dmrb volume 10 section 4 part 7 - ha 116/05 - nature ...€¦ · may 2005 design manual for roads...

May 2005

DESIGN MANUAL FOR ROADS AND BRIDGES

VOLUME 10 ENVIRONMENTALDESIGN ANDMANAGEMENT

SECTION 4 THE GOOD ROADSGUIDE - NATURECONSERVATION

PART 7

HA 116/05

NATURE CONSERVATION ADVICE INRELATION TO REPTILES AND ROADS

SUMMARY

This Advice Note identifies the impact new and existingroads are likely to have on native reptile populationsand how those impacts can be mitigated.

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HA 116/05

Nature Conservation Advice inRelation to Reptiles and Roads

Summary: This Advice Note identifies the impact new and existing roads are likely to haveon native reptile populations and how those impacts can be mitigated.


THE HIGHWAYS AGENCY

SCOTTISH EXECUTIVE

WELSH ASSEMBLY GOVERNMENTLLYWODRAETH CYNULLIAD CYMRU

THE DEPARTMENT FOR REGIONAL DEVELOPMENTNORTHERN IRELAND

Volume 10 Section 4Part 7 HA 116/05

May 2005

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Amend Page No Signature & Date of Amend Page No Signature & Date ofNo incorporation of No incorporation of

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VOLUME 10 ENVIRONMENTALDESIGN ANDMANAGEMENT

SECTION 4 THE GOOD ROADSGUIDE - NATURECONSERVATION

PART 7

HA 116/05

NATURE CONSERVATION ADVICE INRELATION TO REPTILES AND ROADS

Contents

Chapter

1. Introduction

2. Key Issues

3. Protection Status

4. Background Biology

5. Reptile Habitat

6. Reptile Survey Methods

7. When are Reptile Surveys Necessary?

8. Licensing Considerations and Qualifications

9. Possible Effects on Reptiles

10. Mitigation Measures

11. Contract Implementation

12. Monitoring

13. Enquiries

Annexes

Annex A Review of Legislation and GuidanceAnnex B Design of Reptile-Proof FencingAnnex C Artificial Refuge SpecificationAnnex D Hibernacula DesignAnnex E Desk Study ConsulteesAnnex F Photographic Examples of Principal IssuesAnnex G Decision MatrixAnnex H AcknowledgementsAnnex I Further ReadingAnnex J Glossary


May 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 STATUS AND PROTECTION

All reptile species receive some level of protection under UK law. Two of the six reptile speciesnative to the UK, sand lizard (Lacerata agilis) and smooth snake (Coronella austriaca), receivefull protection. In practice, this level of protection also serves to provide some level ofprotection for their habitats. The sand lizard is endangered in northern Europe in particular andhas a very restricted distribution in England. Smooth snakes have a very restricted distributionin Britain, although the species is widely distributed across much of central and southernEurope and occupies a greater range of habitat types on the continent. Both species areparticularly vulnerable to anthropogenic effects.

The other species native to the UK are: adder (Vipera berus); grass snake (Natrix natrix);common lizard (Lacerta vivipara); and slow-worm (Anguis fragilis). Although more common,these other species are believed to be suffering local declines.

The sand lizard is a Priority Species in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UKBAP) and a SpeciesAction Plan (SAP) for its conservation has been produced. A number of Local BiodiversityAction Plans also include SAPs for reptiles, and the Herpetological Conservation Trust hasproduced a SAP for the smooth snake.

The advice in this document is likely to be helpful to the development and delivery of theHighways Agency, Transport Wales and The Scottish Executive Transport Group in thedevelopment of their respective BAP objectives.

With the exception of sand lizard and smooth snake, which are restricted to very specifichabitat types, reptiles are widespread, often occurring in rural and urban situations, and thuscan be affected by the construction and operation of highways in virtually any location.

1.2 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

New road schemes, road improvements and maintenance operations can affect reptiles bydestroying, degrading or fragmenting habitats. Reptiles require a variety of habitat types atdifferent times of year, as well as at different times of day, for basking, foraging andhibernation. It is also important to remember that the suitability of reptile habitat is not simply afunction of vegetation type, but vegetation structure, substrate type, aspect and micro-topography. Each of these factors therefore need to be considered when assessing the likelyimpacts of roads on reptiles.

