dna structure mutations & cancer
DESCRIPTION
DNA structure Mutations & Cancer . DNA and RNA . DNA = __________________________ RNA = __________________________ DNA and RNA are called Nucleic acids: Nucleic because: _______________________ Acids: ________________________________. DNA and RNA . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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DNA structureMutations & Cancer
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DNA and RNA
• DNA= __________________________
• RNA= __________________________
• DNA and RNA are called Nucleic acids: Nucleic because: _______________________
Acids: ________________________________
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DNA and RNA
• Proteins break down to ______________• Nucleic acids break down to ______________
• Proteins and nucleic acids are ____________• Amino acids and nucleotides are ___________
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DNA and RNA
• Nucleotides have 3 components:
1. __________________
2. __________________
3. ___________________
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DNA vs. RNA
DNA • Sugar: Deoxyribose
• Bases: ____________________________________________________
RNA • Sugar: Ribose
• Bases: ____________________________________________________________
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Types of bases: purines and pyrimidines
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Types of sugar: Ribose and deoxyribose
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Nucleotides
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Nucleotides
DNA
• dATP• ______• dGTP • ______
• Or dNTP
RNA • ATP • ______• CTP • ______
• Or NTP
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DNA structure
DNA backbone= blue
Composition????
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DNA structure Backbone:__________________________________
Variable region:______________
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DNA Summary
• Sugar: _______________ • Bases: _______________• Backbone: _______________• Variable: _______________
• DNA is double stranded (2 strands) A=T C=G
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DNA vs. RNA
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RNA summary
• Sugar: _______________• Bases: _______________• Backbone: _______________• Variable: _______________
• RNA is single-stranded
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Human genome
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Human genome
• The double stranded DNA is wrapped around special proteins called_______________
• Histones pack together in on multiple levels
• The most packaged form of DNA is called _______________
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Human genome
• Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes: 1. 22 pairs of _______________2. 1 pair of _______________
• Humans are DIPLOID- carry a pair for each chromosome (a maternal chromosome and a paternal one)
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Karyotype
________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Function of DNA
•DNA contains ________ that code for proteins
•But how much of it is actually coding sequences?
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Composition of our genome
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Function of DNA
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Function of DNA
• Sequence of bases is very unique for each gene.
• The bases are read __ at a time
• The sequence codes for a specific protein
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Mutations
•Mutation= ________________________________
•Mutations can be inherited (from parents) or acquired (smoking, sunlight)
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Mutations types:
• 1. substitution (point mutation) : ________________________________
-Transition- purine purine - Pyrimidine pyrimidine
-Transversion- purine pyrimidine - Pyrimidine purine
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Mutation types:
Remember: Purines are A and G Pyrimidines are C U and T
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Mutation types:
• 2. Insertion/ deletions: ___________________________________
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Causes of mutations:
1. Errors in DNA replication (during the S phase)
2. ______________3. X-rays 4. Environmental toxins5. __________________6. Asbestos 7. Mutations can be _____________
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Mutations: Good or bad?
•Mutations are good: Lead to genetic variability, key driver to evolution
•Mutations are bad: Cause many diseases such as CANCER
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Cancer
• Disease that is characterized by uncontrolled excessive cellular proliferation.
•Mainly caused by mutations
• Controlling genes lose their function
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Genes and cancer
___________________• Genes that code for
regular proteins,
• If they are over-activated due to mutation, they become oncogenes
• Oncogenes lead to cancer progression
_____________________• Genes that prevent
cancer progression
• ex: genes for the cell cycle checkpoints
• When they are inactivated due to mutation, cancer will progress