA Cfi "1".); r* le250 - A

Tel tie et S Tot 400 -1'251

iriew rl ki°'7 ro -te252 - Est

4.5 yr "7 ELic u, IT Pile

96.

9 7-

253 - You have noticed that thenominative case frequently endsis S and the accusative case frequentlyends in - - - - .

-v or of

254 - You have noticed that the verbs01AZ and di4 i r4411 have

the same endings to indicate person.The first person ending ised . Thesecond person ending is - E I S .

The third person ending is - - -.Many verbs in Greek have endings likeSA s A 4:0 and Aorta .

C I

.

255 - In this unit you have studied thefollowing things:

a. Crete's history and culture.b. Myths connected with Crete.c. The English derivatives tyrant,

.

taurine,- Daedalian, misanthrope,misogynist, labyrinthine, philanthropist,Anglophile, Francophile, philander.d. How word order affects meaning inGreek and English.e. Distinctions between thenominative and accusative cases, thesubject and the direct object.f. Distinctions between 1st, 2nd, and3rd persons of verbs.

You also reviewed the Greek quotationslearned in Units I through IV.

97

Sri

1 - \\'e arc now going to read thequotations dealing with the TrojanWar that we have learned to say,!lead each quotation aloud in Greekand then try to give the meaning inEnglish and then the source.

(insDEL (Imp oS . Divine homer!

(Aristophanes)

3 / /. / C2 - tri, 11 VI V MEL S e, OEOL )-Trii K. L adze')

A )0 -A li OS ,

Sing, () goddess,about the anger ofAchilles, the son ofPelcus.(llomer,ILIAD)

2 / e 3 Ic/ 0 fa a. kt 01 e fv,v vire /140v ga)

eN

Tro V Tp o ?role.A

0 Nluse, tell me ofthe man who travel-led much.(Homer, ODYSSEY)

3 /4 9 exC) Ojia -7. (la Ai o/S EiVe ./

() goddess, daughterof Zeus, sneak.(110mer)

101

100

5 TriZILS STrip ird-rpa.sieV VI 6 KOV.

*, I

Trojans died on behalfof their native land.(Euripides, TROJANWOMEN)

6 - Tol lett vol. Tpoi"pt. $4 u p L'ovS

tzlroOtiCas .414iis rva.i.wos/

AOtV .IX i

Wretched Troy, havingdestroyed thousands forthe sake of one woman.(Euripides, TROJANWOMEN)

- Pi 13i:twist' Vi ;11303 , PiacixtTpoloc. .

Happiness has fallen,Troy has fallen.(Euripides, TROJANWOMEN)

8 - Read the following paragraphaloud in Greek. Then respond to theGreek questions in the frames thatfollow. Check your answers. c4 ittuw4vvi IE 6 TiNe 1.1 T;11 E)fiLeft..4 ITrarTVI 3E6TIV ev -II, `E;\,,,i6L,8 Irererewv isTly 8 Acts( EiJS

iV MO Kt44";L 6. Me.vi.)«.3 icylv16 8046Laas Le I7rd1O-rn

4

9 Tro; irrly C. frfvfavyt.)C. au

11 frlUi0;VII LCT1V

iV T1 1 OLS L.I

10 - /1T i) tsriv VI' 1-Trap Tvt .

e ,E. .)

11 4..-rrotp7fri EGTIV

EV 'PT; E..A o'c Si. .

11- ..? .c.ift.v ti Mvto44en k kl.

cii. rZ.Trc(p-rn Er 7A `EJ1 dL.

I J

vat'. 4 Itivki4vn wet)ti Iirol.p.rii ej6 ?viv r$11 cE.stici(..

102

10i

12 -"IC/S 1

A

6TLV S' Ara. ft e 11.1.'W td 11 i to liar itt:iltdv1 G Ttiv o aotGL)ein1 v /14 v 144 v ti .

i3- / b

*NS ,ITIY o MEVLIOL OS j l; M L 'lei ::/) OL ei.S

Le711/ OC elOiCLEbS

i1/ .2 7T0ipt vt

14 - , A 1/4

IL YES EA6CV Of $ast Lis; cf t4 roLiAtifA"vkac oc AftvEl-AOLOS

EiGtv 01. SocCe.e.IS.

15 - Read the following paragraphaloud in Greek. Then respond tothe Greek questions in the framesthat follow. Check your answers.

ifj 'AthOOS ZIP) Kai A. "1-110 ot E.1 GI

9eoLL . v 'A Gyvva EGTC. 9E01.1.C.

414 evtva t6TL OVICCT$If LIDS.,./ n i

8 'IlictiAtivitw 011k E 6 TL teEa,./ N

O 14 yaki e rY Li) V E671 Pas/ AE US.

16-116.0, Pl. >144130SLITil X0E1

C. Oltn H pot ()Lai )

0 /%raj. ,1 3AcppOOLTn

C. `N pakai I paeel ()eat'.

17 - a/ el /E6T l'Y PI- 4116111.10i v e OL ./

e c,

Vat . tl 'A G Pi vet1 6 T L OE, Ot

18 -,6/6-rt v 4 -)119fre 6i Puri/.op

AloisS.J

Yca. A 'Aeo yetE5.67L GO 10/Cr n /0

LSLI 015.

102

103

19 - 4/e '6.-ny8 'A Ervtay

Y'LP9E ot :1 otix. 6 'Aravirvwv

i

o)1( Usit BEd .

20 - Read the following paragraphaloud in Greek. a Then respond inGreek to the questions in the framesthat follow. Check your answer.

A Tpotot. 'esTi Tro'.4s ty 'il eL/tc .c

:). Trpc'0440's isTne 0 i3costet,s ty,Tpola. 0 op sse7 TOY'A j

I I.

rpt 01. ft 0 Y . T 4. .0L4,4,1 CA 1 pot'ot.._

21 --roil 16-TLY A Tpoirmi 4 TiooL'ot .67q'4E1, 4/1 er I.'a

22 - 3T i

,s LEVY Z PcceclEt)S

EY Tol ;potO Trployo's ts-rtvj 13aCe.ALtis ivrpoict.

,23 - 14tier & Toy 2.1.1Y WY /ayTrp (ot i. 0 v j

Vat'. oI "A a E'rewvA

TO.rp. i

pi 6 et Toy lip i ot.ti ° lif

24 - A ET CI- glia,ye'r vuJV -I- O v

rptict it OV;

Y8

3ovx. v iraterieune ovcpte.1 TaV Trpttati OV.

25 - Let us now return to thequotations we have learned recently.The quotation from Aristophaneswhich means "Divine Homer" is

V.40

E. 1rs cb

OS y kip Os

104

1Q;

26 - Aristophanes lived in 5thcentury B.C. Athens. He was afamous writer of .

comedies

27 - The 5th century B.C.Athenian dramatist who wrotea tragedy called TROJANWOMEN was .

Euripides ,

28 - The quotation from Euripides'TROJAN WOMEN which means inEnglish "Trojans died on behalf oftheir native land" is - - - -

c ..

Tr.) Es or)f a /n

VCCipOCS 1.7.VreKOY.

29 - The quotation from Euripides'TROJAN WOMEN meaning "WretchedTroy, having destroyed thousands forthe sake of one woman" is - - -

TcOocovoc 7p ot'oc ,t 3 I

tAypt ovs artAescxs0. a

ill 0.5 yVY00 K OSt)( ap 1. v.

30 - The "one woman" referred. toin the above quotation was, of course,

..

Helen

31 - A quotation from Euripides'TROJAN WOMEN meaning "Happinesshas fallen, Troy has fallen" is - -- - - - - - - - - .

gE: oaf< ev 61),B OS

T ,poi 01 .

32 - The great epic poems known asTHE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEY areattributed to the Greek poet -.

Homer

33 - THE ILIAD deals with eventsduring the ninth year of the TrojanWar and centers on the Greek hero

Achilles

104*

105

34 In the first line of THE ILIADHomer asks the Muss to sing about theanger of Achilles, the son of Peleus.What is the first line of THE ILIADin Greek?

tt rile l V ii EL h. )A /- ii- r% / rVEOL /In Afrii Ot SEW

I

12itificts.

35 - In another place Homer asksthe daughter of Zeus /the Muse) tospeak. Quote this invocation inGreek.

Bea' , 91/yot T t p/ , '' / '

Lo s) U

36 - THE ODYSSEY also begins withan invocation to the Muse. Homer asksthe Muse to tell him about the man whotravelled much. Quote the first lineof THE ODYSSEY as we have learned it.

btiogrOt. it01,/EVYETTI) '0U G 0ti

'N /AITO V Tp 07T o v,

37 - THE ODYSSEY is about thewanderings of the Greek hero Odysseusafter the - - - - - - - - .

Trojan War

38 - In the previous unit we learnedthe distinction between the nominativeand accusative cases. The nominativecase is used for the s- - of thesentence.

subject

39 - The accusative case is used forthe d o of asentence.

direct object

40 - In the following Greek sentenceslocate the subject. Check youranswer.

C. 31 n 1

o a.lippamos Tpocav risEr. 6 oLitOpunros

41o OW vr% p (4170S- MV k nI en'Y 1 6 a . 0 ov Y vn itOrio3

_

42 -c .o TOpotvVOS -rociatv Fs Cit. c /o rupavvos

43 - c / io Tv p ovvvos Mwoisevo. ptsti.

,

6 713p01/4e0S44 --7- . 4. ,/ n

1(30,L-OLY 0 (XV IFIOCOTTOS 1.4 L Gar.C.0 OLry0p14TTOS

45 - nAA )111 v I 41 it

i1l 111/ 0 co e OHO co7T0s 14 16 E.1 6 i,,,v91014)7ros

105106

46- Tpol'av i; itipoyvvos 1.416EI. P Td pOLVVOS

47 -MOK4VKV t -rifpavvos fIcCe.I. O TtCpoLvvos

48 -,hi6eZ o gif 91) 07to 5 7to ot'oL v. 8 'ccii. v 9p w7r0s

49 4ar e Er 0 ZIA, eptAmos My k krvily. 6 efi,v9purrr 0 s50 -

IA ts el O -r dpooevos TpoeoL v. cf, TtipavvOS51

I. c Li 6 riipowyos /14004vivv. c; Tiipooevos52 - In the following frames youwill be provided with the nominativeof some of the nouns we have learned.Supply the accusative. Check youranswer.

gv 9purroS i;ti.v 9p u) Tr 0 le

53 - Tv/ pavvo5 tTvf avvov54-

P4 v K 4,1/11, MvKiii. viel.A/

55- Tpot!ot./Tpotocv

56- mil Y WS M LiV W a

57 -A °Lact )4 os tioLigoLov

58 -1 OS 01'0V

59 - )(pOvos yloo'vov60 - kliCAOS kOC.AdlOS

61 - Oc'0 arr a EM aarrav62- / .

TEJVK TEIrkiv..

10k3

107

63- 6 1, li. v II, ,Gicktvktv

64 - tt t. ..1 0 6 0 tib t'Ot 6006-ospc, ocv65 -

kvfitpt,K TiAs ,Ku Atfrviel-T kiv

66 - In the following frames wewill list the nominative and .

accusative of some of the nounswe have met in this Li ill I. 1.,e willalso give the Greek word for "the"before each noun. Say the Greekaloud. Then copy each form onyour paper. You may have noticed thatthe Greek word for "the" is usedmore frequently with Greek nounsthan the English word "the" is withEnglish nouns.

Pei: MOKKIVP1 \ /1$41/ friViOvv KV

67 n` `E ) as -r4v cE0'..Sot68 -

nc

ITroci rIn T4v XTreXpTivy69 - C )16

n tistpocSYrn "A r /'PHA/ 9512001L T4ty

70 -rtc r 1n. a/o ii.tv GEOW

71- C.

'Afri, A envoi. -r4 v 'A opt v 'a v72 - t. tli 1

rt. ri p OL \ c,./ti .,TmV rip of v

73 O Pastletis .To v Ot6 I A l,a

74- A / /0 Pi e.ve ilog. os / /

-rov Me.VE AOLOV75 - A a p ip v (J) v /

TO V rat4EPv0VOL76- ..A f

oty vi, f J,TOv cii.vcip OC.

10108

77 - ItO / 3 OS1/ATov oApov

78 - e c./el0 Vt4 gi p os

% c/,-,Toy vt4fripov

79 c)1 IAKVIS rviv 1.411 V /4/

80 - cn 1... 01136 OL My t4 °UM V

81 -n Ou roc Tfrip

/7'1%W OuraTEpa

82 - /ii yvvn Tity ruveirkOL83 - Let's try to summarize someof the differences in spelling betweenthe nominative and accusative formswe have studied.The nominative forms of the Greekword for "the" that we have.met are - 7 - or - - -.

C

C .

11

84 - .0 changes to 'T 1,/ in thecaccusative case. Vt changes

to - - - . T ot, v

85 - Many Greek nouns-which havea nominative ending in - OS havean accusative ending in - - .

- 0 Y

86 - Many Greek nouns which have anoniinative ending in - a. havean accusative ending in - - - - .

- a v

87 - Many Greek nouns which havea nominative ending in - PL havean accusative ending in PI Af

88 - Besides - ay , -ay, and- vtV , another common accusative

ending is - - - - .

106

109

89 - Locate the direct object in eachof the following sentences. Rememberthat the direct object is in the accusativecase and receives the action of the verb.Check your answer.

v 9 -ri ver

A A o,a cli)Er. -ry v `Eat *la

90 -A 19eix TOV U*VCfp01- CfriAEF . 7 o v Ow Sp cx

91 - c l:iviv 5611 i.vi ea -rti.v fi L 1..,tv }A fr;v1v

92- c nv1 VEa 7 v1v 011,01.T 1

/pOt Cfri E.I. Thy OoraTe, pot

93 - c )A r /o nrcti."*Pv°v c011 T6v 063a61)ea

/TOV ficy.6LLat

948 ki rap e'/.4 v w v 40EF 7iiy yUYOL(NCt. -rviv yVVa11401.