Small areas of habitat and specific features can be important to relatively large reptilepopulations, a particular example being communal hibernation sites. The loss of particular,often subtle, habitat features can therefore have disproportionately large effects. In somecases, especially for the more behaviourally complex and wide-ranging species, these most

MAY 2005

PART 7 HA 116/05

important habitat features can also be important to successive generations, and involve themundertaking regular seasonal movements, sometimes using well-established route-ways.

In certain circumstances, road traffic may directly cause reptile mortality. Reptiles occur onroad verges throughout the UK, and therefore routine maintenance works on the soft estatecan also have significant effects upon them.

1.3 SCOPE OF THE ADVICE

This Advice Note provides details of the effects of roads on reptiles, and the methods availableto mitigate these effects. No particular solution will be appropriate in every instance and adviceshould be sought from experienced specialists and the appropriate Statutory NatureConservation Organisation (SNCO) and overseeing organisation on a case-by-case basis.

Given the widespread nature of reptiles within the soft estate and their relevance to theexisting road network, from Chapter 6 onwards both new schemes and the existing roadnetwork are considered in parallel. Technical terms are explained in the Glossary (presentedas Annex J).

1/1

MAY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05CHAPTE

2/1

2.1 TH

Of the six natconsidered raheaths and cAdders, slowSince they ocdisproportionoperations.

2.2 LEG

Sand lizards Licences are disturbance o(as identifiedto permit othemore detail in

Reasonable mlizards, slow-Although liceto ensure comguidance set the relevant S

2.3 BE

All highways appropriate selementreptile bconstrai

English and mitiparallel

ACTORS AFFECTING REPTILES

tial effects of new road construction or road improvements include the loss,n and fragmentation of habitats used by foraging, basking and/or hibernatingonversely, existing road verges can represent important linear features that help tots and populations in otherwise disparate landscapes. New road schemes also haveial to link fragmented populations and extend the range of others through the inter-connected habitat features on the soft estate. These issues are discussed inil in Chapter 9.

operational phase, effects can include reptiles being killed on roads, damage toabitats (for example fires caused as a result of road-related activities), and the

effects of fragmentation. Maintenance operations can potentially affect reptilestats and features within the soft estate.

ITIGATION

le to mitigate the effects of highways operations on reptiles by seeking to avoid theitive and/or important habitats and features. Habitat creation, habitat managementovision of artificial hibernation and refuge sites may be used as a means ofhabitats for reptiles. Little is known about the use of artificial structures such asr amphibian tunnels by reptiles, but the provision of safe routes to cross roads may role in helping to reduce the effects of fragmentation.

essary, capture and relocation operations can be undertaken in order to preventor injuring of reptiles during construction or maintenance works. Planning is critical out effective mitigation. Relocations, for example, should always be carried outst one spring and early-summer period, and should include a commitment to habitat management to promote the survival of relocated animals. Reptiles exhibitseasonal variations in behaviour (and in some cases habitat requirements), thus it

rks to be timed to avoid periods when reptiles are most at risk.

r new schemes and the existing road network are dealt with in detail in

is the appropriate timetabling of works, to take account of the seasonal patterns ofehaviour, the seasonal importance of different areas and features, and the seasonalnts on mitigation.

Nature are currently developing guidelines for best practice in relation to reptile surveygation and the advice contained in this Advice Note has been developed largely inwith the English Nature publication, but with special reference to highways issues.

is often possible for wo

Mitigation measures foChapter 10.

R 2 KEY ISSUES

E SPECIES

ive reptile species resident in the UK, two (sand lizard and smooth snake) arere or endangered in this country. Sand lizards are restricted to lowland dry

oastal sand dunes; and smooth snakes are generally confined to lowland heaths.-worms, common lizards and grass snakes occupy a range of habitat types.cur in both urban and rural situations, and since relatively small sites can be ofate importance, reptiles can potentially be affected by virtually any highways

AL PROTECTION

and smooth snakes are strictly protected under UK and European legislation.issued by the relevant SNCOs for activities which require the handling orf these species as part of surveys or related activities. The Appropriate Authority

in the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994) can issue licencesrwise prohibited acts associated with development projects; this is described in Annex A.

easures need to be taken to avoid the incidental killing or injuring of commonworms, adders and grass snakes in the context of development activities.nces are not required for development activities affecting these species, in order

pliance with the relevant legislation, it is necessary that the best practiceout in the following parts of this document be implemented in consultation withNCO.

