DoDo all all Hispanics Eat Hispanics Eat

TacosTacos??

Similarities and Similarities and differences among differences among Hispanic culturesHispanic cultures

By Mercedes Muñiz-Peredo

ObjectivesObjectives

• Understand that:Understand that:– Hispanic and Latino = umbrella wordsHispanic and Latino = umbrella words– Cover an incredibly rich and colorful Cover an incredibly rich and colorful

collection of cultures and traditionscollection of cultures and traditions– From Spain, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, From Spain, Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba,

Colombia, Argentina, etc…Colombia, Argentina, etc…– These cultures have a lot in common… These cultures have a lot in common…

but….but….– They can be quite different and They can be quite different and

uniqueunique

First Things FirstFirst Things FirstRace vs EthnicityRace vs Ethnicity

• Ethnicity is cultural– Membership with a group of people who share similar

customs and traditions

• Race is biological and anthropological– The ethnicity that you identify yourself with can

change over the course of your life, but your racial composition cannot be altered

Latino and Hispanic define an ethnicity, not race

Difference betweenDifference betweenLatino and HispanicLatino and Hispanic

• LatinoLatino

term related to the languages term related to the languages that developed from Latin or to that developed from Latin or to the peoples that speak them the peoples that speak them

– Spanish, French, Italian, etcSpanish, French, Italian, etc

• A member of any of the Latin A member of any of the Latin peoples, or those speaking peoples, or those speaking chiefly Romance languages; a chiefly Romance languages; a native of Latin Americanative of Latin America

• HispanicHispanic

term describes cultures or term describes cultures or countries that were once under countries that were once under Spanish ruleSpanish rule

• Mexico, Central America, and Mexico, Central America, and most of South America -- most of South America -- where Spanish is the primary where Spanish is the primary languagelanguage

Brazilians are considered to be Latino, but are not considered to

be Hispanic.

Who is a HispanicWho is a Hispanicaccording to the U.S. Government?according to the U.S. Government?

“ “The term The term HispanicHispanic was was introduced as a new category introduced as a new category in the 1980 in the 1980 federal censusfederal census to to identify Latinos who trace identify Latinos who trace their origins to countries that their origins to countries that speak Spanish and uses the speak Spanish and uses the term to describe any person, term to describe any person, regardless of race, creed, or regardless of race, creed, or color” color”

All Hispanics are Latinos, but not all Latinos are considered to be Hispanic

53%

13%

34%Do not have apreference Prefer the term"Latino"Prefer the term"Hispanic"

How do Hispanics/Latinos Call Themselves?

¿Hispanic or Latino?

*Pew Hispanic Survey, 2002

Current Key Numbersabout Hispanics in the U.S.

• Over the last census period the Hispanic population grew 57%, vs. 13% for the general population– 1/2 the population growth in the US has been

Latino

• There are 52 million Hispanics in this country

• In TX, CA, NM, the non-Hispanic white population is less than 50%

• U.S. Census Bureau, Public Information Office• Geoscape International, American Marketscape DataStream: 2005

Latino Diversity

U.S. Census Bureau(American Community Survey, Released August 2006)

Mexican 63.9%Puerto Rican 9.0%Cuban 3.5%Salvadoran 2.9%Dominican 2.7%Guatemalan 1.7%Colombian 1.8%ALL OTHERS 14.3%

SomeSomeHispanic SubgroupsHispanic Subgroups

• Spanish Spanish

• Mexican AmericansMexican Americans

• Puerto RicansPuerto Ricans

• Cuban AmericansCuban Americans

SpainSpain• The history of Spain is a compendium of The history of Spain is a compendium of

influences from the different cultures that have influences from the different cultures that have lived in the countrylived in the country– First settlers were the Celts and the First settlers were the Celts and the IberiansIberians

– Later, the presence of the Romans lasted for seven centuries, Later, the presence of the Romans lasted for seven centuries,