950c 'A i/7 rOperiV)v 560 E.l 74 V 91 of. v /

7 vt v 9 E. ot v

96 - , ,oc ,

TII.Y-T

OtOLY Tvpavvos tA,L6EE. /14,tv Tp oL Cci,

97 -TtiY MU 1441etolV c; It; powyoS y lea. Tiiv Mvio(vnY

98 - ,.. c i"rfrtv yvvat Ka 0 Tvpavvos ycset. \

-1* WV4

1) V al 'RC OC.

99- cs" c ,TON 1.1).4191p 01V o Tvpovvvos ),t tea. Tclv `Vsiseipo 'V

100 -Teov C(L'Y cip a 8 -715povvvos /41 6- ei. -r?, g..1Sp..a.

101 - Some Greek nouns are spelledthe same in the nominative andaccusative. For example, the nounW4 IOS meaning "beauty" and .

141Tpos' meaning "measure". Bothof these nouns happen to occur in thequotation from Plutarch meaning"The measure of life is beauty, notthe length of time". Give thisquotation in Greek.

/ JO P

e. -rrt p ov , P 1 0 1)

2 eES-7.c 140(...AA OS1

06 xpcCovov imelkos.

105110

102 - The Greek word for "the" usedwith btOti\OS and 1411TfOit is TOThis form TD is used for both thenominative and .

accusative

- Try to recall all the forms ofthe Greek word for "the" that wehave met thus far.

O103nominative 0accusative TO Vnominative 4accusative Tvls/nominative 701/accusative TO

104 - Supply the Greek word for "the"with each noun in the followingframes:

IlAt Tpov 78 ed-rpov

105 -Ko4 A os , q

AoNA7a Ka OS

106 -13 L' 0 s o filL1 os

107 -p Li ov T6v 13 (0,v

108 - /yugn C iri 1r tpv vk

109 -yUVOLTI4OL 1 t N / t y ripv oci i4 ot

1.10

111

110 - Read the following paragraph aloudin Greek. Then respond to the Greekquestions in the frames that follow.Check your answers:C.Virci.f.tirttAi Ket1 8 MI,YelnOCO's eistv,of 0 Ct61 e.'1%S . rt M atm vt'.vn Kai n

Trap-rn Ei6iv a TrO a.ts . I.;c., c/i,

3A cti pout/,. W.- Kai 4 ri pa Eletv of' t9Eat'.

111- -reyes d61 'v or 13 a GL AEIs; 6 llyc46)"",Kai 0 Melee Amosel e%.. of Pcx60eis

112 - f \TE V ES IC 6 1 at Trd A E I kJ.' 1'4)0110 k .rkfi/

eielv at Trc Reis

, , c113 -T El V eS Etet v Ot I 6) E. Ct t_ j A ail cp ? 0 61- r pi

c c, 1 3 k

Kat ,) rtpcx Li GlyOtte 9 e a Li.

114 As you may have noticedfrom the above reading, Greeknouns - like English nouns - havea plural as well as a singular.The singular of a noun indicatesone. The plural indicatess .

several

115 In English, the plural isusually formed by adding - s or

es to the singular. Form theplural of the following Englishnouns: king, goddess, city.

kings, goddesses,cities

116 - When we talk about theplural in Greek we must distinguishbetweenthe cases. Thus'thenominative plural will usually bespelled differently from thea plural.

accusative

117 - In the following frames youwill see listed the nominative andaccusative plurals of some of thenouns we have learned. Say eachnoun aloud. Then try to providethe nominative and accusativesingular. Check your answer.

....c 2 / iiOE a v pp wrroL

., ,.

Toys ow vp co Troths

,. Ji45 ot I 913 14) TT 0 S

rocnTo., ocv pc,i-n- oy

118.- c ipOLVEV O01. -TVt.

. fTot)s ivpocv vovs

e -ry/0 p ()Ls, vos

-rov Typocv vov-roc

119 - tnorc p 1 0LTok 13 t'ouS

8 13 i os

TOY p tf0V120-

Ofe

..)( p o v of.

-roZ)s .voccivous8 xpdiVol

y )CP co"vTot

121 - of t31 A t3

ToLs $6. Pour8 tin p os -

-rOv g..2/304.122- ..rat kaii.)

T6;1 144.API-r 1 wo( AA os

TO wa a a os123 - I

Ta. 14 t. TpciL

-ra. pt e'-rioa.

TO pi-rpov. I

-ro /AL 7 p ow

124 - 5Ctg. 6 K tot va.eTOL% c ii n va.i s

isr Gkivvi4"TPIY 61411 Veliv

125 - ta Ti.)( YOltTas -ri,oects

A TirKTA v Tei/Y et 'V

126 - c. _, -%at pi. #I0 e 0 0620.

-ri:ts qv Aosocidotspi ckt A 0 c 0 0 tot.

-rAv chtA0 Co 95(OL v127 - cOt KU aipteA Tett

TgAs Hy 13cpv Pi -c as

8 ku Otfiekirtis-7-Civ lievaepvni-riiv

122 of 901 A a.-rr ou-res Oa Aoig.rr as

4- 9,4 AiirrotTi'kv Oci.Aocrra.v

129 - ,at Be a. ti

i&s 9edsf

i. OE. a.

TIIY 9,.. Ctt V

130 - at- IA".T4s pc:1460LS

1.40416 of..

TvtV 1401.)60t1(131 -

-reks 6v fa Tepocs4 Ouyoi 7 ti p

II-nite 0 vial Lpc.

113114

132 - at 7ro 'lei sTctS ro LI S

ISI Trcf > t s

11%tv TT0..tv

133 act ru Va l^ (( E S

TOts letrvacipt as

Or yt) vvf.

I &iv ituvat KM

1:31 vOt

c aIrEptS-robs gv 6" as

a arx. ftr 14 p

7 81q 'civ6 .ot

135 of gas t A Eris"roVS 1301.6LZOL5

ces 13 act. A E US-7q)v ga.eL A Zot

136- c .1,OC etAx o 4/ T ES

\ 4/TOOS 090): 0 v Tets

cf 61..joj et) v

1 O v 0(10.2( 0 v 'roc ,

114115

137 - Let's review some of the pluralsof nouns in the accusative case. In thesentences below change the accusativesingular to accusative plural. Checkyour answer.

TOY av vp 0.) Tr 0 v 0( Jot.

,

, 4 n ,TOOS OtVe0panTOOS oTga.

138 -TO

. s 7 fy "TUpO.VVOV oof Ot . T0t)S -rupa4vvovs o7 dot.

139 - ,TOY ate t .A E* OterOL . Tolji gait .leas of Sex.

140 - gifts-ToZA gieSpaS °TICK.

141 - tThy 19 c;cerra a v oi i,uJ .rs ecelrras OlAcq

142 - \714V 00 rot 7 Elpct 00 e7) T&S eurirepas ciit:.).

143 - ,714 v r o .) L v 51,l 13 . Tas Tro')Eis . 561 AZ.

144 -ry Oetv of aco. TCtS ei4:XS OLX:).

145 -T4tY r ovcav facci7.; . /

-ras 1.4 o 1.) 6 a s pi c:I.146 - ,

TOv gilgp a pia. TOYS gYSIOOLS ptai.147 -

TOv WUthiOvvITKV pia) . ron utOtpr4TocS pi 6(7).

148 - % 1 ,0TO ti e 7p0V OlevOL. . / 7 Z1-ra pe 7, Ot Ote vCc.

149 - ,To WOC)AOS OTC9Ct Ta Kai .11.1 oTcOct.

150 - \ t 6Toy ,Apovov or cva .

I r .61-rah yioovOUS el CVOL,

151 - , ,, A nToil 0 Ala oV 04000 , -rol)S 6r.Y3OUS oTc Oa.

152 - - n)(Vv.) 7t 0( .;\ 0 GO cfre'ccv. yv(7.)9i cbiocooticts.

153 -yva

ri TO e .0C inie TOv lY: c robs 64 aI ous

115116

154 TVW et 7ov yr°Iyov. TyLzgi robs 200'keous.,

155 ivr.zet 1.?, -rdpooev0v. rv:436L -roirs TypexvvouS.

156 - .yVW G t I O V C1/2)0%7a rvc el To13 gi0A0v1CCS

157 In the following frames changethe nominative singular forms tonominative plural. Check youranswers.

c0 gy(9? iJiros of &v 9purrroc

158 -oc.

TUpa.VVOS t l01 TU? OLVV Ol

159 /Oc

i OS ot /3 LIOL

160 t lo yp o Yos

fof 2ip 0 wen

161 c. s

0 0atios 0t 6.1 ROL162- c. /

h 614ftitil IC. sktivott163 - c /

ii -re. vtc 1

(Lc -r a 7 v Ot. i

164 -kic.

ic 0 ll CM at # Oa COL(

165 -0)

c7r0

t 4A / S atc rro A vs

117

166 - Let us talk oiore about theauthor of THE ILIAD and THEODYSSEY. According to traditionthese two great epic poems werewritten by a man named .

Homer

167 'According to tradition Homerwas supposed to have lived about the8th century B,C. several hundredyears after the T War.

Trojan

.

168 - A noted 18th century classicalscholar named Giambattista Vicopointed out that.we really know nothingof importance about Homer. Thetraditional biographies of Homer arecontradictory and therefore(reliable/unreliable).

unreliable

169 There are three major questionsabout Homer which are still to someextent subjects of scholarly dispute.These three questions are sometimesreferred to as the Homeric questionsbecause they concern .

Homer

118

117

170 - Here are the three Homericquestions:

a. Was Homer a poet who actuallyexisted?

b. Is Homer the author of both THEILIAD and THE ODYSSEY or onlyTHE ILIAD?

c. .How were the Homeric poemsformed?

Copy these three questions on yourpaper.

171 - Many eminent scholars havedenied the existence of Homer. Someclaim that THE ILIAD and THE

Vico

ODYSSEY were actually the works ofmany different poets and that Homerwas later invented for the sake ofconvenience. Among those whorejected the existence of Homer werethe 17th century French scholard' Aubignac, the 18th century German .

scholar F.A. Wolfe, and the 18thcentury Italian scholar whom wealready mentioned, namely,Giambattista V - - - - .

172 - Scholars of our own centurywho have studied THE ILIAD and THE

did exist

ODYSSEY carefully believe - unliked' Aubignac, Wolfe, and Vico - thatHomer was a poet who really(did exist/did not exist).

118

119

173 - In Homer's day there seem tohave been many professional poets whowent about entertaining assemblies byreciting ballads and lively narrativepoems about stirring events in thenation's true or legendary past. Thesepoems were not written down at first butwere transmitted from person to person

orally (by word ofmouth)

174 - Homer probably reworked andpolished many of these old poems andthen incorporated them into his ILIADand .

ODYSSEY

175 - THE ILIAD and THE ODYSSEYhave a definite rhythm or metricalpattern. Each line consists of 6 divisionsor feet and the dominant type of foot iscalled a dactyl. Say the word dactylseveral times. Note that it is pro-nounced "clack till".

176 - A line of poetry which has 6feet or divisions and in which thedominant type of foot is the dactyl iscalled dactylic hexameter. THE ILIAD

dactylic hexameters

and THE ODYSSEY are thereforewritten in .

177 - Here is the first line of THEILIAD divided into feet:

IA oftVI.V Ale. t 6 t Bela 7r41viictigeu)

.

How many feet does the line contain?

cLos

six

178 Because the line contains sixfeet it is referred to as a hline.

hexameter

179 - Four of the six feet are dactyls.Therefore the line is called a d - - -hexameter.

(la( tlie

180 - There are definite rules fordeciding what is a foot and what feet are .

dactyls. We will not have time now todiscuss these rules. But you should tryto remember that THE ILIAD and THEODYSSEY do have a definite rhythm ormetrical pattern called dh

dactylic hexameter

181 - Since poetry in ancient Greecewas frequently recited aloud frommemory rather than read, the rhythmprobably (helped/did not help)the poet remember his lines.

helped

182 - We said in discussing the Ilomericquestions that Homer probably did reworkand polish many of the'old poems that werehanded down orally. So overwhelminglysuperior was Homer's work that the poemsof his predecessors were forgotten andhave perished, .while the two Homeric epicsbecame the basis, the model and inspiration,of all later Greek thought and literature.The Homeric epics (have/ havenot) also influenced the thought andliterature of many other nations.

have

.

12t)

121

143 We will now look quickly atsome of the influence of Homer overthe thought and literature of Greeceand other nations.

In school ancient Greek boys studiedHomer carefully and ()Hen mlong portions of the poems.

memorized

.

184 When ancient Greek authorswrote about mythology they frequentlyrelated what they wrote to THE ILIADand THE . For instance.Euripides' play TROJAN WOMEN is ina way an outgrowth or extension ofHomer's ILIAD.

on vss E Y

185 - We have already seen how thegreat Latin epic poet, Vergil, relateshis poem about Aeneas to Homer'sILIAD. Aeneas was a Trojan princewho escaped the burning of Troy andsettled in central Italy. His descendantsfounded the city of R .

!tome

186 - Vergil not only treats a subjectrelated to Homer's ILIAD andODYSSEY but also consciously imitatesHomeric style and even writes inHomer's meter, namely, in dactylich .

hexameter

187 - The great Italian and Latin poetDante wrote his epic masterpiece THEDIVINE COMEDY with Vergil in mind.Dante even makes Vergil a characterin THE DIVINE COMEDY. Dante knewVergil's poetry well and through it wasinfluenced by If - .

Homer

12i122

ISS John Milton, who wrote the greatEnglish language epic poem PARADISELOST, was a great admirer of Latin andGreek literature. PARADISE-LOST anopt(' dealin12 with the Biblical story of,\. dam and Eve - shows many traces ofI! influence.