ST PRACTICE

operations should take account of the potential presence of reptiles byurvey work, and the development of effective and proportional mitigation. A key

2.4 F

The potendegradatioreptiles. Clink habitathe potentcreation ofmore deta

During theadjoining hcontinuingusing habi

2.5 M

It is possibmost sensand the primproving mammal oalso play a

Where necthe killing to carryingover at leacreation orsignificant

MAY 200

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05

2.6 EMERGENCY WORKS

Works which are undertaken in response to other legislative requirements, for exampleemergency works undertaken on safety grounds, may also result in the death, injury ordisturbance of reptiles (possibly including smooth snakes and sand lizards). Where suchworks may result in an offence, expert advice should be sought and the relevant SNCOsshould be informed where possible prior to the commencement of those works. Incircumstances where it is not possible to inform the relevant SNCOs prior to thecommencement of the works the relevant SNCOs should be informed as soon as practicableafter the commencement of the works and their advice sought. Such works should onlyproceed where it is considered that they can not reasonably be avoided and where measureshave been put in place in accordance with section 10.3 to minimise any impact of the worksand in particular to minimise the damage or disturbance to the reptile or the damage orobstruction to the structure or place where the works are being carried out. The legalimplications of works which could kill, injure or disturb reptiles and the various defencesrelevant to highways operations are set out in Annex A and must be read in conjunction withthis paragraph

CHAPTER 2 KEY ISSUES

2/2
5

CHAPT

3/1

3.1 R

All six natireceive ad

A summarprotectionthe originaadvice sho

3.2 ST

The SNCOof sand lizshould be

sh Nature; in Scotland, Scottish Natural Heritage; in Wales, Countrysided in Northern Ireland, Department of the Environment for Northern Wildlife). The contact details of each of the SNCOs are given in

IATE AUTHORITIES IN THE UK

ate Authorities with regard to licensing development(road)-relatedaffect sand lizards and smooth snakes are: the Welsh Assembly (sand lizard); and Defra in England (sand lizard and smooth snake).r these Appropriate Authorities are given in Annex E.

Table 3.1

Common Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations (1994)

Common -

Sand liza Part III (Schedule 2)

Slow-wo

Adde -

Gras -

Smo Part III (Schedule 2)


MAY 20

r Vipera berus Part of Section 9(1); Statutory Instrument No.367 (1991)

s snake Natrix natrix Part of Section 9(1); Statutory Instrument No.288 (1988)

oth snake Coronella austriaca Section 9

05

ER 3 PROTECTION STATE

EPTILES AND THE LAW

ve reptile species are protected under UK law. Smooth snakes and sand lizardsditional protection, including under European legislation.

y table (Table 3.1) is included below, and a brief description of their legislative is given in Annex A. It must be stressed that these descriptions are summaries only:l legislation should always be referred to for the exact wording. If necessary, legaluld be sought.

TATUTORY NATURE CONSERVATION ORGANISATIONS INHE UK

s are responsible for licensing activities which require the handling or disturbanceards and smooth snakes for conservation, education or scientific reasons. Theyconsultees for development-related activities which affect any reptile species. They

are: in England, EngliCouncil for Wales; anIreland (Countryside &Annex E.

3.3 APPROPR

The relevant Appropriactivities which could Government in WalesThe contact details fo

Reptiles and the Law

name Scientific name Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) and amendments

lizard Lacerta vivipara Part of Section 9(1); Statutory Instrument No.288 (1988)

rd Lacerta agilis Section 9

rm Anguis fragilis Part of Section 9(1); Statutory Instrument No.288 (1988)

MAY 200

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05CHAPT

4/1

4.1 IN

There are thviviparous liadder, grass

The six specstatus in Bribelow. All arrelatively co

Table 4.1 C

Species

Common L

Sand Lizar

Slow-worm

Adder

Grass

Smoo

Data co

OF REPTILE SPECIES

EAD SPECIES

d are the most widespread and occupy habitats across all of the only native species present on the Outer Hebrides, andies native to Northern Ireland and the Isle of Man. Withon several of the Scottish islands, Anglesey and the Isle ofstribution across England, Scotland and Wales. Grassead species, with a range covering the whole of Englands of grass snakes occur in pockets in central and northern

