1. dna stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid this chemical substance is present in the nucleus of all...
DESCRIPTION
DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long chain of sub-units The sub-units are called nucleotides Each nucleotide is made up of a sugar called deoxyribose a phosphate group -PO 4 and an organic base DNA molecule 3TRANSCRIPT
1
DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid
This chemical substance is present in the nucleusof all cells in all living organisms
DNA controls all the chemical reactions which take place in cells
The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood,nerve etc) is controlled by DNA
DNA 2
DNA is a very large molecule made up of a long chain of sub-units
The sub-units are called nucleotides
Each nucleotide is made up of
a sugar called deoxyribose
a phosphate group -PO4 and
an organic base
DNA molecule 3
Ribose is a sugar, like glucose, but with only fivecarbon atoms in its molecule
Deoxyribose is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom
Both molecules may be represented by the symbol
Ribose & deoxyribose 4
The four organic bases are
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
The bases 5
The deoxyribose, the phosphate and one of the bases
adenine
deoxyribose
PO4
Combine to form a nucleotide
Nucleotides 6
A molecule of DNA is formed by millions of nucleotides joined together in a long chain
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
sugar-phosphate backbone
+ bases
Joined nucleotides 7
DNA consists of a double strand of nucleotides
The sugar-phosphate chains are on the outsideand the strands are held together by chemical bonds between the bases
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PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
2-stranded DNA 9
The bases always pair up in the same way
Adenine forms a bond with Thymine
and Cytosine bonds with Guanine
Bonding 1 10
Adenine Thymine
Cytosine Guanine
PO4
PO4
PO4
thymine
PO4
PO4
PO4
PO4
adenine
cytosine
PO4
guanine
Bonding 2 11
The paired strands are coiled into a spiral called
A DOUBLE HELIX
13
sugar-phosphatechain
bases
THE DOUBLE HELIX
14
How do we REPLICATE DNA?• DNA double helix unwinds• DNA now single-stranded• New DNA strand forms using
complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G)• Used to prepare DNA for cell division• Whole genome copied/replicated• This is called COMPLIMENTARY PAIRING
DNA unwinds
New DNA strand forms using complementary base pairing (A-T, C-G)
LETS PRACTICE Write the COMPLIMENTARY DNA strand
using the DNA base pairing rule
A C G A T A T C G A A T C G C A
The SEQUENCE of bases in DNA forms the Genetic Code
A group of three bases controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell
The different amino acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced
Genetic code 1 19
Questions to be answered.. How do we get from the bases found in
DNA to amino acids? How do we get from a bunch of amino
acids to proteins?
How do we make proteins from DNA? DNA are the instruction booklet for how
proteins are made DNA must go through two processes :
TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION
Protein Structure Review Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids 20 amino acids are arranged in different
orders to make a variety of proteins Made in the RIBOSOMES (Protein
factories)
DNA
RNA
Protein
MAKING A PROTEIN STEP 1: TRANSCRIPTION
STEP 2: TRANSLATION
1st Process: TRANSCRIPTION Transcription: Making a strand of RNA
STEP ONE: DNA double helix must unwind into two
single strands. DNA double helix will unwind. This is done by the enzyme DNA HELICASE
Transcription Transcription is the first step of gene
expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language.
Step Two: TRANSCRIPTION
Transcription The enzyme RNA polymerase will come
in and begin creating a strand of RNA based on DNA sequence
A U C GOnly difference: A now pairs with U (Uracil) instead of T (Thymine)
DNA vs RNA DNA is double strandedRNA is single stranded
DNA contains ThymineRNA contains Uracil
DNA is used to make RNARNA is used to make a protein
DNA is used in transcriptionRNA is used in translation
LETS PRACTICE Create your RNA strand from this strand
of DNA
A C G A T A T C G A A T C G C A
2nd Process: TranslationTranslation: Building our protein from amino acids
Protein Structure Review Made up of amino acids Polypeptide- string of amino acids 20 amino acids are arranged in different
orders to make a variety of proteins
We will now create this chain of amino acids in TRANSLATION
Translation Every THREE nucleotides in RNA is
called a CODON RNA is then coded into amino acids Each codon codes for one amino acid
For example
Cytosine
Adenine Codes for Valine
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
Adenine (A)
Codes for Alanine
Uracil
Coding 21
This is known as the triplet code
Each triplet codes for a specific amino acid
CGA - CAA - CCA - CCA - GCT - GGG - GAG - CCA -
Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly
Ala Val Gly Gly Arg Pro Leu Gly
The amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence to make part of a protein
Triplet code 22
Ser-Cyst-Val-Gly-Ser-Cyst Ala Val Val-Cyst-Ser-Ala-Ser-Cyst-Gly
Val- Cyst-Ala-Ala-Ser-Gly
This is a small, imaginary protein molecule showing how a sequence of 5 different amino acids could determine the shape and identity of the molecule
Each amino acid (Serine, Cysteine, Valine, Glycine and Alanine) is coded for by a particular triplet of bases
Genetic code 2 20
The proteins build the cell structures
They also make enzymes
The DNA controls which enzymes are made andthe enzymes determine what reactions take place
The structures and reactions in the cell determinewhat sort of a cell it is and what its function is
So DNA exerts its control through the enzymes
DNA and enzymes 23