Homeric

" The i.reat Portuguese epic poetL'amoons has written a poem called .

THE LIISIADS. This poem deals withthe adventures of the explorer VascoDa Gama. Since Camoens modeled hispoem on Vevgil's AENEID Camoensshows many signs of 11influence.

Ilemerie

190 THE SONG OF HIAWATHA byLongfellow is the American nationalepic. It, too, belongs to the greatepic tradition begun by .

Homer

.

191 - The great Modern Greek poet.Nikos Kazantzakis has written an epiccalled THE ODYSSEY: A MODERNSEQUEL. This poem focuses on thelater life of Odysseus after his returnto I .

Ithaca

192 - An antiwar play by the modernFrench writer Giradoux called TIGERAT THE GATES deals with the TrojanWar and takes some of its inspirationfrom H .

Homer

193 - Another famous example of Homer'sinfluence on later literature is the greatnovel ULYSSES by James Joyce. Manyother examples could be given. To treatthis influence in detail would require- - - - (much/little) time.

much

122123

194 - Read the following paragraph aloudin Greek: c A IOf Paci.47,5 is pE v. o rviajAeltvedv

. agal C) fliii,vg .ctos e94ev. Teda.vYcjAtv. Tp ociav oZ 94L) 0 3 IA e-v.

Tp 0 t ccv IA Leo0 tA e.v. .

195 - Now read this paragraph aloudin Greek:

e .,, C. 7AOL past.e.i's g 6 re. . o fizaptircovkol 8 Mevi c:Lcis teTE. 7;oot av

2tC T E . Tio Ot10/ 011 /It .1 El TE .

.-rpoiotv pc 6 etTE..196 - Now read this paragraph aloud:

ot. /34260 Ets Eist v. O 'A Tar eir vu"vat 8 Mevi>000's Li64 TiooL'av'rect.si 7pOts av Oti) cl) t 0 0 6t .

TAotav pcso:iieLv.

.

123

124

. .

197 - In the paragraph found in Frame194 the kings speak. In the next framethe kings are spoken to. In the nextframe the kings are - - - .

spoken about

'

19S - The paragraph found in Frame194 is said to be written in the firstperson. The paragraph in the nextframe is written in the second person.The paragraph in the next frame iswritten in the person.

third

199 - A verb is said to be in the firstperson when the subject is the speaker.A verb is said to be in the second personwhen the subject is spoken to. A verbis said to be in the third person whenthe subject is .

spoken about

200 - In English to indicate the first personsingular the word "I" is used. To indicate thefirst person plural the word "we" is used. Toindicate the second person singular or pluralthe word "you" is.used. Thus "we know" is firstperson but "you know" is - - - - - - -.

second person

201 - In English the third personsingular is often indicated by adding"s" to the verb. The third personplural will often be indicated by theword "they" or by a plural noun assubject of the verb. , Thus "he knows","they know", and "the kings know" areall .

third person

124125

202 - Greek has special forms or'spellings to indicate person. Separatewords like "I"; "we ", and "you" arenot needed to indicate the first andsecond person. Thus tlyt , ....

("T h. , 141 cZ , and cia t a IAJ

are all first person singular while1 , OTC 9a. , taLCCIS ,

and COL a ErS are allperson singular.

second

/ .

203 i,CFLEV . 1/614tV ,

p csoritiev , and clat)oupEVare all first person plural. ECTEa (GT e , fAL GEZTe- , andtitel)itZTE, are all. - - - - personplural.

.

second

.

)204 - E 6 Li ' OT Ch. 9

1.41.ect and clIt REF areall third person singular. EAEL .

Dlicact , IA t CoGCL , and-0( Acilet are all person

plUral..

third

205 - In the following frames make eachsentence negative. Check your answer.

. ,"T

/,V

iF TO( a 1 6/ 4"

A

,

, "r / .1 X IE.V tp044it OUK Lepel,.

206 - el,/' cE.cr at i.0 iv. iv (E.011.6"/ ol:ig .iciiiv.

207 -E 1.)

2 2 Sir)

G E

/e 1, p 4 Tr EIA v

.1

EV Ei;pil)Trti !)61 heiv.

208 - iV Tpoict iCri. ..

ev Tpolcst OUK 'c-re'.

209 - iv ,CE .AcicSt ECM . . iy 'El (;it at 06k i CTI.

210 - ) a , 3 /Ey Euptinitt es-re .

..) r. ! ,eV =viocorrt Ow< ECrE .

.126126

211 - iy ---rpoece Ltelv. iV 7polot otlk Et Ctiv.

212 - ly CEotist Etvv.IV cEA 2 OtgL 06k aiiit

213 - aeV EZpoiTTiai. ELCIIV. Iv Ejplari,f oto( act''.

214 - pt An oti"

pe.v tibc.2osocAt'otv. oi; 411:1; pev eldlecolice;

215 - OtA'oillAev P/ov. oU c (Aoiiiieiv iillert;

216 - CPO 0314E1' kelt 10S . 04 4i .103pLV kClAol

217- 1,1,-1 8 17e 011060 cfrtIOLV, 043/ 04.1et-rt cfrcAocoefreexv.,

218 -# er-re TON. 0,2, 96L)ei-re Stiev.

219.- cfrt a ! 1, TE seci .11os. oil (ALA e(Te Keonel220 - cptA 06 6L 000 cootay oil eio.Aot c 4 OcAosofSeay.

221 - %:)Det 08.10v . 154 40 0173 et A tioV.

222 - LnOUCt ROLIaOS . C1) Ocloii CC ki.IAOS.

223 - In each of the following frameslocate the verb and copy it on to yourpaper. Check your answer.

/Ilte0t3kaV -rov Past 'tea., 1.4eco;)pev

224 pteoll pev -r:tv TrcOtv, fAcsotlpev225 - 11 solp ev TO V %iapepeovo 1.41iov tEv

226 - itt 6 El, 11 TO V 0 Ot.61 a Z a. ? t s e.r Te

227 ik41.CEZTE TNA0 MOLY, 11, CCZTE

228 - 141.6eril TOv 'A 794 el,i4 vo va. . 14 t 6 6 I TE

229 - etcoOst 78v asc Ada. pLeoleL

126127

230 fAteoi)el. -Tay 7T01.tv.

231 - !AA. 0 6C T OV 4/4 Ely O VOL-

pt so Z., cc

14c 6L

232 - "rov Tupa,VV0v Ev233 -

Tov 1301.61. 1/Gye-v re 14 E. v

234 - Pleve. 1/epe.v.

236-TOV TC; paVVOV 3I(CTL

G ).< E V

11 6 7

236 - TO,/ ACtGl i'ETE CCTE.

237 ML a 0 V ICTL. VC 71.

238 - TOv TupOlv4/0v l/C01.6LV, Lat

COL t.v

239 - 7asv 6Ol4cv. /1.6a go./

240 -TOv M EVE/. c:4(.13%, YGoL6Lv

st1.606Lv

-..241 - 2ft

TOV irCti4 1.1.4VD VC( 1'64260/. 6'a6cv1

242 - Let us now turn our attentionto the English *derivatives we havebeen talking about. The study offemale medical problems, takingits name from the Greek word

/leVvvt , is called .

gynecology

243 - An English word meaning gynecocracy"rule by women" also coming fromthe Greek ruvot , yvvar k 01.is

244 -. An English word meaning "havingmale and female characteristics" andcoming from (6140 , Ilteipot ,

and r v 4. , ruvol.21,(a. is

androgynous

12',128

245 - An English word indicating thepractice of having more than onehusband is from, a/CCVtip ) CCv 0 p Ol.

polyandry

246 - A drug or hormone producingmasculine characteristics and taking

s 2/ rits name from (XVI/ I , 01V0pellis .

androgen

247 - An English word meaning' .

"pertaining to measuring" isEfrom the Greek I E rp 0 v

metric

248 - The study of measurement takesits name from the Greek IA a Tp 0 v .It is called

metrology

249 - A line of poetry having sixmeasures or feet is called afrom the Greek word IA 1.7 p 0 V

hexameter

250 - A large important church orcathedral is often called afrom the Greek paci.leris.

basilica

251 - A large lizard with a crown-likecrest on its back is a . Itsname comes from the Greek 0Ctet This.

basilisk

252 - An English word meaning"countless" or "manifold" isfrom the Greek rtupL0C

myriad

128129

253 - Add the following Englishderivatives to your list in your Greeknotebook: gynecology, gynecocracy,androgynous, polyandry, museum,androgen, metric, metrology, hexameter,basilica, basilisk, myriad.Fill in the etymologies and meanings inthe appropriate columns. Refer toFrames 242-252 for help if necessary.

1 243

130

254 - Let us now review the newGreek quotations presented in thisunit. The English meaning of eachquotation is given plus the author'sname. Supply the Greek and cheekyour answer.

"Divine Homer (Aristophanes) Ot..OSet°P IA P ' S

255 - Sing, 0 goddess, about theanger of Achilles, the son of Peleus(Homer)

n2 i F E0.

/i.t vi v a El E, 9j

.Trvt ) Pt t (Xi S f. tti )4 'y I A rt OS.

. 256 - 0 Muse, tell me of the manwho travelled much - (Homer)

jf < .11

CL 1/ Op a kiOt. E VII E.711 ,

n /14 ov cot , 7ro A t) 7 o 770V.

257 - 0 goddess, daughter of Zeus,speak - (Homer)

/9E a OL -r e? .6 1 o's

d J1

f t TT EI

.

. 258 Trojans died on behalf oftheir native land - (Euripides)

4 SS V Tr Ec

"Tr co E. R 7ra 7 it)

e. Ovet, 6 14 V.

259 - Wretched Troy havingdestroyed thousands for the sakeof one woman - (Euripides)

/ 4-ra -A, a.t vot 7p0 Li CA i

/ ) / 4lAtipl OUS OtTnA) LeaSA

i as iv vat k OS1,4A' /xap t v

260 - Happiness has fallen, Troyhas fallen (Euripides)

.

g ei flexwev 0' _1 13 c s ,

13i Roc PC f V 7 pOta..

1

131

261 - Now let us go back to thequotations learned in previous units.Read each quotation carefully inGreek. Then try torgive the meaningin English and the source.

4 /IVW°4 et 6 ' a U 1 OY. Know thyself.(Titales)

262 - / c r.TM V 'T a. p t C. .

All things are in flux.(Heraclitus)

% 4/263 - d tv Nothing in excess.

264 901 a-r-TCt 9 ti al- i a./Sea! Sea! (Xenophon)

265 - /cOL-_06.01Dea. f3 'LOU iodigepvkt 1 PI S.

Philosophy is life'sguiding principle.

266 - t J k ISeiS clft. v 4Les a.vii.p ou p .One man is no man.

267 - a /tara. -re ieTetePLA%C a t;,.

It is not a great thingto live but to live wellis a great thing.(Plato)

268 - 'E -rp ov LOU is-rt% kcilAos)

'P

iou OVO v It N Ko s

The measure of lifeis beauty, not lengthof time. (Plutarch)

269 -.. a)8 . vt Si-ra6T03 /3 L'os o i)

/get4ros 14w

A/own-it) .

For man the unexam-fined life is not worthliving.(Plato)

270 - its ii 13 110 S a(T epL.01/6;4 1/1 OP "IS j

What is life withoutgolden Aphrodite?(Mimnermus)

271 - a " i0014 t6 Tlie Ejp aril L ON

3/ A /oL.AU7TON 015§EVOS.

It is not possible foranyone to find a lifewithout sorrow.(Menander)

1=3.1.132

/272 6Kk1V4i. Tro7s a is CiOS All of life is a stage.(Pallaclas)

273 c ,.,0 PL 'OS -18potAdtd vf S.E 76 vvtp4 a. I< p ki .

Life is short but artis long.(Ilippoerates)

274 - , / sQ yu.) 144L TO\ &/..104. k WI

TO W Ft ellOL i Ott4.3(ii Xixt. -rt. A 0S.

I am alpha and omega,the beginning and theend.

(New Testament)

275 In the following frames wewill review the accusative singularand plural forms we have learned.In each sentence find the accusativesingular and change it to accusativeplural. Check your answer.

C Je01. poi 9/307T01. TPv xpovov picorttv. Toys xpcivouS

276 - c 7, ,a,OL Ors/ 1.7pWITOL "T'il k GIL A )0s IA t 60.i) 61V. Ta. Ka .A frt.

277 - 4/ot 0,v9inturot TO IA erp ov th t soy eiv. -rcv. 111'7P ct

278 -OL otv V pu)Troc TA v Tiyvtiv in6ou-6cy -roi.S -r t:Av a S

279 OL Oiv 9 p 0701 -rAv cfr L.oCo clay

t4 IC oi.3 GeV.TaS chto6o0c/a.S

. 280 - r- ifOc Gil' Op w7Tot -T t.tV gcl A arra vill COG el V.

-re;Ls OaAwirras

281 - A \'PL. OW pc COu 14 EV . Otois-rots

132133

282--r%tv f.toCcotte fitcov).4ev. -r4Ls f.toticots

283 -li411 &Vita-rip*. et Cot7t4EV . -.12,1 9vrOLTElpOLS

284 -Tkv Tro/..5tv fAcseiTeF. 7 .11, s TTcL Li S

285 -Tt4v bitiVaTi4tX fat 6 tilt -rat yuvotr ROA

286 -Toy 4Lvgpot fAL CEtTE . To/3 13tvgpOLS

287 -p% /%10V ct.r .AE01. ft t CEITE . CC StOCSTouS

288 - In the following frames changethe nominative singular to nominativeplural.

c It el0 locvapp)TTOS /of ati 0.) 7TO L

289 - c IA

to OSp a g tie,290- tTo 14. e Tpov .