PECIES

are largely restricted to central southern England. An also occurs on the coast of northwest England. Sandtroduced at a number of specific locations in recent years asategy. These include sites in England, Wales and on Coll in

tiles is relatively straightforward. The legged lizards are theizards are larger and ‘thicker-set’ than common lizards, and

pproximately 150 mm in length and are most often brown in colourrning, although colouring is extremely variable. Juveniles areth and almost black in colour.

m, and their colouration varies from yellow-green to brown. They series of dark markings along their backs along with two palertling along their sides. These dark markings characteristically take (dark markings with white or cream centres). The flanks of adultn develop a striking green colouration. Juveniles generally have afemale markings, and hatchlings display the same ‘oscellated’

5

snake Locally common in Wales and England, except in the north.Declines noted in south-west and north-west England and the WestMidlands. Parts of central Wales, Pembrokeshire and the Lleyn mayhave more localised populations. Absent from Scotland exceptthrough introduction. Absent from Northern Ireland.

th snake Considered endangered and in decline. In recent decades thesmooth snake has been recorded only in the counties of Dorset,Surrey and Hampshire, where it is largely restricted to maturelowland heathland.

mpiled from several sources

Adult common lizards are awith some variation in patteapproximately 40 mm at bir

Sand lizards

Sand lizards grow to 220 musually have dark bands, ordorsal stripes and dark motthe form of ‘oscellate’ spotsmales in the breeding seasoweaker version of the adult spots as the adults.

ER 4 BACKGROUND BIOLOGY

TRODUCTION TO THE SPECIES AND STATUS IN THE UK

ree species of lizard native to Great Britain: common lizard (also known aszard), sand lizard and slow-worm (a legless lizard). The snakes comprise the snake and smooth snake.

ies vary in their level of legal protection, reflecting their relative conservationtain and in Europe. The status of each of the species in the UK is summarisede either locally scarce and/or thought to be declining; even those which aremmon or widespread are considered to be of conservation concern.

onservation Status of UK Reptiles

Status

izard Widespread but locally declining, notably in southern and easternEngland. Common in Wales and parts of Scotland.

d Endangered. Native populations restricted to Surrey, Dorset andMerseyside coast.

Locally common in England and Wales (particularly in southern andeastern England). Declining slightly in England, notably the EastMidlands. Localised in parts of central Wales. Severe declinesreported in parts of Scotland.

Locally common, particularly in southern England and parts ofWales, but less common and even rare over much of central andnorthern England; and central and parts of West Wales. Populationhas declined over much of England. Absent from parts of Scotland.Absent from Northern Ireland.

4.2 UK DISTRIBUTION

4.2.1 THE MORE WIDESPR

The slow-worm and common lizarmainland Britain. Slow-worms arecommon lizards are the only specadders, both species are present Wight. The adder has a patchy disnakes are the next most widesprand Wales. Introduced populationScotland.

4.2.2 THE ENDANGERED S

Sand lizards and smooth snakes isolated population of sand lizardslizards have been introduced/re-inpart of a national conservation strScotland.

4.3 DESCRIPTION

4.3.1 LIZARDS

The identification of the British rephardest to differentiate, but sand ltheir colouration is more striking.

Common lizards

MAY 20


4/2

Slow-wor

Slow-wormsmooth scdifferentiatflat, forkedgenerally pgold colouAdult malesheen, a danimals re

4.3.2 S

Adders

It is importprominent whitish to rindividualsshould be but noticeaappearanc500-600 mcolour: femstripe on acan be mathere is sti

Figure

The mBritainnot shparticre-intr

CHAPT

m

izard

Smooth snakeizard

Grass snake

Adder

sent in suitable habitat

t through re-introductionded

05

4.2 UK distribution of reptile species

aps summarise the approximate distribution of each of the reptile species in. Note that the small introduced/re-introduced populations of some species areown. Desk study consultations, with the Herpetological Conservation Trust inular, should be effective in identifying the locations of the small introduced/oduced populations of smooth snakes and sand lizards.

