Do NowTrue or False? Correct the false

statements. The first cloned animal was a tadpole. You inherit more from your father if you are a

boy. Identical twins do NOT have the same DNA. All humans share 75% of their DNA.

Objectives

SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotideSWBAT label the different parts of a DNA

molecule.

DNA

DNA stands for: Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA is located: In the nucleus of cells

The function of DNA is to: Tells the cells how to produce things that make

you up (Blueprint)

DNA StructureNucleotide is made of:

5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate Group Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine,

thymine)

Nitrogen Bases

DNA Structure

DNA StructureDNA often is compared

to a twisted ladder.Rails of the ladder are

represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate.

The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps.

Base Pairs- Rungs of the ladder

-2 Strands of DNA form a helix

Orientation of DNA- Anti Parallel

On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′.

The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′.

Do Now (#1 and 6 refer to the ends of DNA)

Objectives

1. SWBAT identify the parts of a nucleotide

2. SWBAT create their own strand of DNA using template sugar, phosphate, and bases.

Lab

PICK UP: One sequence per group One packet per group 2 question worksheets

HANDING IN: 1 DNA diagram 2 Sets of questions.

A good way to study

http://www.dnai.org/timeline/index.html

Do Now

Where is DNA located?

What is the role of DNA in the cell?

Objectives

1. SWBAT read and understand the discovery of DNA by several scientists.

2. SWBAT understand how viruses replicate and be able to apply this knowledge to a problem.

When was DNA discovered?

We are going to study the scientists who helped to discover DNA.

We are going to take turns reading around the room and taking notes.

Bacterial Transformation

Why do we care about bacterial transformation?

Genetic Research

Antibiotic Resistance

1928 Fred Griffith -

Studied two strains of bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae

Worked with two strains of bacteria: Rough Strain and Smooth Strain

S strain causes pneumonia and the R strain does not

Griffith Cont.

S strain:

Heat killed S strain:

R Strain:

Heat killed S strain + R Strain:

1928 Fred Griffith -

Discovered that something from the heat killed wild type (smooth) bacteria was turning the mutant (rough) type bacteria into smooth.

Called it the transforming factorDidn’t really know what it was

Let’s Talk a little about DNA.

Do now period 6

What is DNA?Where is DNA found?What do scientists know about our DNA?How do we apply this DNA technology?

Objectives

SWBAT list and identity the characteristics of viruses

SWBAT label a diagram of the life cycle of a virus

SWBAT explain Hershey and Chases experiment and it’s importance to the discovery of DNA

Avery

Identified the molecule that transformed the R strain of bacteria into the S strain

Concluded that when the S cells were killed, DNA was released

R bacteria incorporated this DNA into their cells and changed into S cells.

Many people did not believe that it was DNA, not protein that transformed genes

Viruses- Six Characteristics of Viruses

1. Have their own genome (genetic make up) made of either DNA or RNA

2. Does not have enzymes, ribosomes, or ATP

3. Have external protein shells (capsids)

Viruses- Six Characteristics of Viruses

4. Infect only specific cells5. 2 life cycles (lytic and lysogenic)

Lytic – breaks out and spreads Lysogenic- hangs around

6. Smaller than bacteria

When a virus attacks a cell…

Let’s try to put these in order….

Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle

Hershey and Chase

Used radioactive labeling to trace the DNA and protein

Concluded that the viral DNA was injected into the cell and provided the genetic information needed to produce new viruses

Hershey and ChaseRadioactive Labeling:

Used radioactive phosphorus (32P) to identify DNA in the bacteriophages

Used radioactive sulfer (35S) to identify proteins in the bacteriophages

Hershey and Chase

Tracking DNARadioactive bacteriophages infected

bacteria cellsAfter review results found radioactive

sulfur outside of bacteria cells and radioactive phosphorus inside bacteria cells

Hershey and Chase

Do Now

1. What is a virus?

2. Why is a virus NOT considered a living thing?

3. What are the two types of life cycles of viruses? Briefly describe each.

Do Now – Period 8

1. Briefly describe Griffith’s experiment

2. What did he conclude?

Molecular GeneticsChapter 12

DNA Structure

Levene discovered that DNA is made of nucleotides

DNA StructureNucleotide is made of:

5 carbon sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate Group Nitrogen base (adenine, cytosine, guanine,

thymine)

Nitrogen Bases

DNA Structure

Do Now

1. Briefly describe hershey and chase’s experiment.

What did they conclude?