/-rel. i 4 1 7 pa

291 - o x p7 o v 0c ap A oil TLS

292 Pi rO 1 s cue Tro' A e.IS

293 - 0c s totibenf of blveSp SS

294 -a Paseae ds ot Oaci .1ers

295 - c, /PI TU tell od. yvvott KEs

296 - 14. ev Tol al (9u ra. T e! p a s

297 - t 10 TUfaVVOS k iOleV 1,01

.133134

298 -Oe )06vos of .7( p 8 we:a

299 - .0,oi li -1 Pot

300 - c /n CR itvn vi 6Kietvati

:301 -vlc

Te/)( vvt at TEl vat

302 - at OtAocooLiat303 - c

0 KU fitpvvi. TrtS Of Kviet.pvi7-rott

3°4 4 6101 AOL CCM Cttc 9e: MCCOLL

305 Now we will review theverb forms we have met in thethree persons. Change thesingular verbs to plural in theframes that follow. Check youranswer.

Tpotacv ptcu.). Tpotav p cc or, id e.v .

306- 7 p o 1ay yt C Et S .-rp 0 i OW $AL C et 7 E

3°7 -r 010.v IA 1.6E-C TIOOZOLV fAl. 600 ; CV

308 -TOLS ri./ vOLIKos eib L c:f -rocs i u va.Nots ot.A0;iev.

309 - \7 as IN vat s4a.s irkt, A ers ToIs ruvcakas cilstEtTe.

310 - \TOLS rUvOLTKOLS C#01. roh yvva7 gas 4000 ;Iv.

311 - sTi4V OeOlv 0760/. -r4v 0 e Ye f4 tv

312 - 114V 19EXv OTC901. . -ri`4v 1,9gt.t/ '116 TE .

3.13 - \TliV 9XV OrgE . ?kite 6)141.1., 'itc-teiv.

314 - 1a ra 9os att4L eciecticiot isy e v.

134135

315CI rot 98s Et . is fray.Oc ai. Q o L

,

316 - itloceOs tvrcte. 3tra VA

OIacL Lt6tV.

317 - In English the first person isindicated by the use of the words I. and

.

, we

318 - In English the second person isindicated by the use of the word - - - -.

you

319 - The third person in English isindicated many times by the words he,she, its and they or by a noun that

subject

serves as the s .- - - - - of a sentence.

320 - Greek verbs indicate person bytheir spellings. Thus all of thefollowing verbs are in theperson:

2 /1101

TTOE COOL cltaw 1;4(.6(2

1 1 3,aCrEv 16 fAE v cibtlwiAtv frtteofitaLv

first

321 - The ending -1.4) often indicatesthe first person singular whereas theending - IA EA, often indicates thefirst person .

plural

322 - The following verbs are in theperson:OTC ea. 4,1 Aers fAlC !SSEt

ECU t6TE cilotEtTE f.tt serTe

second

136

323 - The ending s frequently indicatesthe second person singular whereas theending TE often indicates the secondperson - - - .

plural

324 The following verbs are in theperson:

/UT( OTLOS E Ckt .1 LC

&Let.A ....

i CaCc Ot A oU

Aptt GEL

i 6 01) 6L

third

325 - The ending - G L frequentlyindicates the third person .

plural

326 - We are now going to reviewTroy's history.

Troy was a great city in Asia Minorthat became involved in a war with theGreek city states around 1200 B.C.The king of M was theleader of the Greeks.

Mycenae

327 - The Greeks who lived inMycenae and other cities such asTiryns and Orchoihenos were calledAchaeans. Long before the TrojanWar the Achaeans had conqueredtheir former masters, the C - -

Cretans

136137

32E1 - Thei e were probably twohistorical reasons for the Trojan .

War. One was the desire of theAchaeans to colonize

. Another was the un-willingness of the Achaeans topay toll to Troy for the use ofthe sea.

Asia Minor

329 - Much of our knowledge ofTroy comes from archaeology.Particularly important has beenthe work of Heinrich Sand Wilhelm Dorpfeld.

Schliemann.

330 - The Trojan War is acentral event in Greek mythologyand has in fact been called thequeen of myths. According tomythology the. Trojan War startedbecause a Trojan prince namedParis took away the wife ofMenelaus, the king of Sparta.Menelaus' wife was named H - - - .

Helen

331 - Paris had been promised Helenas his wife by the goddess Aphrodite asa reward. Paris had chosen Aphroditeas the fairest goddess in preference toHera and Athena. Paris had beenasked by Z - - - - , the king of the gods,to judge a kind of beauty contest amongthe goddesses.

Zeus

138

13'('

,332 - The beauty contest among thegoddesses resulted from a greatwedding feast to which all the godsand goddesses were invited exceptone, namely, Eris, the goddess ofdiscord. Because she had beeninsulted and wished to cause trouble,the goddess Eris came to the weddingfeast and threw a golden apple on tothe table marked "for the fairest".

Athena

The goddesses started to argueamong themselves as to who shouldhave the apple. Finally the choicenarrowed down to the three majorgoddesses: Hera, Aphrodite, and

333 - When Paris refused to return MycenaeHelen to Menelaus, Menelaus'brother Agamemnon prepared an army toinvade Trojan territory. Agamemnonwas the king of .

334 - King Agamemnon's armyincluded the mighty Greek warriors,

Greeks

Achilles and Odysseus. A thousandGreek ships were assembled at a placecalled Aulis. A strong wind blew in thewrong direction and prevented the Greeksfrom sailing. A soothsayer told .

Agamemnon to sacrifice Iphigenia, hisdaughter, to the goddess Artemis who wasangry at the

138

139

335 - The king of Troy was Priam.His wife was Hecuba. The greatestTrojan warrior, Hector, was a sonof King Priam. Another son of KingPriam was Paris, the young man whotook Helen to T - - - -.

Troy

336 - Homer's great epic poem, THEILIAD deals with the terrible anger ofAchilles and its results during theTROJAN WAR. Homer's ODYSSEYdeals with the wandering of Odysseusafter theand his return to his wife Penelopewho waited for him in Ithaca.

Trojan War

337 - Homer's ILIAD ends with thefuneral of Hector. The story of thefall of Troy is told to some extent byEuripides in the play called TROJANWOMEN. The most complete accountof Troy's fall, however, is found inTHE AENEID, a Latin epic poemabout the Trojan prince Aeneas.THE AENEID was written by V - - -.

Vergil

338 - In the great trilogy called THEORESTEIA, Aeschylus tells the storyof the return of A to Greeceafter the Trojan War, his murder byhis wife Clytemnestra, and the after-math of this murder.

Agamemnon

13;)140

339 - TROJAN WOMEN, THE AENEID,and THE ORESTEIA are all in a wayoutgrowths or extensions of Homer'spoems. The great literary traditionbegun by Homer continues to our ownday. Name some of the authors inlater literature that have been influencedby Homer directly or indirectly.

Dante, Milton,Camoens, LongfellowKazantzakis,GiradouN.

i

340 - Dante wrote a great Italianlanguage epic called THE DIVINECOMEDY. Milton wrote an Englishlanguage epic called PARADISE LOST.Longfellow wrote THE SONG OFHIAWATHA. Camoens wrote THELUSIADS, an epic about VascoDa Gama in the P - - language.

Portuguese

341 - Homer's influence continues inthe 20th century. For example, NikosKazantzakis has written a Modern Greekepic called THE ODYSSEY: A MODERNSEQUEL and Jean Giradoux has writtenin French a play called TIGER AT THEGATES about the T - - W .

Trojan War

342 - There are three major questionsabout Homer that are still to some degreedisputed. These so-called Homericquestions are:

a. Did Homer actually exist?b. Did he write both THE ILIAD and

THE ODYSSEY?c. How were the Homeric poems

f ?

formed

141

343 - Although scholars like d'Aubignac,Wolfe, and Vico have denied Homer'sexistence, most modern authorities saythat Homer was a poet who really -

existed and wrote both THE ILIAD andTHE ODYSSEY though he probablyincorporated many older oral poems intohis work: The Homeric questions, how-ever, (have/have not) beenentirely answered.

have not

344 - Both THE ILIAD and THEODYSSEY are written in a metrical formcalled dactylic hexameter. In dactylichexameter each line contains six feet andthe dominant type of foot is the d .

dactyl

.

345 - We have seen that mythology tellsrich and interesting stories about whathappened after the Achaeans captured andburned Troy. For instance, the wanderingsof Odysseus, the wanderings of iwneas, themurder of Agamemnon. History, however,simply tells us that the Achaeans returnedto Greece after 1180 B.C. where they wereattacked by another Greek - speakingpeople - the Dorians. The Dorians des-troyed Mycenae itself and the 300 yearsfollowing their invasion are called theD - - - - A - - - since we have so littleinformation about them.

Dark Ages

.

346 - We are now going to review Englishderivatives. In each of the followingframes explain the meaning of the under-lined word and give its etymology:

St. Peter's Church in Rome is a famousbasilica.

large, importantchurch; frompast. ,t ads"king"

141142

347 - In the deserts of Arizona thereare many basilisks. 1

.6)

large lizards withcrown-like crestson their backs;from 13 OLCLACuS"king"

348 - The scientist was interested inmetrology.

the study of measure-ment; from

iPe TP""measure"

349 - THE ILIAD consists ofhexameters.

lines of poetryhaving six measuresor feet; fromii t 7pov"measure"

350 - The scientist used precisionmetric instruments.

for measuring;from pe.rpoy"measure"

351 - The doctor administeredandrogen.

a drug producingmasculine character-istics ; fromaVoif I OWC5i0OL

"man"

352 - Polyandry is illegal in having more thanone husband at atime: fromot v kip , IzieSpoc"man"

Pennsylvania.

353 - The plant was androgynous. . having both male antifemale character-istics: froms / Pi(XVII P t av000i.

i t"man" and ruv kt )

rtividi xa -"woman"

142143

354 - Some people think thatgynecocracy would solve theproblems of war and poverty.

rule by women;t

from ru Y 14.ruv,71401. -"woman"

355 The doctor specialized ingynecology!

the study of femalemedical problems;

ifrom ry v vi, ,

yu vai kor. .. °%vornan"

356 - Students have myriad manifold, copntless;from 1.4.vp t. 01.

"countless"problems.

357 - Let's review quickly a fewEnglish expressions that h' ve theirorigin in the Trojan War story.Explain how each expression maybe used in English. Check youranswer.

"Achilles Heel"

any weakness thatcould provedisastrous

358 - "Trojan Horse".. . an enemy group

within a country; atrick

359 - "Greeks bearing gifts" people bringingthings which seemgood on the surfacebut actually aredestructive

360 - "Working like Trojans" working very hard

361 - In this unit you have studiedthe following things:

a. Troy's historyb. Mythology and literature

connected with Troyc. Greek quotations related to Troy

1 4144

d. The difference in spelling betweenthe singular and plural for thenominative and accusative casesfor many Greek nouns.

e . The first, second, and thirdpersons plural of some Greekverbs.

f. Some English expressions con-nected with the Trojan War story.

g. The following derivatives: 'museum,polyandry, androgen, androgynous,gynecology, gynecocracy, metric,metrology, hexameter, basilica,basilisk, myriad.

144145

UNIT VII

GREEK GODS AND HEROES

-mt

145147

1 - Read the following quotationsabout mythology aloud in Greek:

0oc-va ',gra °Le I 1 to I -pitxo-vrd I.

2- a0 'nit -w o c/47,4 go -v Lid di etyT/ It 7 gi ;A co-v ;

3-/4 i Vie. r c cr&- j-p Ofiorre. s.:11A:e pcl-vw 7-40 6'e 4).

(

4 Id el-roi of (9t o :11-re 0,Atirr9s ehjeouri.

5 a t9c O c 17'.1-v r.t 7- 19)) c r icion eat Zirt;;) jet rAra- i.

14k149

6 - , .,LEIJS 0' cur vo Kai i leilf,

7 0-;1, 'A 6 0 9 aq Ard) XE1104,If 1 leC I .

8 ?boos 7";7 -we .21-) orr Pr -;) i ) w

0 v Apvs eat I, 6 le rot rat /, .

s-"Ve oree-ie 'A ode o oiir7

4 I oneti rou d4, Ku) A w,,,,7 rfi 0 s.

10 - Trfie $ dtiO °Li ' ati-lpIfrXii s.

.

11 - In the following frames read thequotations aloud again. Give themeaning of each quotation in Englishand the source.a .0C "' si re d ()jig OE 0;

g

/./:1A/0,0 ref/.Even gods don't fightnecessity. (Simonides)

12 -

gr.4-,e O o:i ;t.c.ey c LI

I, JAI Tip del 0 /A 441 "1GI1

When divine power con-fers well-being whatneed do we have offriends? (Aristotle)

13 - 31.* merecie v i e r 404 ;nu 5i4lI

sAd licrrui rw New .

( i t

Don't trust people butonly a god. (Greek Pro-verb)

14 AI 0)°0 i 0/ 8C 0; ../"Ye t!%

A di /TV V 0// sir* yr/.Only gods live withoutpain. (Greek Proverb)

15 d t9ec; s 77.'1-v 7...c r7IP*.-/3

0?TwS a L Tar 410 C r,rC/t

The god arrangeseverything as hepleases. (Greek Pro-verb)

14?150

16 - ..., .07t es rearop Ira i 1 /Ir. Zeus, our savior andvictory. (Xenophon)

17 - O -v A 89 - we .7 /rd)exEifid ervgl.

Progress is made withthe help of Athena andwith the help of yourown hand. (GreekProverb)

18 - yrpo 5 7? evi'Of; ef*C; APB!

a oet Vd r/r V 10

:( I V 04 Prni re/.Even Ares doesn'tfight against necessity.(Greek Proverb)

19 -"Ve ifi00,0

4 t o-pou rev4 ii1 rficas

a

eh)04 Hui

Aphrodite is a deadthing without Dionysusand Demeter. (GreekProverb)

20 - Trpos duo.4 A S,difA*

# )oue Even Hercules doesn'tstand against twoopponents at once.(Plato)

.