Sand l

Generally preLess commonAbsent, excepData not inclu

ms

s are legless lizards. They are distinguished from the snakes by their particularlyales and shiny appearance and, on closer inspection, by their less well-ed head, distinctly cylindrical body, smaller eyes with closable eyelids and a broad, tongue. Adult slow-worms reach approximately 400 mm in length. Colouration isale-grey, through copper to chocolate brown. Juvenile slow-worms have gold/pale-

red backs, with a metallic lustre, and a dark/black underside and vertebral stripe.s tend to be a uniform grey-brown, whereas females are brown, often with a metallicark vertebral stripe and darker flanks. It is difficult to determine the sex of subadultliably.

NAKES

ant to recognise the adder as it is Britain’s only venomous snake. Its mostfeature is a dark zig-zag stripe along the back. Bodies vary in colour betweened-/chocolate-brown, and the stripe from dark brown to black. Entirely black with only faint characteristic markings are not rare, so inexperienced surveyorswary when faced with a snake which they cannot identify easily. The eye is smallbly red, with a vertical pupil. The tail is generally easy to distinguish, and the overalle of the adult is of a short, fat snake. Adult adders reach approximatelym. It is generally possible to distinguish the sex of individuals on the basis of theirales tend to have a chocolate-brown stripe on a brown background; males a black pale background. However, colouration is variable and a more accurate distinctionde on the number of ventral scales along the tail (males have longer tails) althoughll some variation. Juvenile snakes all show female colouration.


Slow wor

Common l


Grass Snakes

The grass snake can grow to over a metre in length (more often 700-800 mm) and is moreslender than the adder. Typically, grass snakes are grey-green or olive-green with blackmarkings along the flanks and a very distinctive collar of two black semi-circles bordering ayellow (or orange or cream) band around the neck. The eye is conspicuous; yellow with around pupil. Although females tend to be larger, the sexes are generally very similar inappearance. Females have a wider body and clearer distinction between their narrower tail.The ‘penial bulge’ (the swelling around the vent associated with the hemipenes) in adult malesis reasonably obvious. Once again, the sexes can often also be differentiated on the bases ofthe number of ventral scales along the tail.

Smooth snakes

Smooth snakes are smaller than both other snakes, being both more slender than an adderand shorter than a grass snake. On closer inspection their scales lack the keel found on theother snakes’ scales and hence are ‘smooth’. They are pale brown/grey in colour with tworows of black spots along their backs, a heart-shaped black crown and distinctive black eye-stripe. Adults reach approximately 600 mm. The sexes are similar in size, colour andmarkings. As with grass snakes, gravid females in particular, tend to have broader bodies andthe males have a discernable penial bulge. Separation of the sexes is also possible (asidentified above for adders and grass snakes) by sub-caudal scale count but, as with the otherspecies, some overlap has been recorded. Males tend to have longer tails (more than 20% ofsnout-vent length). Compared to our other snake species, the combination of markings and,particularly, their behaviour tends to make smooth snakes very difficult to observe.

CHAPTER 4 BACKGROUND BIOLOGY

4/3
MAY 2005
Figure 4.3 Photographs of the native reptile species

The photographs opposite illustrate each of the native reptile species. Photographsare not to scale.

Adder (a) (b) Slow-wormSmooth snake (c) (d) Common lizardGrass snake (e) (f) Sand lizard

MAY 200


4.4 FE

Reptiles varpredators, wmain prey a

� Commowithin v

� Slow-w

� The adlizards.then fo

� Grass s(includismall m

� In the Uslow-wincludecoils ofwhole.

4.5 LIF

4.5.1 GE

Table 4.4 shhowever, to scale variati

In all Band gr

All six althougfeature

ODUCTION

s give birth to 4-10 live young (hatchlings) with a peak at the end of July/earlyzards lay eggs in open, exposed sand during June, with hatchlings starting toarly August. Slow-worms give birth to 6-12 live young, usually during lateptember.

th to 6-20 live young in August, and smooth snakes to 4-15 young, usuallyust/September. Grass snakes lay eggs in June and July and need to incubatemonly using compost heaps, or piles of manure or grass cuttings. Hatchlingseptember.