• Institutions inherited from Rome included Latin as a Institutions inherited from Rome included Latin as a language, religion and lawlanguage, religion and law

– Then came the Visigoths and SwabiansThen came the Visigoths and Swabians

– Later, Spain was invaded by the Arabs, and stayed there for Later, Spain was invaded by the Arabs, and stayed there for almost 7 centuries, until they were expelledalmost 7 centuries, until they were expelled

– In 1492, Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain marked the beginning of In 1492, Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain marked the beginning of the golden era of Spainthe golden era of Spain

– 1931 Spain becomes a republic - the end of the monarchy. 1931 Spain becomes a republic - the end of the monarchy. Today they are a constitutional monarchyToday they are a constitutional monarchy

In Case You Did Not KnowIn Case You Did Not Know• Words of Spanish origin have entered many European Words of Spanish origin have entered many European

languageslanguages• Many English words beginning with "al" were originally Many English words beginning with "al" were originally

Arabic, and many may have had a Spanish-language Arabic, and many may have had a Spanish-language connection in becoming Englishconnection in becoming English

• alcove (from Spanish alcoba, orig. Arabic al-qubba)

• alfalfa (originally Arabic al-fasfasah. )

• alligator (from el lagarto, "the lizard")

• armadillo (literally, "the little armed one")

• booby (from bobo, meaning "silly" or "selfish")

• bronco (means "wild" or "rough" in Spanish)

• buckaroo (possibly from vaquero, "cowboy")

• canary (Old Spanish canario entered English by way of French canarie)

• canyon (from cañon) • cargo (from cargar, "to load")• cigar, cigarette (from cigarro)• embargo (from embargar, to

bar)• matador (literally, "killer")• mesa (from "table”) • Mosquito• mustang (from mestengo,

"stray")

• negro (comes from the Spanish or Portuguese word for the color black)

• patio (In Spanish, the word refers to a courtyard.) pinto (Spanish for "spotted" or "painted")

• tornado (from tronada, thunderstorm)

• savvy (from sabe, a form of the verb saber, "to know")

• vigilante (from adjective for "vigilant")

…….AND MANY MORE

MexicoMexico Mexican culture reflects Mexico’s history through the blending of Mexican culture reflects Mexico’s history through the blending of

pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican civilizations and the culture of Spainpre-Hispanic Mesoamerican civilizations and the culture of Spain– Moctezuma II is the last Aztec emperor defeated by CortesMoctezuma II is the last Aztec emperor defeated by Cortes– Native conversion to Catholicism – Native conversion to Catholicism – Our Lady of Guadalupe apparitionsOur Lady of Guadalupe apparitions

– 1810 War of Independence starts and ends in 18211810 War of Independence starts and ends in 1821– 1846-1848 Mexican American War – Mexico cedes half of its 1846-1848 Mexican American War – Mexico cedes half of its

territory to the U.S. territory to the U.S. – 1862 Cinco de mayo – Mexicans defeat invading French army1862 Cinco de mayo – Mexicans defeat invading French army

• 1863 - French army captured Mexico City and Archduke Maximilian of Austria 1863 - French army captured Mexico City and Archduke Maximilian of Austria is proclaimed Emperor of Mexico is proclaimed Emperor of Mexico

– 1877-1911 Porfirio Diáz dictator of Mexico1877-1911 Porfirio Diáz dictator of Mexico– 1910-1920 Mexican Revolution - 1910-1920 Mexican Revolution - Madero, Huerta, Carranza, Villa and ZapataMadero, Huerta, Carranza, Villa and Zapata

– ““Cristero War” Catholics vs Mexican GovernmentCristero War” Catholics vs Mexican Government– Mexico still struggles to find its true identityMexico still struggles to find its true identity

In Case You Did Not KnowIn Case You Did Not Know• Words of Aztec origin have entered many European Words of Aztec origin have entered many European

languages (mainly via Spanish)languages (mainly via Spanish)• Most words of Nahuatl origin end in a form of the Nahuatl -Most words of Nahuatl origin end in a form of the Nahuatl -

tl, -tli, or -li, or the Spanish adaptation -tetl, -tli, or -li, or the Spanish adaptation -te