21 - Read the following paragraphaloud in Greek. Then answer inGreek the questions in the framesthat follow:

ToiJs 10A49w7ro out 8Eous C. A qi ',cured.ToZts To "u eA e u Bi au's

Agr rpt v4:( . Tau%s Top cA do 4) Ne0(ISI p

0 I if AtTff u . TO el TO UCIA

1 if 041

St oe% oLK c; ;fleas rotas

'0A up 'Woos &Eovt cAl-recercv.1 rfPtrtran rota "A niou Stairs, owe Aelrecurev.0 caw rotas roil eAniou Ocoesoe'br I ;#% rev.

148151

22 E AdfTrCt/ CO( Toils' 0 Au rrious Naas;

-va. raps 'Mull II.;ems.aa

°sous Asir? EUOIS.

23 - 1 k #e .dtarpeurot TOGS roc.

IAA 1 jou 9e0 titAO

OU. rouS rOua

'A I dou 6leoLs- ou#rii"As7reCUrdt .

24 -4.0 f

0g AVrIPC ros- roll' 'A IS ou (hods J

a . Toid.c Toiic'Aideu 61cot,sover 4 /1.1 0 ras ,

25 - s c,0 "2/0 WS rOU S

s #.1 .1.,41.94ff/OUS °coos'EAarpeerv;

40' e ci"KU . 0 rip 44/ S

roLs VA lye fflousokof)s .1.irperrcy.

26 - a iv %

TouA0 lows Tbus f au

`1,4 Id au 9& oLs I- .1: rec Lorry;

-14..rs0Y: c;

Toes roir ttlf I doe444s acm'cAsirpeurcv.

30 c CO

ou. o 0.0c4osToils roil 'Aldo()0 cola 0;11, 409rEV.

27 o ljjocas raids Tot)"Airfoil d'EoZds killf;Alo-en

152

28 Read the following paragraphaloud in Greek. Then answer thequestions in the frames that follow.Check your answers.

" " A , 4

Toe's Too Hidou 19Ectus owe. Toe's

.,1 etreciu e le 5 A

4 ,E9S1A cy,ei ca us

o 1e ot)S kA reCed0".ti4E-e. cfft. t , .An6 144a-r &cis TOU )pi ioc.I kl/7-'s pouo-iw9s co-Tiv. c5 Zeus

Jo ..Tret rye i9E ;0' -10 kid) Odle (lawn &WYErr.-r.

29TOUS TO3 CA doe'oy 0e oc) e

i 0 I A ''.(rcli c -ge ;

at _.:Otl . roes TO cr

I dot) OcoZs°tor ac till A 5r4,14c v.

30 ... j,,,TOUS ClAcip7TIOUS Ot 0 4) Sa /',tree u o-gt ii c-p- ,

...--Yoe / . TO Li S

30 A uld IT, °cis okeZsEA3 k

C /* rfi EU 6rialfrE v.

31 -7 I's E 17-,-.0 O BIOS Tot,p\7ou kw/ Tres frourirqs;

6 An S AA)vfe is 707 jai 0 O

d g ri7s pourliepsEcrro-.

153

32 - ... 3 a %n s e cri- 0 TAf 7 9/0. 40 ...0e CAA le IV. I I . 7 Vfitair, Ca/ "V ;

.0a 2 C u s

M r AD .1t 1/0 veadv

' 0 alleat siV / V40 Va ...fen'''.

33 Let's talk a little now about howEnglish works.

In English we frequently indicatepossession with the word "of". Forexample, in the following Englishsentence the phrase "of Ghana"indicates possession:

Accra is the capital city of Ghana.

34 - But we can frequently indicatepossession in English through the useof the possessive case. The possessivecase is formed by adding 's or s' tothe noun.

Pick out the word that is in thepossessive case in the followingsentence:

Accra is Ghana's capital city.

Ghana's

35 - Greek also has a special caseto indicate possession. It is calledthe genitive case.

Say the word "genitive" aloud.

36 - In the following Greek sentence.try to find the words which are in the

genitive case.

'0Tel 7 0 cl p )7/0 0 0 Err r7 )7 rc TA , 4%

a ' airi .t 1 Odu re c 4 ccriry

..

rot/tin(,/A' )7,0 6- u

151154

37 Try to give the meaning ofthis sentence in English:

. c7":4 TOZ 014 )2roo ti C 77 9 17

(( s . 4 IJrA es( / ye c, crcr c i ota .

crii-e..,.._

The epics of liomerare THE 11.1211) andTHE oDYSSEY.

or.Homer's epics areTH E I LIA D and THEODYSSEY.

38 - So far, then, in Greek we havemet three cases: the nominative casewhich indicates the subject of asentence; the accusative case whichindicates the direct object; thegenitive case which indicates possessionor the relationship which we express in

English with the word o - .

of

.

39 - In the following sentences tryto locate words in the genitive case.Check your answer.

t a

a °A rt; ,1Acur t9dos Tou' lc?Aiod EfTrY

Toyt t ...72A/oU

40 -

6 ail rrO Iltiri ,Ece;s 71s' iidoutritr's irrry7-,>%.s

uochr/lei? 5'41 -

.IV

6 'A,r.Z.iluer Irsirop i9e-g4)-Y °tor Erri-y. 6 Ie CZ "Pi

42 -d` 'A fro' AA4,-v int roo dalft#,Zffhivi Oiible E4/077

a " ....colV5040yr4.0-,/

43 -o Zed)S 774740 OEZ-v .iTri-se. IN cu -$,

44 - v . ......

e Zeus vreirle eivrc"A., w7Tes,"9 Ern,' cic VOrs cares) V

45-BE

aa zaus. os Tier fieuriiopr Oc1/r fo77)! 7' s,14ourvirs

152155

46 -3061 ZEUS OCe; s TorJ ;17,Vou atiK c rrt-r.

TOOij,Vo u

47 - Many times in Greek thegenitive singular ending will be - ouor s. The genitive plural ending isalways - G) 'V . You have probablynoticed that the Greek word for "the"also has g forms.

genitive

,-

48 - Let's list all of the case formsfor the nouns we have met. Readeach list carefully. Then copy thegenitives on your paper since theseare new. We will list both singularand plural. The nominative will befollowed by the genitive which in turnwill be followed by the accusative.

6 ,6E. gs O( 60 c0';

To 0E0 U rt 15PE d:14 V

TV,* OE O-vi Tour dicous

49-..7, 14OucrlIri? d! hio6r/Arai

ri)c ,tiouriffi?s Tury 1.4 au riew -V.7-17-v Alouriorrry Tots j,4 0 0 e rl of .1. s

.

50 -1 ,4u t90 A or/4 47 Ascroso X or:o i

Tijs ittveholorioc TW-e idui9eAorieCv, . ,Tiry /410190 AOrisill Tel s litit90A0). / a S51 -

e 3,d :t -pi, 0( a -). vet sro7, 4-vdtas Ta -r :oy dry ra -,-. ,. ,To-y d.),-vcipt To ,.., s oc-r o' 10 a f

.

52 - 4 Tro ), s .,( 7rOXEst, ,7;is fro A6 WS 'flan? 7TOA E 4,4,-v71Y ITZ Ai", Tels ITZA EIS

1 5 3156

53 Now we will list the genitivesingular of some of the nouns we havemet. Try to supply the genitiveplural. Check your answer.

roc") OE o ili Tw -V 6?E Ltd -1/

54 -

79s frouripr9s ,-,740,0 ,u our / ectle

55rQs ii ti 906\0r/cats re47)-r /iv /90 A ore:

56-TOU c)/ Ve14S TLY oll'o/parY

57 - n ITqs 7ro Ae c. 4S 71311 77'8 A e 1.41-1/

58-7' oil

C.

io u nerve ;? Aigv 1/59 -

To of le aff t:# 77 0.4) re: or j le OP. torrary

154157

60 - In the following group offrames you will see a phrase inthe genitive singular. Change thephrase to the genitive plural.Check your answer.

roz 0,re i go z .i-v15,0 G.. Tretu

a

r G0 -1/ a r1 61c41-v14 -r 6),:orpcid "e

61 - -, 'Toil card Oe CJ. le/ 0 gi ri.u. -r ear.! 04)-vA? ic.. v.

62 - . .Tou ,4 r.( a 03 71.,,e).1 -,- -re; cd ri2ry Jr./ ot..7/10

7' Llie:0;1 le le 14, -100.

TZ-Y :fr./ SZ-Vy to -se .1 s r a r-be

<63 - )7)? s Ord 6;''' s y u 'Vet i SOS

64 - 7-9s :tra Ois Oc :I' s 7-41-e 4:9-ei 94,-.&few",

65 T.1;$ :Ir.? (50$ r rc )( -v s T cd -' j rist 6 ? e.: -sTc x -yew-so

66 rfs :dr.(is Od Ad .7 7 9 s Tur -I,' j reit 0 4.1 -1,6)01Aorrd.Z1e

67 - Answer each of the followingquestions. Check your answers.). c , Betas]EITTI'V 0 .4 cos To Tip

/ .-y.,,, / 6 Zeus

sMat 7 )2/0 19C 40 %0

ri

158

68 -

69 -

itsrvy g ZEUSTra .);ta ;'(-v tj-ir (4) -vi

e6'7 IN O-7

e,rroi 7-17p Pt? w itj

70 -L /6' ot no -1A4011,

71 -

fics 7013 0 tiou

Tiv d km.eta,: -r;)%s H au 6# kiS

72- ECTIY `101.4npos7TotT4p 73: utgoAo rt/al.;

73 - Now we will list the genitiveplural of some nouns we have met.Try to supply the genitive singular.Check your answer:. Then copy thesingular and the plural onto yourpaper.

TO°31/ iLIOuer-/ArtZle

74 - TWY it./ Q eo X* r. Zve

75 - ATW-V dff

76 - r 17- 0 C w ne

77 - ,TLA/ Lir -V

78- TCY woeOfidwr (.4r -v

79 -Tu.) -v I9C

:1. 5 ti

159

;:e ejowtrca.y

lea . a 264)if74 79, f, 4 I "0'

e 0- r; -se

vc . cf

ole o s

3/477S.1 Af.0-$.

Tot bA;ciu

V.ti. o ArIZA.0- earfroutritrfs keril-v.

/ a tou 37p o r Trar2i04.5 imisAorLes Ern ti,

,uoutrior's

7*.'s 1.4u 043 o ri.c s

TO Ol/e eS

Ts 77SAews

7.0 to

TOL

A; otJ

,' 6/:(L,rot,rot; &Di), qv &oh

80 - Now we will turn our attention tothe English derivatives we havelearned recently. An English wordmeaning "related to myth or legend" andderived from the Greek word 1.,, a 90 sis .

mythological

81 - An English word meaning "of orrelated to Homer" and derived from

" 0the Greek name iy*fiOS is

Homeric

82 - An English word meaning"death notice" and derived from theGreek word "Ye triecile is

necrology

83 - An English word meaning"foretelling the future from contactwith the dead" and also from theGreek -NE tria-te is .

necromancy

84 - An English word meaning"having the characteristics of man"and derived from the Greek word3/a vOtow rro s is .

anthropomorphic

85 - An English word meaning "god-like" and derived from the Greekname "OA tikaTOS is .

Olympian

86 - An English word meaning "sunT!

%

worship" and derived from 9A tOSis

heliolatry

87 - An English word meaning "thescience that examines everythingrelated to God" and derived from theGreek word &OS is - - - .

theology

160

88 - An English word meaning "aplant or flower which turns towardthe and derived from theGreek A ,0s is .

heliotrope

89 - A device used to give signalsusing mirrors and sunlight and takingits name from pIcoS iscalled a - - -

heliograph

90 - An English word meaning "ruledby a father" and derived from 77.1 7#/0is .

patriarchal

91 - An English word meaning "ruledby a mother" and derived from itirrrieis .

matriarchal

92 - Naw open your Greek notebookto the heading Word Study. Add thefollowing words to the first columnof your list there: mythological, Homeric,necrology, necromancy, anthropomorphic,Olympian, theology, hello: raph, heliotrope,heliolatry, I atriarchal, matriarchal. -

93 - Now put in the Greek roots and themeanings of the English words in theappropriate columns of your list. Referto Frames 80-91 if necessary.

158161

94 - Explain in your own wordsthe meaning of the words underlinedin each of the following sentences.The underlined word is defined inthe answer column.

The kidnapping of Helen is themythological reason for the

legendary

Trojan War.

95 - The student was intereatedin Homeric studies.

relating to Homer

96 - There was a long necrology death noticein the newspaper for Rev. MartinLuther King.

97 - The monster in the horrorfilm was anthropomorphic.

man-like

98 - General De Gaulle, in theopinion of some, is a man ofOlympian stature.

god-like

99 - Future rabbis and ministersstudy theology.

the sciencerelated to God

100 - He gave signals with aheliolraph.

a device usingmirrors to flashsignals

101 - Heliotropes are very flowers thatface the suncommon in American gardens.

102 - The ancient Egyptianspracticed heliolatry.

sun-worship

103 - Some American familes arepatriarchal.

ruled by thefather

104 - Some American families arematriarchal.

ruled by the mother

15162

105 - Read aloud the followingparagraph in Greek:To Ls 70 a `q, doe &cc:Zs ocrei0; A ora . ToZ1 s To %doe ee 0 4% Jr

iir7r9inic . To us OA 194 rrie osDeo; rs 0 4 .7 Tie E u 4'.1

106 - Now read the followingsimilar paragraph aloud in Greek:

TOO S 7' a ZJ ttlitclou as 0 u'4 s. OvhEa PiAleetS . TOts)S reZ "A, Sou &c00% s1hi 'i r r:t s roLls 'OA f.,,u if;o Li i. ,8eou s AIrfic urts S.E

107 - Now read the followingsimilar paragraph aloud in Greek:

TOu' S 70Z "As dou 6Pecou s. OIIfkfr;),-e,. Toys roir °Aldo() 60i ous

.