RNATION

variations in the requirements for hibernation sites between the differentd species, although a wide range of features tend to be used:

in soil and rock;

associated with roots and other buried material;

ammal and rabbit burrows;

andy substrates;

neath artificial structures; and

bble, dead wood or vegetation.

re also typically associated with free-draining or at least partly free-drainingin a bank of some kind or in sloping ground, and always avoiding positionsed.

CHAPT

4/4
5
ritish species, mating tends to occur between April and June. Two species (sand lizardass snake) lay eggs, whilst the others give birth to live young.

species of reptile hibernate during the winter months (October to March inclusive),h the exact timing varies for different species. Each of the species needs access tos which provide reliably frost-free conditions in which to hibernate.

� Piles of ru

These features aconditions, often liable to be flood

EDING

y in their food preferences and dietary habits. Some species are fairly specialisthilst some are generalist predators or omnivores. Each species’ food preferences/re listed below:

n lizards and sand lizards feed predominantly upon invertebrates, hunting mainlyegetation and relying upon their excellent vision and speed.

orms tend to prey largely upon small slugs and other soft-bodied invertebrates.

der, the only venomous British reptile species, preys upon small mammals and They kill by means of a poisonous (but not immediately fatal) bite. They oftenllow their prey using the dying animal’s scent trail.

nakes’ main prey species are amphibians, predominantly frogs and toadsng tadpoles), though they will often predate fish and other small animals such asammals and nestling birds.

K, Smooth snakes feed mainly upon lizards (largely the legged lizards, but alsoorms) and small mammals (often nestlings caught underground). Other preys small snakes and invertebrates. On capture, they immobilise their prey within their body but are not true constrictors, tending to swallow their prey alive and

E CYCLE

NERAL

ows the periods of the year in which British reptiles are active. It is important,note that there will be significant variation with altitude and latitude, and small-ons following more extreme weather patterns.

4.5.2 REPR

Lizards

Common lizardAugust. Sand liappear during eAugust/early Se

Snakes

Adders give birduring late-Augtheir eggs, comappear during S

4.5.3 HIBE

There are somesnake and lizar

� Crevices

� Fissures

� Small m

� Loose, s

� Voids be


MAY 20


The manner in which the different species behave prior to and during hibernation varies, andthis can influence survey methodologies (see Chapter 6, ‘Reptile Survey Methods’). Adders,for example, often migrate to their hibernacula and may be found in large numbers baskingnear their communal hibernacula, both before and after the hibernation period andoccasionally during the winter when the outside temperature rises sufficiently. Common lizardsmay also occasionally be observed during the winter. In addition, reptiles may move withinhibernacula, seeking optimum conditions of temperature and humidity in response to changingconditions during the winter.

One implication of reptile hibernation patterns is that there may be physiological changesapproaching hibernation which could affect the success of translocations/relocations carriedout towards the end of the season.

CHAPTER 4 BACKGROUND BIOLOGY

4/5
05

Table 4

Spec Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

Comm

Occasional activity

Sand

Slow-

Adde

Occasional activity

Grass

Smoo

Data from more than one source

Key:

ng this behaviour/activity

Note: d. The reverse could be true in the far north or at altitude,


MAY 200

CHA

4/6

.4 Seasonal activity patterns of UK native terrestrial reptiles

ies Activity Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul.

on lizard Hibernation

Adult activity Occasional activity

Mating

Birth of young

lizard Hibernation

Adult activity

Mating

Egg-laying

Egg hatching

worm Hibernation

Adult activity

Mating

Birth of young

r Hibernation

Adult activity Occasional activity

Mating

Birth of young

snake Hibernation

Adult activity

Mating

Egg-laying

Egg hatching

th snake Hibernation

Adult activity

Mating

Birth of young

The degree of shading indicates the proportions of animals involved in each behaviour/activity.

The majority of animals will be undertaking this behaviour/activity A proportion of animals will be undertaki

The various active periods and activities could extend up to a month earlier and later in the southern-most counties of Englanparticularly associated with extreme weather.

5

PTER 4 BACKGROUND BIOLOGY

MAY 2


5.1 HA

The six reptilof interpretatihabitat types survey catego

Table 5.2 sumand gives andifferent habihabitat or fea

5.2 RE

Although the constrained bfeatures. The

� Baskingvegetatiobetween

� Refugesstructure

� Foragingareas w

� Hibernasuch as structure

� Egg laying sites (for some species): for example, piles of rotting vegetation for grasss

ReptisignifwormIndiviand shomerecorsituatmany

er larger areas (up to 4 km from their hibernation sites) and to move from siteer frequency and rapidity.

