dna the history and structure of dna. what does the dna of all these organisms have in common? they...
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![Page 1: DNA The History and Structure of DNA. What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common? They all share a universal genetic code](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062409/5697c0271a28abf838cd62b3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
DNADNAThe History and Structure of DNA
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What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common?
They all share a universal genetic code.
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History of Heredity
Why am I so gorgeous?
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Gregor Mendel
Gregor Mendel determined that traits were passed from generation to generation.
But, I haven’tfigured out
how thishappens
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Frederick Griffith
Griffith was working on a vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniaeHe worked with 2 strains of the bacteria:A disease causing a strain
which grew in smooth colonies
A harmless grain that grew in rough colonies
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Frederick Griffith
He added these bacteria strains, some dead and some living, to lab rats.
These are his results:
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Frederick Griffith
Live R+ dead S
Bacteria
Live Smooth Bacteria
Live Rough Bacteria
Dead Smooth Bacteria
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Griffith Proved:That somehow the dead bacteria have passed their disease-causing substanct to the harmless, living bacteria. We now know this as “transformation”.
Griffith discovered that transformation could transform harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria
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DNA
This substance was later determined to be DNA!
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Erwin Chargaff
Chargoff discovered that DNA has the same amount of adenosine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine. A = T and G = C
A AA AA A
AT
T
T
T TT
T
CCC G G
G
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Rosalind Franklin &Maurice Wilkins
Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix.
Rosalind Franklin
Diffraction X ray DNA
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Watson and CrickWatson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA.
They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Franklin had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously.
Watson and Crick
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TRY THIS!
For each scientist write one word or phrase that describes their contribution to discovering DNA.
Griffith-
Chargaff-
Franklin-
Watson and Crick-
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lipids
lipids
carbohydratescarbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids
ProteinsProteins
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DNA is a Nucleic AcidWhat is a nucleic acid?
Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds.
DNA
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DNA StructureWhat is the monomer for nucleic acids?
What is the structure of this monomer?
phosphatenucleotide
N base
PO4
SugarSugar
PO4
N base
sugarnitrogen base
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A NUCLEOTIDE
H
H2
H H
H3
HH H
H
H
O
O
O
C C
C
N
N
PO
O
O
C
C
C C
C
O
OO
C
C
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
1. Phosphate Group2. 5-Carbon Sugar
(Dexoyribose or Ribose)3. Nitrogen Base
1. Phosphate Group
2. 5-Carbon Sugar(Dexoyribose or Ribose)
3. Nitrogen Base
Nucleotides, too
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NucleotidesThere are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides.
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
CytosinePyrimidines
PurinesA
C
G
T
N base
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Chargaff’s Base Pair RulesAdenine always bonds with thymine.
Adenine (A) to Thymine (T)
Guanine always bonds with Cytosine.
Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C)
The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds
A
CG
T
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C
G
A
A
T
G
Nucleotide
PS
N-b
Pairing DNA NucleotidesWhat is a nucleotide?
Rule
A to
C to
T
G
What is the base pairing rule?What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing?
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3’End
3’End 5’End
5’End
DN
A D
OU
BL
E H
EL
IX
ladder shaped molecule
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Purpose of DNA
Why do we have DNA?
DNA contains our genetic information
Where is it stored?
In the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
In the nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell.
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TRY THIS!
Using the base pairing rules, match up the corresponding bases to this segment of DNA.
DNA left strand: ACTTAGGCGTCA
DNA right strand: ?
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TRY THIS!
Answer:
DNA left strand: ACTTAGGCGTCA
DNA right strand: TGAACCGCAGT