1147 tr9re . Tou s )0A uiterrio uso?,,,,, iXelT/ot we-eV.

163

108 - Now read the followingsimilar paragraph aloud in Greek:

w WA aTons To u Al (you - Oe ou S orco

.., cA ,l Av rvitte"v, rout Togo / & I soya

0t 0 eis eam i cC7 e..14 c -00 . rou% s

30huptr7ous Oco;is i. Xarperdraid4a-v,

109 - Now read the followingsimilar para,grph aloud in Greek:

Toes Tett A, Sou BE oc%Js owei0lAjrI re' . roiis roZ "I , do Ae

sOce:is eiuirlf-4 re roux

'OA 0,47rious thous jc Ast rfis u'ea re,

110 - Now read the followingsimilar paragraph aloud in Greek:

et aTOLS rot, A ideu 61e01- 0 CI h.

e 0 A ',rowA

, Taus Toe" "A ide)thous cm, r)20.1--. To J S

A

'0A4ifirr; our Oceers c X rfi curet -r.

111 - In each of the above frameseverything remained the same exceptthe verbs. The verbs changed fromfirst person singular, to second personsingular, to third person singular. Then,in Frame 108 the verbs were in the firstperson plural. In Frame 109, they werein the second person plural. In Frame110, they were in the - - - personplural.

third

112 - A verb is said to be in the firstperson when the subject is the speaker.A verb is said to be in the second personwhen the subject is spoken to. A verbis said to be in the third person when thesubject is .

spoken about

161164

113 - In English to indicate thefirst person we use the words "I" and"we". To indicate the second personwe use the word "you". To indicatethe third person we frequently use wordslike "he, she, it," and "they".Frequently a separate noun subjectindicates the t - - - - person.

s

third

114 - Now we have to talk a littleabout the tense of verbs. Tense meanstime. A verb is said to be in thepresent tense when it indicates presenttime. For example, I love, and he

he loved

loves ate`both in the present tense.To form the past tense in English youadd - ed or -d to the present. Thusthe past tense of I love is I loved.The past tense of he loves is - - - -

115 - Greek also has a present tenseas we have seen. The present tenseof the verb 0, A i,', appears in thefollowing pattern.Te(t rrIestigrdS OS/Aa.T,/ s y u -Ki ( et r 0/Afireris ye-r.Thros $6 dial.

, "T.1S y u -v47 grill r 0 , A 0 tid i 1 eV.TutsTuts yci WI Sf etS 911XCI re .

T . c s y u -vgi i Wel I 0 I A 0 17; r I "e.Try to give the meaning of thispattern in English. Check youranswer.

I like the women.You like the women.He (or she) likesthe women.We like the women.You like the women.They like thewomen.

102165

116 - Greek has several past tenses.One of these is called the aorist tense.It indicates action

atthe past that

happened once or at one time. It isusually translated by the English pasttense: In the following pattern theaorist tense of 01A 4.1 appears.Read the pattern carefully and givethe meaning in English.

yer-ra7frra syu syu-vo7tr.tsr ii-v17frf,Asyu -vgaor4 sru-ydatrds

I liked the women.You liked the women.He (or she) liked thewomen.We liked the women.You liked the women.They liked thewomen.

117 - The aorist tense in Greek isfrequently recognized by the endings

-rot S ,-"i4ev,-rell-C I eV," Many times theletter E is added at the beginningof a verb to indicate the aorist. Thus

fts;b7rd ,

and s :I a u 0'4,44 e areall in the tense.

aorist

118 - In the following pattern theaorist tense of Ast re ire C,f4J appears.Read the pattern in Greek and try togive the meaning in English. Checkyour answers.

TOG'S Orouc E A T/0 U Cr

To) eous c A.cric icor. r.

I worshipped thegods.

You worshipped thegods.

163166

roZs &au% s i-)4.riog uo-e-e .

reLs. 8toc s llidrlo e to mar/ E , / .

. x ,rous i6e01.1.s. E-A r/e) E r./ Groi re

"--a_ t

rous s. 84-0(ji E A4 7, E to gra -le

He (or she) wor-shipped the gods.

We worshipped thegods.

You worshipped thegods.

They worshipped thegods.

119 - In the following pattern theaorist tense of Ai/VIZ appears.Read the pattern in Greek and tryto give the meaning in English.Check your answers.

. ,TONS oPt ouS eit /ITV," ot .

Tocs 60a out ii47r9 a-as.

701)S 19E er:d S i/.4 Iry fp"' c ne.

roZt OE °Ls il.4 lo-r; rd,u E v.

Tour OeoLs EMtd 1.r.rjes T c .

a 0TO us BE co cr S fit, . o 0- 1p (-.r "V.

I hated the gods.

You hated the gods.

He (or she) hatedthe gods.

We hated the gods.

You hated the gods.

They hated the gods.

120 - Read each sentence in thefollowing pattern practices aloud.Then make each sentence negative.Check your sentence with the answercolumn.

"T?,, r110.4 70 0, AI crei 7 -le v 0 II Irn a /,

E01/A)24ra121 Thy 44 56/00 (1;747"V E0 A )2rel. 7.1 24 0" Ct.", .1'.°

our e 0, A r) .

122 -TO icb7A77r.s. ra K lAos

Ot/r C 0:A )3 cr./

164167

123 -Tire puOo A °Ad "v &WA r.f. 7P; "V

oi N.

p u 60 Aer:d -,0c0./A v tr.,

1211 -

j)%ry 1..ou r1 ir,re }si;..b7rd . 7); -we

06eApourt N.; -3,

i od IA* es( .

125 -ray "Op 60 , ,1 rigs ro -v "9/432100-3,

3 ...

owl. Efb/A3).-..gs

126 - . 2 #.TOY dipone.t E 0/ 61 )2 rds TO

0311els I i r 4 0,/e(

i 0 :A 77 ow s .

127 -

rzry 7.2,1,.., i- i A )2 o-e s.ro-v

0471"

IjAtc3-3kid/A*0:1s.

128 - 3 ,Toy Tr4rvet col tb2ras TO ne

oLwrrag ripet,efit$,A p 41-,4 s .

,7))-00 p )2 410.4 E ois ,Alerds . 7" -e

04;or#.4 )2 ri/49.1a od i' a* gra s.

130 -7'')-r .90,4.0-ihev 216,:i 1 re -). TA; ,'

OtiPr:kV. o 54 4 -,0E01.1)7dre7r.

131 - ci 3 ItTo -v )11owa CO i A r2 e-e-v.

TO 1e

0 ()sr

C,?2, W ofe 0 11A P7 re -V.

132 - 11 /To-r ePe 1 ne E 0 ..1 r) re -e.

ro-Over

8ca ..).

isi/A)?o-c-e.133 - 3

Tom 0 7ro-e egf , A )7 re ..,, rcr'voeur

Si.,..%LlAu".4 ffe-rI 0 A )? ores.

134 - 0; ofT i n ' s C V O/ o w p r e - b 11ve cv

.Toy :1-v 6), tAirrne

135 -

TOI)C OEOU%t /0, A )5.4r-..,44E -v. 7°,""owl.

?cat"'Eci.A "5 0' *VI e 11

168

165

136

r. 4...1 A A ith.) 9 raft E "lerja

ouxira A A )2

a ,P)0

e0 i A Cr1/44 E

137

7) 'due" Aor/elY -C4/Ar-'4111.1°.747 9oble

a -1/4 J B0 i40/ a)7 traidEV.

1383

7")e pour/If 7 CO/ A v raid E v .n; -,-°ids'

/4 0 4./ r Ar-;7 ",.a

E 0 / .1 ii ral.1 ( V.139

T. &E 1 S 4 it A 5 61-.rid E -vra! s

0 ii Ae

67e :t sI' se / .i iral/te E V.

140 - .ToZis ddlitioyas i 0,A

61.61 TE

TO io s0 6Ir

ola i;6r o -rd s; gt5, )a-a re .

141 - 3 .T°L;s Trs"-9'd S E g i / A * " rt .

70 cd s

06,77W Teroa Skce. A )5 Ord re.

142

T. 1.49 rgio./ s. E se 4 e-.? TE .

ToiS

our/4 9 rifia s

d'izS/Ai j onerE .

143Tous OE 0 % s E0/0)7oare .

Trus01.611r

&coLs1 0CO/A,2 ow re .

144 3r: ate : r E se , A )2 erd T E .

T.) s06K

Oc.,se0.01 .j ora re .

145

7 .1-,, oliola 0-10 sr v k 0 ;01 .2 ow -v.? -eri,

ocie

c..e/04. o 10; a -),

i. 0 :A') ow -,,,146 c.

Tous ?2/01..astS 7.51 I ; A*0"61,e.To u sOtilf

??1, 2 c.sd f ds

0; A)) or'ot -A'.

147 ,Tads :41--ro,oorrour cgs/A*61-.4-v.

Tau% sa

0 cd ir

01-yea-i.: Mous'4 ,'

E cal ,a ,2 cr id ""v .

148 ,.,Toc;s 01E0 cd s E94/.1*,-a-P1 .

To Ls l5)Eoci% s,

149

Tats t9c..?s- et 0: A )? a-.1 -V.r... t s

aOux

ae:1 s/''' tAe W 9 dra "P'.

169

166

150 - Now read each sentencealoud. Then make each sentencea question by putting the verbfirst. Check your answer.

*

7-1-v `111,04 -,.. E p , ,-,2 ,r4

.

%

el,,,, , 41-9 end 7 p?-eIi4,0.4-1. ;

151 -r*- 3A Opo dior "V I-14;cl) r.t. le 1ri)int 717 1140 ociirwy;

152 - :TO te a aos -ii,,,r9r.d ;.1.4 le-9 rd TO

or.i a aos ;153 -

rpre /muSoAoriipt-v cid g f ea 94i.4 td 00 Aor ,I -r;

154 -3 0

&so pouri Isapo eiti ( a- p)ra . 1.14 r9 ca Thy'moue-114.r ;

155 -TOY c 61-f *leo -)0 eb'ilA (el? ref s

." , .ep ir 9 ed S To -v

el°14 VP0"/ ;

156 -ro ne del ;id 0 n'olt 'iltt.- ) 2 rot s .

ep4 i r trof g TO .1°

04i y4 0-ra ;157 -

Cl

T -r /A/ one ;14 i°r * red S .

.eidi or 9 ea S Tone

c°Alo-e;158 - a 0,

rCi" Mr t T epee city, , gry rid sa 0Eli Iry rd s rc; .7,

TT 414 repel ;

159 - 0 i*r i d * 79 0 .1 El.. hr 9 tra s

i 0ei4 1 iri 2 0-.4 s 717 "0

,N7 ri,od ;160 -

rl-r 4 l o p o avis t -r 1 4 ;4 : 7 - 1 7 re - 1 0

.,Et., r* ere 717 -Y

ol/0,44 o -; eist ve ;a161 - ef rrcz.v ke,,,t eit. e- 9 /'E "P'

..E-14 if- V grE 7- 0 -v

162 -rO -v /9EO -v ei., ,r9 o-e -v. e/t4 ; (Tr) (re ro -v

Act -... ;

1Gri170

163 -

r; 1' '10 )uis, 77o-se kii 7.0""17 re v. Eit.4'cr * eE To -v'0 A Idfr, 7r0 ..-. ;

.1. 0Elf sl C rl 1. E To -v

44 -, 40 tA, rr 42 -V

164 -a

Toy et,440 4, rro le 94 i r )2 rE v

165

rows 61a 0 cr s iiu to-6 croli , i Cl 51 4 ler 0 eV., e ite TourOeoc.7s;

166 -i l t elild I 0-I3 a' sy,/ c V 7.e

167 -

rrl le p u a A o ri.d 'Y ; I i/r iedienv. I , 1 e r r.e,i4 e V 7 ;-)e/Au& #10 rid", ;

168 -Titr-r 10 c /prey ;',44 / r or".1/1C T.

9. . I if 07 rdre et v TO -v

V C Preoine ;169 -

re( s OC.is 1/4 1 er..1,44 E -)0 ,

iElf i gr 9 Groili CV TMs

BE .t s170 - 3

rove "YelreOUS E141412 ea rE 9.0(rP5ord r5 Tv usr c tree w s '

171 -.To s 77-.4 re),, s C/4 /r9 4'a[ T Cu

41

.14 1 Or 9 cra rE To u r

77 cpc TerS172 -

Tat s p r ;ea s ,...10-,2 dr.e re E.).,44 49-)2 drat re 7- s/4 9 rEfid s ;

173 - . - 'To us Oe o u s El4 i err) a-ec TE

.V 4 ' cr 12 0"d TE Taus

OE 0 t.) s ;174 -

Te; S OE :e S F)4 i 0- 5 ra T 6 c4 / or,5 rat re rse s0E.! s

175--rr, -r ,14 wrist,. kit., ;o-o-,1 10

'Ea-14 7c.erP gr d "Y 717-r

X176- "Tour w.e...4 s 94 icro gra -v 9 4 ' __v_r".". r° U 4

r1/0 4./ a S ;

168

171

aD ,

Ems;lr*o-.1 le 700s177 -

Tous .1")41",:#17ou $ eitt 'Cr; gra ". .e "V Oio ev/7-0t1S;

178 -TOLS 6PEOLS i 0-0 ind "e. 9/3 ;0'9 0- 'V To us. .

(RE 0 c.iSD

a , .179 -7-.%es e'OE : l s Cil 0' v 0":" V. 9, of 17 4ra le rat .3

OC .5 ;180 - Now read each of the followingquestions aloud. Then answer eachquestion first affirmatively and then .0. ri, jnegatively. Check your answers. "V di 7* v rficy ,

_ k ot CY, 1 E A eit T/o e u sra -

C AelTeEurat '7%-v r7/*"* ; a, . I. 4 10 u 7- -e*ar(h. i A Iree u ira .