• Avocado - from āhuacatl, "avocado“

• Chia from chiyan• Chili from chīlli• Chocolate - said to be from

Nahuatl xocolātl,derived from xococ "bitter" and ātl "water”

• Coyote from coyōtl• Guacamole – from from āhuaca-,

"avocado", and mōlli, "sauce"

• Mesquite -- from mizquitl

• Quetzal from quetzalli, "quetzal feather“

• Shack possibly from xacalli, "grass hut", by way of Mexican Spanish

• Tamale from tamalli

• Tomato from tomatl

Puerto RicoPuerto Rico• The island of Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory, not a The island of Puerto Rico is a U.S. territory, not a

countrycountry– In 1493 Columbus reached the island, calling it San Juan Bautista In 1493 Columbus reached the island, calling it San Juan Bautista

– In 1508, Juan Ponce de León formed the first permanent colony In 1508, Juan Ponce de León formed the first permanent colony there there

– 1595 Queen Elizabeth sent Drake and John Hawkins to take 1595 Queen Elizabeth sent Drake and John Hawkins to take Puerto Rico Puerto Rico

– In 1898 Autonomy was given to Puerto Rico by Spain, the Spanish-In 1898 Autonomy was given to Puerto Rico by Spain, the Spanish-American War broke out, and the U.S. gained Puerto RicoAmerican War broke out, and the U.S. gained Puerto Rico

– In 1900, the U.S. declared Puerto Rico an unconsolidated U.S. In 1900, the U.S. declared Puerto Rico an unconsolidated U.S. territoryterritory

– In 1917, Woodrow Wilson granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenshipIn 1917, Woodrow Wilson granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship

– In 1952, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is proclaimedIn 1952, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is proclaimed

CubaCuba• The story of Cuba’s struggle for liberation from 400 years The story of Cuba’s struggle for liberation from 400 years

of Spanish domination is one of the great epics in history.of Spanish domination is one of the great epics in history.– 1492. Cristóbal Colón lands in Cuba, claims island for Spain1492. Cristóbal Colón lands in Cuba, claims island for Spain

– Most of the indians (Ciboneys and Taíno Arawaks) that inhabit the island are Most of the indians (Ciboneys and Taíno Arawaks) that inhabit the island are wiped out, and Cuba remains under Spanish rule for the next four centurieswiped out, and Cuba remains under Spanish rule for the next four centuries

– The rise of sugar plantations lead to the import of slaves from Africa until 1886The rise of sugar plantations lead to the import of slaves from Africa until 1886

– The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor causes the US to declare war The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor causes the US to declare war on Spain. Spain is defeated and gives up all claims to Cuba, and cedes it to the on Spain. Spain is defeated and gives up all claims to Cuba, and cedes it to the USAUSA

– Castro over throws Batista and becomes prime minister, with his brother, Raul, Castro over throws Batista and becomes prime minister, with his brother, Raul, and Ernesto Che Guevaraand Ernesto Che Guevara

• All US businesses in Cuba are nationalized without compensation. The US brakes off diplomatic All US businesses in Cuba are nationalized without compensation. The US brakes off diplomatic relationsrelations

– 1961 Castro announces that Cuba has become a communist state and begins to 1961 Castro announces that Cuba has become a communist state and begins to ally it with the USSRally it with the USSR

In Case You Did Not KnowIn Case You Did Not Know• Words of Caribbean origin have entered many European Words of Caribbean origin have entered many European

languages (mainly via Spanish)languages (mainly via Spanish)

• hammock (from amaca, a Caribbean word)

• barbecue (from barbacoa, a word of Caribbean origin)

• canoe (the word was originally Caribbean)

• hurricane (from huracán, originally an indigenous Caribbean word)

