DoAirQualityPoliciesandIndividualA5tudesMeet?FourEuropeanMetropolitanAreasforaCompara>veExplora>onViAorioSergi(UniversityofUrbino)PaoloGiardullo(UniversityofPadova)

YuriKazepov(UniversityofVienna)ISAFORUM2016–VIENNAThefutureswewant:GlobalSociologyandthestrugglesforabeAerworld

Table of content

1. Airpollu+onisagrowingconcernforEUci+zens

2.  Ourpilotstudyisbasedonfourmetropolitan

areasover9200CAWIrespondentsand38expertsinfourcountries

3. Airqualitypoliciesimplementa+onappearstobelimitedbydoubledelega+onandasymmetries

4. DatashowmismatchbetweenpoliciesandindividualaKtudes

Poland2015

Italy2016

2014

BE IT AT SE PL UK DE

1 AIRPOLLUTION

AIRPOLLUTION

AIRPOLLUTION

WATERPOLLUTION

AIRPOLLUTION

GROWINGWASTE

WATERPOLLUTION

2 WATERPOLLUTION

WATERPOLLUTION

WATERPOLLUTION

CHEMICALSIN

PRODUCTS

GROWINGWASTE

AIRPOLLUTION

CHEMICALSIN

PRODUCTS

3CHEMICALS

INPRODUCTS

CHEMICALSIN

PRODUCTS

GROWINGWASTE

AIRPOLLUTION

WATERPOLLUTION

WATERPOLLUTION

AIRPOLLUTION

4 GROWINGWASTE

GROWINGWASTE

CHEMICALSIN

PRODUCTS

LOSSOFBIODIVERSIT

Y

CHEMICALSIN

PRODUCTS

CHEMICALSIN

PRODUCTS

GROWINGWASTE

5 NATURALRESOURCES

NATURALRESOURCES

NATURALRESOURCES

DRINKINGWATER

SHORTAGE

DRINKINGWATER

SHORTAGE

URBANPROBLEMS

NATURALRESOURCES

Air pollution became a major environmental concern in EU 2004

BE IT AT SE PL UK DE

1 MANMADEDISASTERS

AIRPOLLUTION

CLIMATECHANGE

CLIMATECHANGE

WATERPOLLUTION

AIRPOLLUTION

CLIMATECHANGE

2 WATERPOLLUTION MANMADEDISASTERS

MANMADEDISASTERS

WATERPOLLUTION

AIRPOLLUTION

CHEMICALSIN

PRODUCTION

MANMADEDISASTERS

3 AIRPOLLUTION

CLIMATECHANGE

GENETMOD

ORGANISM

NATURALRESOURCES

GROWINGWASTE

GROWINGWASTE

WATERPOLLUTION

4 CLIMATECHANGE WATERPOLLUTION

WATERPOLLUTION

AIRPOLLUTION

MANMADEDISASTERS

WATERPOLLUTION

NATURALDISASTERS

5 CHEMICALSINPRODUCTION

NATURALDISASTERS

NATURALDISASTERS

MANMADEDISASTERS

CHEMICALSIN

PRODUCTION

CLIMATECHANGE

CHEMICALSIN

PRODUCTION

Source: Eurobarometer surveys 2011 and 2014

Trend for air pollution concern according to Eurobarometer ten years coverage for Belgium, Italy, Poland and Sweden (Percentage values of answers, n=16079)

Source: own calculation on EB waves 62.1, 68.2, 75.2, 81.3

Air pollution is a growing concern for EU citizens

Comparison between resonance metrics across time on Facebook (average values)

Source: Own calculation on Google News and Netvizz

17,36

16,51

13,57

16,91

0

5

10

15

20

2004 2007 2011 2014

Research questions

• Howaretherela+onshipsbetweenairpollu+onpoliciesandindividualbehaviourconfigured?

• Whataretheinterveningfactorsexplainingcross-na+onaldifferences?

Case description:Environmental Performance Index

Researchtookintoconsidera+onfourEUmembersstatestobecompared:Belgium,Italy,Poland,Sweden

EPI2

Population weighted exposure to PM2.5 (three- year average)

EPI1

Proportion of the population whose exposure is above WHO thresholds (10, 15, 25, 35 micrograms/m3)

65.47

96.4

42.09

72.29

100

71.89

82.1

45.32

100overtheEPIscaleisthebestscorewhile0

markstheworstpollu>on

Compara>veresearch,mixedmethodsresearchdesign

CAWItechnique(computer-assistedwebinterviewing)9.200ques+onnairesadministeredin4EUcountries38semi-structuredinterviewstopolicymakersandexperts

Compara+vedimensionofpolicies:•  Individualcost•  Costdistribu>on(Equity/Fairness)•  Habits(Ea>ngandmobility)

Antwerp

Malmo

Milan

Warsaw

Case description: the regions and metropolitan areas

Region City Inhabitants

PM2.5yearlyaveragevalue

ProvinceofAntwerp

Antwerp 502.604 20μg/m3

Skane Malmö 315.076 8μg/m3Lombardy Milan 1.322.750 33μg/m3Mazovia Warsaw 1.726.581 26μg/m3

Metropolitan areas studied on a NO2 pollution map of Europe (Envisat 2004)

The scenario: Air quality policies implementation in the EU

Thedoubledelega+ongeneratesavarietyintheimplementedsolu>onsamongEUmembersstates,andevenbetweentheregionsandci+esofeachcountry.22documentand431policymeasuresstudiedinfour

countries

CentralEUleveldelegatetomemberstatestheimplementa+onofpolicyinterven+ons;na+onalgovernmentsdelegatestoregionoreventoci+estheresponsabilitytosetupairqualityplans

Institutional representation of citizens’ attitudes

Ins>tu>onssay:

Thosecompanycars,thatisobviouslythebiggestabsurdity.Abolishthem.Ofcourse,theministerofenvironmentdoesn’thavemuchtosayaboutthis.ButIknowsuchpeople:theyjustjumpintheircar,itdoesn’tcostthemanything.BE_10,Male,RegionalPublicServant

BecausewesBllfacedifficulBestoputthingsontheagenda,ortoaskpeopletochangetheirbehaviour.Youalsoaskpeople:changeyourbehaviour,leaveyourcarathome,butthisstepisnotbeingtaken.[…]Yes,theidea‘menot’,theothershaveto…Thathasstayed,IthinkthisisthecasewithalargepartofenvironmentalpoliciesBE_03,Female,RegionalPolicymaker

Well,Idonotthinkpeopleingeneralunderstandthereasons…orenvironmentalthings,so…ButIthinkit’sagoodideatodoitbutIthinkitisahardthingtodobecausetheinterestorunderstandingisnotsohigh.SE_09male,Malmö,policymaker

Peopledonotalwaysaccept,becauseofthecosts.Everythingisexpensiveanditisalsoacosttothesociety.ChangingheaBngmethodsusuallyentailsusingmoreexpensivefuels.AndsoeducaBonisakeytosuccesshere.Butpeoplenotalwaysandnoteverywhereareawareofhowimportantairqualityistotheirownhealth.PL01,Female,Na+onalPolicyMaker

Mismatch between experts and citizens perception

Comparison between perception data (n=16001) and recorded emission of PM10 per source (normalised data)

Elaborated from SEFIRA, 2015 CAWI-Survey and PM10 Source Apportionment IIASA TSAP report #12, 200

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Agricult

ure

Industry

Transpo

rta;o

n

Dome

s;ch

ea;n

g

Othe

r

Agricult

ure

Industry

Transpo

rta;o

n

Dome

s;ch

ea;n

g

Othe

r

Agricult

ure

Industry

Transpo

rta;o

n

Dome

s;ch

ea;n

g

Othe

r

Agricult

ure

Industry

Transpo

rta;o

n

Dome

s;ch

ea;n

g

Othe

r

Belgium Italy Poland Sweden

Percep;on Realworldmonitored

Differencesbetweenpercep>onofthetransporta>onimpactmayhighlight

differentcar-usecultures Despiterealmonitoringdata,industrys>llrepresentsthemostpollu>ng

ac>vityinwidespreadsocialrepresenta>ons

Habits have more impact on attitudes than costs - Regions WhichaAributesdidyoutakeintoaccountinthechoiceexerciseyouhavejustcompleted?

0,00

15,00

30,00

45,00

60,00

Abitudini Costi individuali Distribuzione costi

Provincia di Anversa (n=162) Lombardia (n=162) Masovia (n=189)

Svezia meridionale (n=199) Totale quattro casi (n=712)

Distribu>onofcostsscoreslowintheProvinceofAntwerpandinLombardy.ConverselytheSwedeshaveahigherconsidera+onforcost.IndividualcostsaremoreimportantforeveryonebutespeciallytheresidentsofLombardyconsiderthatakribute.

Total

Lombardy (n=162) Province of Antwerp (n=162) Masovia (n=189)

Southern Sweden (n=199)

Eating and mobility habits Individual costs Distribution of costs

Habits have more impact on attitudes than costs - Cities WhichaAributesdidyoutakeintoaccountinthechoiceexerciseyouhavejustcompleted?

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Abitudini Costi individuali Distribuzione costi

Arr. Anversa (n=120) Prov. Milano (n=68) Agglomerato di Varsavia (n=125) Contea della Scania (n=167) Totale quattro casi

Eating and mobility habits Individual costs Distribution of costs

Antwerp (n=120) Milan (n=68) Warsaw (n=125) Skane (n=167) Total

Thetrendrecordedforthethreeakributesisprekymuchthesame.Alsointhiscase,habitsakributeisthemostconsidered.Distribu>onofcostsdeclinessensiblyaswellastheakributeoftheindividualcosts.

920 942 969 904

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Belgium Italy Poland Sweden

Male Female

Respondentsconcernedbychangingtheirhabits(mobilityandea>ng)forairqualitypolicies.Splitpercountryandgender(n=7007,X2=8.271p=0.041)

Variables explaining importance of habits

Inthiscasegenderdifferenceappearstoplaynomajorroleinthesensi+vityofrespondentstohabitschange

Gender

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Belgium Italy Poland Sweden

Below15.000 Between15.000and30.000 Between30.000and60.000 Over60.000

Respondentsconcernedbychangingtheirhabits(mobilityandea>ng)forairqualitypolicies.Splitpercountryandincomeclasses.Percentagevalues(n=5906,X2=1004.373p=0.000)

Howthedifferencesbetweenincomeclassesdoinfluencethewillingnesstochangehabits?Betweenthesameincomeclasswhicharethemoreinfluentfactors?Worklifebalanceandplaceofresidencemayberelevant?Timemanagementcanberelevantontravelchoicesorstatusandculturalfactorsaremoreimportant?

Incomeclasses

Variables explaining importance of habits

Conclusions

Sefira scribing exercise – Bruxelles 20 April 2016

Dataanalysis

Dailylifehabitsaremorerelevantthanparametersofcostanditsdistribu+onforpublicacceptabilityofairqualitypoliciesAconsistentmismatchbetweenpolicymakersrepresenta+onandci>zensaKtudesisemergingfromourdataDailylifehabitsareagoodproxyfordisclosingfactorsthatinfluenceaKtudesandtoes+matetheacceptabilityofpolicies

MethodologicalProposal

Inquiringaboutrealis>cpoliciesmaycomplementenvironmentalaKtudesscalesandmaycon+butetoreducesocialdesirabilityeffects