181 - vat/. 7 "A° Afoodir*v,E A el Tr C . 1 d rid rpy A 0 floc II rv-r; .i A.rri0 e went .

ou 7**70 369 $4010egro -110 t,IN E A A rioc u 4r4 .

182 - -rai. TO PrfreAAosE T rig, a ura 7; or."(A A 0 s ; A x :t Tin u rat .

oir. rk 0-.1,1AesGUM' ea .1 "-Abe 4,. ea .

183 - 'vat;. ?1),' pa° A0r4CV'EA al Ti g i a utra T17 -Y /mu& Ao r t r i v ; E A .1 rfie coed .

9 7. .1, "4 U 00 A 0,44.10out k X.1 70a to f-.4

184 - Ici 7. rci3O ye rfiO -so

EXidrpeur.t To-le -reirlocTov; JAJ:rfatura.. - .ou Tone "YE Arfieledr& .1 Tia curet.

185 - .0 co,le.i . To-, Oda *fie,/C Aj rfie Liras To- "0,too-v; jArcrioatio-dS.

01 - ri-v 1#0,olioone0,,Itoo -v;

E.A:trioeursir.186 - WI , 70"V -v a If"( f -),

A Are e u 0-.a a S To-v ne t tret--b. ; 4 A ..1 rts f ( .. gr.t s .Ott ri-v -1, e srea) --leOe nt cA.IricpeUrdS..,.

172

187 -co ,

Ad e 40 tr. t s 7- o -,. 7,1/c)-)0 ;

19,11 rel. ;Pool.}A.irfieurar.

cAl . re-I. S; A 0 v0 / 3 k A :17/cog torsi S.

188 -.E Astr,e t.) tra s To", 77.4 re/04 ;

-ripe 7. To -.0 7Ta 7 iiO4k A; res. (drat r .

0:1 4 Toy )74 71,1Or1 If C A1 re E Cr I'd r .

.89-EX; r e e v r - a s T ) 2 -e id ? 7 Ei o .! ;

.'Kt . r!rs 14 r)r Ito.,k A 4 r / c ) a u e r g s ..,ou , T-s: piprip./

o o or a.A.tr,ot wr.is.190 -

a eE A .1 recure 747-)0 ael cved-r;

16 c"y4 i . nr depovist-of

iNITIecy v-cy.(Ai 7);.t. *cep 0-44 'V0o

id" a-A .(7ot u r Ey.191 - irt

eA:t ret uce re Y W, wetWI. T cry 110 Wei

EAtirpetrc V.1 I

01) To ne rit"delaim cA:17/2 c were V.

192 -

ICA:(rpi ure -ro-r 6? c e=v ;'Val . 71;v thaw

kx.ireeugre-e.0u . re, -r 0c;r.v

oedir c A .2 Tin u re v.193 -

"01East rioEtrrE To-r _up mono;,,, 0,... ,

"Ile ti , T 0 -I, CJAu,0770-1/k 1 arrioe u Cc-Po

oZ . Toy s0Au,t.t7Tove0:011 iAjr,ogurr-e.

194 - a/0 .el .( r/0 e Ai r g 70 °C.Vq.4407707;

Je-y.a To .t7/ 47,9ao ff0 le

i X.ere:se u ore Y.at re; -to ://i -,. efitarlo-0

ciLif '.)447;04 u re-v.195 -iAsl rfietdrdi,4er TojS eCou's ;

v.47.. Toc)s 62E0 u se X.( ree u crisp E v.

ou . Tars 16E 0 403'0 411. k X.t riot Gr.ti,46-v.

b 196 -EX.t rpet5c.9.4cv To ,r.;AA; .

"nti . T.) ors/AA),To

E Xirietifraicre, 0 .oe . ,r.) dr:ixA)7,

ClUlt cAstrptuirol4eVe.

170

173

197 -

jEA a T / P C ro r 41bey T:1S "ItiaolorielS;

.. .7ai 1 . Ta S fru 00AoridS

kkd rjoe u crddte 6 10

0: f . Test s p u ao Aorldrant I Ao I) 0 clo r afave v.

198 -

A.1 rpe jr.4,14 g n° Toes -vcirfioe sle.pi 11. rea c -s' ti' sr, el, c

at I A arpsZfro,..s le.OU .4 To uf , verogpJr

OWN ( Air T A D C u erel,4,4 C V.199 -

bta TR Ctrtraita c ',' r d' s a,'e .;s .veer°. T 2 t s ez:(r

:. A 4 rfi c; role 6' -1 ' .

col; . 7:4 S4

OasisoUst X d red G ea, vire.

Yd i.. rocs Ad ,1/4 r id s

e A 4 rfi t r raids v .a,. Tous elso,440 ws

owe k Lit ries ardi.4 a Y.

200 -EL' rlot Zed,' cV Taus dd./aKa;

a 201 -a Asti, st,ra re r oAs- 7r4 re;ode;

70 4 ( To us 7,4 ritod sc A d rfic L rig re

oil . Teas Ir.( Tjfi 1 1 SOtm k A.,rpaid co TE .

202 -/ .E A4 Tfiturid TE Tie s IA repas; -P.1 I

.. Ta m ,T ie.( S

ix,47,0c 4, re TiroU . Tats, 141 7.40 4s

OLN I ) 4 'Fp: 4 ra rc203 -

i AqI 7re r rfst TE ',but Ole Oti 5 ;-Kt.'. Toes es °Ls

E a X o re EU ra re .o'd robs ee °Zig

C te E Aft me 6 r r re .204 -

EA.( 7.'1s:rein. 7;s 6'4 ;s .-reti. 7-4s &el.'s

tAdregt.r.tre.A,

o0 e . r4s. v cif: cumaeNdrecL rot T e

205 -a t 0 % % I'C Ael re au fria-v Tel S eV)/ i ov, a s;

.. II II'd! . Tat S 4 pea co Via SIe A:t rps tor .4-$0.

oil . rts 90,441 vostso : ar k A 4 rriur a -e.

206 - ct1 A :/ r/s d r4 "P ro ; s 0co.es ; t roes 4Pw., seN is t rov

at . roll Aoc..,/ sour s x 1", t Lo ret-v .

171

174

207 -

C As( rel't (dna roLs Blow MOUS ;

208

E ree. ura v 7Oos &cows;

A7041 TOWS l le i Otelloor

1 root 4,064 roLs :1-r6;04Prosix

moor Xfrive Lire

209 -E a.t rpc w rg%s -60e .t s;

A a gi

7. To uS 'we o oSse A :4' rem to ra

ot; . rob S Bt oLs'E roac

r.6. Sla

k:t Tio C WV0 r. 814 s obsr flatrpturqrsf

210 - Now we are going to reviewsome of the things we have learnedabout ancient Greek religion andmythology. A traditional or legendarystory usually concerning some super-human being or god is called a m - - - -.

myth

211 - Greek myths were very elaborateand detailed and have exerted(great/little) influence on literature andart and other fields.

great

212 We study Greek mythology becauseit is interesting and enjoyable and hasexerted great influence in many fields.

literature

For example, Greek mythology influencedvery important Greek 1 suchas THE ILIAD, THE ODYSSEY, and thetragedies.

172

175

213 - The influence of mythology onGreek art is very strong. There aremany famous statues of Greek godsand goddesses. The statue of Aphroditecalled V is one example.

Venus di Milo

214 The influence of mythology onGreek architecture is very strong also.Myths have inspired many temples.For example, there is a famous templededicated to the Virgin Athena on theAcropolis called the P .

Parthenon

215 - Greek mythology greatlyinfluenced Roman literature and art.For example, many wall paintings inPompeii deal with mythologicalsubjects and Vergil's famous poemTHE A- - - is built around Greekmythology.

AENEID

216 - The Christian religion has beeninfluenced by Greek mythology. Forexample, many of the characteristicsof the goddess Athena were absorbedby the Virgin Mary. Also, crossroadshrines to the saints found in modernGreece are similar to shrines to thegoddesses found in a - - Greece.

ancient

217 - Much of the literature and artof the Renaissance and Post-Renaissanceis based on Greco-Roman mythology.For instance, the famous plays byRacine, the French tragedian, oftendeal with mythology. The Art NIuscumin Philadelphia is full of paintings onmythological themes. Even some ofthe world's great music(has/has not) been influenced bymythology.

has

17,i176

218 - English words and phrasesare derived frequently from Greco-Roman mythology. For example,we speak of "herculean strength."This phrase means - - - - (great/little) strength or strength similarto that of Hercules.

great

219 - Greco-Roman mythologycontinues to exert its influence in ourown world in many ways. There isliterature on mythological themes.For example Giraudoux's play TIGERAT THE GATES. There are modernworks of art based on mythology. Forexample, the statue of Prometheus inRockefeller Plaza. Even our rocketsand space ships bear mythologicalnames. For instance, the plan to puta man on the moon is called ProjectA - - - -.

Apollo

220 - The early inhabitants of Greecehad a very simple religion. Theyworshipped various features of nature.Their divinities were not individualizedand (had/did not have) humanforms.

did not have

.

221 - With time the Greek religionchanged in nature. New gods wereintroduced. The new gods were .

anthropomorphic, i.e., they hadh characteristics.

human

222 - The author of THE ILIAD and THEODYSSEY did much to refine and crystallizethe Greek conception of the gods. In thesepoems Olympus is depicted as a patriarchalsystem with Zeus as the father of gods andmen. The author of THE ILIAD and THEODYSSEY is traditionally said to be H - - - .

Homer

-.

174177

223 - Let's review now someimportant information about theOlympians. Zeus, who was lateridentified with the Roman Jupiter,was king, of the gods, the protectorof hospitality, oaths, and justice.His symbols were the thunderbolt,the sceptre, and the e .

eagle

224 - The wife and sister of Zeuswas Hera. She was the protectress ofmarriage. Her symbols were thediadem and the peacock. She wasidentified with the Roman goddessJ .

Juno

225 - The brother of Zeus and theruler of the sea was Poseidon. Hisspecial symbol was the trident, athree-pronged spear. lie wasidentified with the Roman god N - - - -.

Neptune

226 Athena, who was identified withthe Roman Minerva, was the specialpatroness of the city of Athens. Shebecame patroness of Athens when shepleased the people by giving them theolive tree. Her symbols are thespear, the aegis, the breastplate, andthe owl. The famous temple on theAcropolis dedicated to Athena was theP .

Parthenon

227 - Apollo was the god of light andharmony. He invented poetry and music.He was closely associated with the sunand was sometimes identified with thesun. His symbols were the bow andarrow, and the lyre. His twin sisterwas A - - , the goddess of chastity,mountains, woods, fountains, and themoon. She was identified with the Romangoddess, Diana.

Artemis

.175178

228 - Hermes was the messenger ofthe gods and protector of travelersand merchants. He was identified withthe Roman god Mercury. His symbolswere the ram, the magic wand, a specialhat, and w s .

winged sandals

229 - The goddess of love, identifiedwith the Roman Venus and born fromthe sea foam, was A

Aphrodite

230 - The god of war and violence,identified with the Roman Mars, wasA .

Ares

231 The goddess of the hearth andprotectress of the home, identifiedwith the Roman Vesta, was H .

Hestia

232. - The god of fire and the patronof blacksmiths, identified with theRoman Vulcan, was H .

Hephaistos

233 The goddess of the land whosesymbol was wheat and who wasidentified with the Roman Ceres wasD .

Demeter

234 - It is not clear whether Moira orfate was superior to the gods. Usuallythe gods (accept/do not accept)the superiority of Moira.

accept

235 - Besides the major gods there werealso lesser divinities such as the nymphs.The nymphs are often divided into Naiads,Dryads, and Oreads. Belief in theexistence of nymphs still (persists/does not persist) in some parts of modernGreece.

persists

1 '7

179

236 - The so-called mystery cultsinvolving the worship of such gods asIsis, Dionysus, Osiris(were/were not) popular among theGreeks.

were

237 - The ruler of the Underworldwas Pluto. His wife was Persephone,the daughter of Demeter. When Plutofirst kidnapped Persephone Demeterneglected her duty to make things growon earth and caused a famine. Finallya compromise was worked out wherebyPersephone lived half of the year withher mother on earth and half of it withher h - - - in the Underworld.

husband

238 - Heroes in Greek mythologywere usually descendants of a god andhad unusual strength. Some of thefamous heroes include Theseus, Jason,Perseus, and II

Hercules(Heracles)

239 - Look atthe family tree of the gods.Try to explain it in your own words.Check your answer.

Chaos

E ott+h = Heaveii(Ge) cUasius)

Crones = Rhea Ofhtt

Herm Zeus Poseaoti Rae Demeter tie lh

Chaos was the firstgod. He gave birthto Earth (also calledGe) and Heaven (alsocalled Uranus).Earth and Heaven mar-ried. Their childrenwere the Titans. Twof the Titans, Cronosand Rhea, married.Their children wereHera, Zeus,Poseidon, Pluto,Demeter, and Hestia.

180

17'1

240 - The daughters of Zeusand Memory (Mnemosyne) wereClio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene,Terpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia,Urania, and Calliope. Thesegoddesses were patronesses ofvarious arts and types of literature.They are called the M .

Muses

241 - Gods and goddesses frequentlymarried their own brothers andsisters. A good example was themarriage between Zeus and Hera.The gods wanted to preserve thepurity of the divine ichor, thesubstance they had in place ofb .

blood

242 Let us now turn our attentionto the English derivatives learned inthis unit. The English word mythological

"At e,/ Ve S

means legendary or related to a myth .

or story and comes from the Greek word

243 - The English word Homeric means e/Op Vie 0 S"related or pertaining to Homer" and

comes from the Greek name .