• iguana (originally from Arawak and Carib iwana)

• manatee (from manatí, originally from Carib)

• potato (from batata, a word of Caribbean origin)

• tobacco (from tabaco, a word possibly of Caribbean origin)

• yucca (from yuca, originally a Caribbean word)

General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics of Hispanics of Hispanics

Family OrientedFamily OrientedBien/Mal EducadoBien/Mal EducadoSimpatíaSimpatíaRespetoRespetoReligionReligion

EducationEducationLanguageLanguagePersonal SpacePersonal SpaceTime OrientationTime OrientationFiestas & celebrationsFiestas & celebrations

Fiestas & FestivitiesFiestas & Festivities

• Latino holidays have three main originsoCultureoHistoryoReligion

Renew ties with Family and Friends

Fall CelebrationsFall CelebrationsNational Hispanic Heritage Month National Hispanic Heritage Month 9/169/16

Nuestra Señora de la Caridad del Cobre Nuestra Señora de la Caridad del Cobre 9/8 Cuba9/8 Cuba

Nuestra Señora de la Divina Providencia Nuestra Señora de la Divina Providencia 11/19 Pto Rico11/19 Pto Rico

Día de la Raza – Columbus Day Día de la Raza – Columbus Day 10/1210/12

Día de los Muertos Día de los Muertos 11/2 Mexico11/2 Mexico

Winter CelebrationsWinter CelebrationsFeast of Our Lady of Guadalupe Feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe 12/12 Latin America12/12 Latin America

Las Posadas & Pastorelas -- enactment of Las Posadas & Pastorelas -- enactment of Mary and Joseph’s search for shelter in Mary and Joseph’s search for shelter in Bethlehem Bethlehem December - December - MexicoMexico

Pesebre, Novena Pesebre, Novena ColombiaColombia

Parrandas, Aguinaldos Parrandas, Aguinaldos CaribbeanCaribbean

Pase del Niño Viajero, Aguinaldo Pase del Niño Viajero, Aguinaldo EcuadorEcuador

La Quema del Diablo La Quema del Diablo Guatemala Guatemala

Dia de Reyes/EpiphanyDia de Reyes/Epiphany1/6 Spain and others1/6 Spain and others

Spring CelebrationsSpring CelebrationsCalle Ocho / Carnaval Calle Ocho / Carnaval Cuban AmericansCuban Americans

Semana Santa / Pascua Semana Santa / Pascua (Holy Week / Easter)(Holy Week / Easter)

Cinco de Mayo Cinco de Mayo 5/5 Mexican Americans5/5 Mexican Americans

Dia de las Madres Dia de las Madres (Mother’s Day)(Mother’s Day)

Summer CelebrationsSummer CelebrationsFeast of San Juan BautistaFeast of San Juan Bautista 6/24 Puerto Rico 6/24 Puerto Rico

National Puerto Rican Day Parade National Puerto Rican Day Parade New YorkNew York

IndependenciaIndependencia de Colombia de Colombia 6/206/20

Hispanics Are Part of the New American Mainstream…

Teaching in a Culturally Diverse ClassroomTeaching in a Culturally Diverse Classroom• Learn about students’ cultures.Learn about students’ cultures. Use this information to help students link new info to what they already knowUse this information to help students link new info to what they already know

• Get to know students as individuals.Get to know students as individuals. The more you know about your students the better you will be able to tailor their The more you know about your students the better you will be able to tailor their

learning.learning.

• Teach the “why”.Teach the “why”. Students want to know why they are learning anything new. That is even more Students want to know why they are learning anything new. That is even more

important for students who may be unfamiliar with U.S. culture.important for students who may be unfamiliar with U.S. culture.

• Provide frequent, short reviews and Provide frequent, short reviews and previews.previews.

Before moving on to a new subject, give students an idea of what is coming.Before moving on to a new subject, give students an idea of what is coming.

• Get involved in your community!Get involved in your community! Know and understand your students.Know and understand your students.