Do Now

1. Find the complementary sequence of DNA:ATCGGATATAGC

2. What bonds form between the sides of DNA?

3. What type of sugar is in DNA?

4. What does 3’ mean?

DNA StructureDNA often is compared

to a twisted ladder.Rails of the ladder are

represented by the alternating deoxyribose and phosphate.

The pairs of bases (cytosine–guanine or thymine–adenine) form the steps.

Label the parts of the DNA molecule

Base Pairs- Rungs of the ladder

-2 Strands of DNA form a helix

Orientation of DNA- Anti Parallel

On the top rail, the strand is said to be oriented 5′ to 3′.

The strand on the bottom runs in the opposite direction and is oriented 3′ to 5′.

Do Now (#1 and 6 refer to the ends of DNA)

Do Now – Hershey and Chase Experiment

What did radioactive phosphorous indicate?

What did radioactive sulfur indicate?What was the conclusion of this

experiment?

Objectives

SWBAT explain what Chargaff, Franklin, and Watson/Crick discovered.

SWBAT create a timeline of the scientists that discovered DNA.

SWBAT label parts of the DNA moleculeSWBAT describe how a chromosome

coils.

Erwin Chargaff

Chargaff’s rule: C = G and T = A

Rosiland Franklin

X-ray Diffraction use of photo 51

X-ray diffraction data helped solve the structure of DNA

Indicated that DNA was a double helix

X-Ray Crystallography

Watson and Crick Built a model of the double helix that

conformed to the others’ research two outside strands consist of alternating

sugar and phosphate molecules cytosine and guanine bases pair to each other

by three hydrogen bonds thymine and adenine bases pair to each

other by two hydrogen bonds

THINK-PAIR-SHARE

Create a timeline of all the scientists and what they discovered.

Chromosome StructureDNA coils around histones (proteins) to

form nucleosomes, This coils to form chromatin fibers.The chromatin fibers supercoil to form

chromosomes that are visible in the metaphase stage of mitosis.

Do Now

How do you think your DNA gets in every cell of your body? Explain.

Objectives

SWBAT define semiconservative replication, helicase, ligase, DNA polymerase, and replication.

SWBAT explain how DNA ReplicatesSWBAT extract DNA out of a strawberry.

Semiconservative Replication Parental strands of DNA separate Each strand serve as template DNA molecules produced have one strand

of parental DNA and one daughter strand

Steps to DNA Replication1. Unwinding

DNA helicase (enzyme) unwinds and unzips the DNA – breaking the hydrogen bonds between the strands

RNA primase adds a short segment of RNA, called an RNA primer, on each DNA strand.

Steps to DNA Replication2. Base PairingDNA polymerase (enzyme) adds

complementary nucleotides to parent DNA strand

Only adds to 3’ end of new DNA strand

2. Base Pairing (cont.)

Two daughter strands of DNA are made differently Leading Strand- Built continuously with out

breaks Lagging Strand- makes several small

fragments of DNA Built discontinuously Pieces are called Okazaki Fragments Fragments are connected by DNA Ligase

DNA Replication

Steps to DNA Replication3. Joining

DNA Polymerase removes RNA Primer and fills it in place with DNA nucleotides

DNA ligase links two sections

Do Now

What is DNA replication?

Why is it called semiconservative?

What is DNA helicase?

Do NowLabel the DNA Replication Diagram

Do Now

Label the DNA strands.

Animations of DNA Replication

http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/molgenetics/dna-rna2.swf

http://www.johnkyrk.com/DNAreplication.htmlhttp://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/teachin

g/genetics/animations/dna_replication.htm

Let’s Practice

Do Now – period 3Let’s practice making an exact copy!

Comparing DNA Replication in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA unwinds in multiple areas as DNA is replicated.

In prokaryotes, the circular DNA strand is opened at one origin of replication.

Do Now

Write down the steps of DNA replication.

Do Now – label A, T, C, G