244 The English word necrology means'V E /re 0 -0/"death notice or obituary" and comes

from the Greek word .

245 - The English word anthropomorphic li.0019eogairoS

means "having the characteristics ofman" and comes from the Greek word

246 - The English word Olympian means ,/,,,L./ A c/A4 ITO s"celestial or god-like" and comes from

the Greek word .

176181

247 - The English word necromancy"1/E wee -emeans "foretelling the future through

contacting the dead" and comes fromthe Greek word .

248 - The English word theolo v means ...A os

"the science examining everything aboutGod" and comes from the Greek word

249 - The English word heliolatryci

toSmeans "sun worship" and comesfrom the Greek word .

250 - The English word heliotrope et ,)2 Al o Sindicates "a type of plant that turns

toward the sun" and comes from theGreek word .

251 The English word patriarchal ../7:1 7 itomeans "ruled or dominated by fathers"

and comes from the Greek word - - .

252 - The English word matriarchal ..044 7 r WI'means "ruled or dominated by mothers"

and comes from the Greek word .

253 - The English word heliograph1A/ osindicates "a mirror device used for

giving signals" and comes from theGreek word .

4

.1(

171182

254 - Let's now review thequotations about Greek mythologythat we have learned in this unit.The English meaning ()leachquotation is given plus the author'sname. Supply the Greek and checkyour answer.

Even gods don't fight necessity.(Simonides)

ed -vd yew ot cIE &CI i

0,t

1.4.1X 0-we rot/ .

255 When divine power conferswell-being what need do we haveof friends? (Aristotle)

ei0 Td le a old 7,4,4' 4.-te e-E.

diddZt ri de; -stsiAdvvi ;

256 - Don't trust people butonly a god. ((;reek Proverb)

. A, -p 9 Vie Taut :Iv Vfido ir els2 % I N oet A A Id po-vw r 9ce;/.

c t

257 - Only gods live withoutpain. (Greek Proverb)

, as % ',po-roi Or veep, 44-YE u

X I; n-9 s h;roc. ,. 1 .

258 The god arranges everythingas he Pleases. (Greek Proverb)

. .0 . la0% int -I, Tot0 BE s

ci au

" a7, 0-... ,

OTT& r d rw ar7Eertre /.

259 Zeus, our savior andvictory. (Xenophon) 2 et; s r 417 0 i/40 est -vArop.

260 - Progress is made with thehelp of Athena and with the helpof your own hand. (GreekProverb)

eV -v 'A 6'9 -v:t /no.0% t

X C led 14 -r. E ( .

261 Even Ares doesn't fightp.gaiast neces.sity. %Sophocles)

.77froP T9 et -ecr.r1,044 a 1,9 S :t r t9 7.- rd rd /

180183

262 - Aphrodite is a deadthing without Dionysus andDemeter. (Greek Proverb)

..letifeo-fo a4 Op 0 eh7-9

.,,,4 I 0 -yu re u c/t x se Arse /, ...

a*,...397-,..es .263 - Even Hercules doesn'tstand against two opponentsat once. (Plato)

I orrlo 0 s ore 0 achla

6 740,4 ir A 0

264 - Let's now review thequotations learned in previousunits. Read the Greek care-fully and try to provide theEnglish meaning plus thesource. Check your answer.

yvt../ St a.' ).1 urcc-v - Know thyself. (Thales)

265 -c ..

MC "1' rd fie / .All things are in flux.

(Heraclitus)

266 -1//49d; V drill/.

Nothing in excess.(Proverb)

267 - "or 4 A 4 r ra , at A el r 7.4 .

.:.:, Sea! Sea! (Xenophon)

268 - ,m.0/Aeorci pi;.4 /3"tou

.0

ir1J/gee'r9 7'7 s .

Philosophy is life'sguiding principle. (Proverb)

269 - r xEIS .1107,

°Lc/ a) s :1,09".

One man is no man.(Proverb)

270 - 0 i ,/T's dE fires at repxpcir i5 AO/°o el 1r os 1

What is life without goldenAphrodite? (Mimnermus)

271 -Obor rf-Ti-r E tigt ea; "le APIO 'V

:1Aurro-so °tidal/6.S .

It is not possible for anyoneto find a life without sorrow.(Menarider)

181184

272 -3 A 2 I

0 11 Try /.. cr.( 77 f QT/ -rte A A:c c 6 y$,-,..

It is not a great thing to livebut to live well is a greatthing. (Plato)

273 -

144 i rice "r 4'' Eerr/ Af:IA Aos

OL XeCS 'vac).

The measure of life isbeauty, not length of time.(Plutarch)

274 -

O cli-verc rarros 4/Os 0:0. .019/ (4 To s j-r 0/ydrce) 77 ced .

For man the unexaminedlife is not worth living.(Plato)

275 -

"WI -v9 7roir a 062/ 0 s.All of life is a stage.(Palladas)

276 - ,.a "lag 4l 0-excs, ii ofer re-)t-r/ 4 4.4 A, '7.

(Hippocrates)

277 -kr t.. el,td TO stiA0d A-d)

ra (:(Jim(r.c ;01 )40,2 pr.'', re- A. c

I am alpha and omega, thebeginning and the end.(New Testament)

278 -CR i 0 c (10p pm, ca s .

Divine Homer.(Aristophanes)

279 -L,

3,d,r,-,-y del e E t9t 4 .74 ) vol'elcui

lArtAios.

Sing, 0 goddess, about theanger of Achilles, the son ofPeleus..(Homer)

.1./280 -

a ifdpi4 ,44 0 / C - -ye 1TE Adour4rro A al rto a ma -v.

0 Muse, tell me of the manwho travelled much. (Homer)

281 -

474 .1 6 jyd rep a8 t o s Ea/ 77E .

0 goddess, daughter ofZeus, speak. (Homer)

282 -Te (.u' 4 w irrIfla Tra rp a s8 vn fr.r. 0 -y .

Trojans died on behalf oftheir native land. (Euripides)

283.-T:/ A at "Irat riot, iat /14 yao to S .fdirc:. A c 4r.t s /.4 /2s ru Ie./twosXelfis-1.

Wretched Troy having de-stroyed thousands for the sakeof one woman. (Euripides)

182185

284 -, E;ie 40 pr c AI %0A190S

fie fist PPE rigoo 44-

Happiness has fallen, Troyhas fallen. (Euripides)

285 - Let us now review some ofthe things we haVe learned in thisunit about the genitive case.

The genitive case has many usesbut one of the most important isto show possession or to expressthe relationship which we expressin English with the word "o- -".

of

286 So far in Greek we have metthree cases: the nominative, whichindicates the subject of a sentence;the accusative, which indicates thedirect object; the g - whichindicates possession.

genitive

287 The English possessive caseis in some respects the equivalentof the Greek genitive. The possessivecase is formed in English by adding's or - - to the word.

s'

288 - Many times in Greek thegenitive singular ending will be -eyor -s. The genitive plural ending isalways .

- us -v

289 In the following frames locatethe word in the genitive case. Checkyour answer.

Ohio cre Ofei Riot/ MI", -,' 9 Tr) s .

v .o 04,1

290 - .

silt I to ere 'go. /5%44r irufice70 rl s .

,,..Arcr,

186

183

291

o r criire4 roi, oeoZ Irufice4r9s. ro 47, Oc 0 a

292 -

Oilore sad rta-r OftV irv,e40.14 79 s."

ria-e 19e wv

293 -st A 0 rolii,4

wTau s4

AI ..erved...Fro u

°rdifieff -V 97*S

roi (It V Op gir7re li

294 -

0/A0/00i.4 T$S re' XliVSArtifie)4"99 7S

i's- re-x-vs

295 - "Sao A er'efiVe( raY TEX "VW"'

Itu/ety0-rrqs

ATea V TE X V c40 "V

296 -

0/Aore9fi4 rijs ru-rdi Nosiorfiefivl rip s- .

T-4 ru,04/irOs

297

ro siIA,, a j ,,

Too ce10,00Stru/3e, -r r,is .

'roZ :r-voifit;s

298 -0 A otroii.t 71:y eaercedoPav

kuleepr9r*s .

re:rye :ev c,d; p 67, I.

299 -

%di.% o ro"VA 7ii3 s rre":) A c 64) s .euficwypr9s.7.* s, rro° A c Gas

3 0 0 -

7 Y 7re;.1 e w v,Aruficp-r 9 TA? s .

Tit/-e iro A E44.1-/

18 4

187

301 - In the following frames readthe Greek carefully and give themeaning of the Greek sentence inEnglish. Check your answer.

,,..561 A* cr 0 OS i 4 'I' 1 42 4.° HligE, 74 TIP 5. Philosophy is life's guiding

principle (or the guidingprinciple of life).

302 -...

0/a o fro pS t 4 roe, 8c o3M o fi C i e " r . .

Philosophy is the guidingprinciple of the god (or thegod's guiding principle).

303 -95/Aor o pf / ,( rot") :( -vol/ Os

triornfi-vp T)9 s .

Philosophy is the guidingprinciple of the man (or theman's guiding principle).

304 -4. ....01 Ao ro 0,4 7* 's rw-voi i NOS

If goftefi -v rs .Philosophy is the guidingprinciple of the woman (orthe woman's guiding principle).

305 -0 / Aoa-cosii.t ri7's Mel AE cos.

P9/r Stv r* s S.Ufi

Philosophy is the guiding-- principle of the city (or the

city's guiding priLciple).

306 -, #961 Aore 0.4 re.41 "Y :rle V50 e:, 'V

ift.i...

/Sip-P V TA7s

Philosophy is the guidingprinciple of the men (or themen's guiding principle).

307 -0/Ao rogh:t ro f.:; it'i AA°us

if4/fittfi "V* r* s

Philosophy is the guidingprinciple of beauty (orbeauty's guiding principle).

308 -e0/ A o re0,84 rOs Ifir4 0 -v al s

irufiefi sr 7 o s

Philosophy is the guidingprinciple of harmony (orharmony's guiding principle).

.1O188

309 - Let's review some of the thingswe have said about the aorist tense inGreek. The aorist tense indicates anaction which happened once or at onetime in the past. It is roughly theequivalent of the English past tense.The past tense in English is formedusually by adding - - - to thepresent tense.

-ed or -d

310 - The aorist tense in Greek isfrequently recognized by the endings

- rel , - 0"*.1 5 , - eV ,

- 0114 CV , - rat Te , - trig "V .Many times the letter E is addedat the b - - - - of the verb.

beginning

311 - In the following frames youwill find sentences written in thepresent tense. Change the verbs tothe aorist tense.

r 0 "V' -,0 t A C., .00/4 woo-bToe 4.014 )7, o le

E A )7 .( .cr.(

312 - 0,-,Toy faitiwoo-e Si Acis.

To -vv0,0 1/00V

ZoSi A lords.313 - c., ,,

To-e (94 9/0-se 0, A e 7 . rale.. '0/4 )2/2,0 -,0eld /A *see -v.

314 - c,_T07' ci.4 *fi 0 -y 01 A 0 ;;/.4 E le.

ra v 7.0,04 v,tro "Po'* . A ,

315 - ci,..,Terbe (44477/90-pe 0,Aeire. T'o -v "OA, pm-se -1/

36'10 / A CI 0--.1 re.316 - . ve.,

TO " 0 V i t 4 * t a w , ' 0/ A a 1.0 er I, eTo?) "V "(:),.4 woo -51

1116 ; A tra -v .317 - 40

roes &o'er X.1 r/c) CU 4.7-c:idy Brous

E)4.7 r/tz* c u trett .318 -rOur i9CouS A1171)CLEIS, To u s:, ".9CoZos

sk) o .1 Tr a c ta rst S.

319 ,,,. . kTou s Brous A1T/OC Li EI .

TO to c eice 's'X:. ree td(re"le.

320 -ro t)s (96 oZd s A4 7-12 c cr o44 c -I .

Tour tfe o vsE A eil r/oc u ojd C "Y.

186189

321 -rous &eve A.ITfiecr ere .

rou s OceuskNet rioc id era re .

322-,Sous. ...

rows Aarficuouri-e. re:/c 19eoLsarx:irjegur,ei_e.323 - 41,*

1-01/ A s d 9 -v p I re:4J . et "V,.. "Ai do,'94 I e; o-d

rp-se., `A-1 0P7-eEi.di0-?2(ds.

TCrie "A 4 d )7 -,e17/47 o-,7 re -,,.

7010 `1#4 s dirse1/4 ) - 9 cid," E le.

324 -d

"TO-le 11-so /tile-CIS .

325 -TO-10 'A Id pre m ' ,rt.'''.

326 ,-reete ciA i di)", 0/4 i dr c 0 ZIA4 VI/ .

327rO-v "A ' Sorg idia-e7re .

rZsE y "As dry"''tr.-0 e-or TE .

328 -To "A se/1-v A i ire wray.

reer "A tdAyvk , tr rule.

329 - Give the meaning in Englishof the following pattern:

Tiro/ 771:7'A/,' 4- ;IS; 1)7raI liked the city.

330 7j2.". Ire Ai -we i gi ;01)7 ru s .

You liked the city.

331 7$1. 77; Ns-10 IFS % Adr-e-e.He (she or it) likedthe city.

332 - .rrr-v 1TO Xs -1/ l' fili / A )5 draft c -v.We liked the city.

333 - ,7-,;--te rre XI -,, ip s1 A cra re You liked the city.

334 - , , al 0T9y Me 141-)1 Coi/A9 (rd -v.

They liked the city.

335 - In this unit we have studiedthe following things:

a. Greek mythology and itsimportance and influence.

b. The forms and chief use of thegenitive case.

c. The forms and meaning of theaorist tense.

18 1

190

d. New quotations about Greekgods and heroes.

e. The following derivatives:mythological, Homeric,necrology, anthropomorphic,Olympian, necromancy,theology, heliolatry, heliotrope,heliograph, patriarchal,matriarchal.

186191