ILE HABITAT ON THE SOFT ESTATE

ber of factors which make the existing roadside landscape suitable for in some areas the existing soft estate tends to be more suitable for reptilesding countryside. The most important features tend to be as follows:

topographic variation: Many road verges form banks or cuttings whichd quality basking sites (particularly on the south-facing slopes).

raphic variation: In many places, road verges tend also to incorporate a largemall-scale variation in topography associated, for example, with dry ditches ords.

bstrates: A variety of structures and materials, often associated with theseexample mulch mats, metal covers, artificial hard surfaces, and rocky can create a range of suitable basking spots.

d hibernacula: Roadside banks tend to be free draining, and often incorporatens’ and other structures which represent ideal refuges or hibernacula.

diverse vegetation: Areas of landscape planting, particularly in the earliern create structurally diverse habitats which provide cover and a degree oftic variation. However, as they mature, unmanaged planting areas can shadee valuable earlier seral stages. In addition, large uniform mown areas are alsole.

urbance: The lack of direct disturbance from humans (particularly where are discouraged or prohibited, such as within central reservations) tends to development of stable populations.

� High densities of prey species: Roadside habitats often support substantial densities of, short-tailed voles (Microtus agrestis) or lizards themselves (fors).

ar nature of roadside habitat creates a network of habitatide means for reptile dispersal, and link otherwise isolated

CHAPTE

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005
nakes, and loose, sandy ground for sand lizards.

le home ranges, and their ranges of movement to and from hibernation sites, tend to varyicantly between species, age classes and with habitat structure and suitability. Slow-s, in particular, do not range over substantial areas nor far from their hibernation sites.dual home ranges can be measured in 10s or the low 100s of square metres. Commonand lizards tend also to occupy relatively modest but more variable home ranges (the ranges of sand lizards tend to be larger and more variable in size). Adders have beended as migrating in the order of 0.5 – 1 km from their hibernation sites, but in many otherions have been found to remain within much more circumscribed areas. Similarly, in situations, smooth snakes have been recorded as relatively sedentary. Grass snakes

prey species, for exampleadders and smooth snake

� Habitat corridors: The linecorridors, which may provreptile sites.

BITAT ASSOCIATIONS/REQUIREMENTS

e species found in the UK exhibit a range of broad habitat associations. For easeon, these general habitat requirements have been described by reference toidentified in the UKBAP, overseeing organisations’ BAPs and Phase 1 habitatries (see Annex I, ‘Further Reading’).

marises the habitat types in which the native British reptiles tend to be found indication of their relative importance to the different species. Generally, acrosstats, as structural and micro-topographic diversity increases, so the value of theture for reptiles becomes greater.

PTILE-SPECIFIC HABITAT REQUIREMENTS

individual species have particular habitat requirements, all reptiles arey their biology to occupy habitats which contain combinations of certain key most important features include:

sites: often on south facing slopes with a structurally diverse mosaic ofn, substrates and micro-topography, providing a variety of micro-climates which they can move to regulate their body temperature;

: places of shelter such as dense scrub, rock, logs, tree roots and subterraneans;

areas: areas which contain relatively high concentrations of prey species, theseill generally also encompass a range of basking sites and refuges;

cula: free-draining structures, often in south facing banks, in which to hibernate,disused mammal burrows, rock fissures, piles of logs or rubble and subterraneans; and

tend to range ovto site with great

5.3 REPT

There are a numreptiles. Indeed,than the surroun

� Aspect andprovide goo

� Micro-topogdegree of sartificial bun

� Exposed suslopes, for exposures,

� Refuges an‘french drai

� Structurallystages, oftemicro-climaout the morless valuab

� Lack of distpedestrianspromote the

R 5 REPTILE HABITAT

Table 5

UK BA

Bound

Acid g

Neutra

Calca

Improv

Habita

Dwarf

Habita

Bogs

Fens,

Rivers

Standi

Broad

Conife

Habita

Arable

Inland

Habita

Key:

CHA

5/2

Co

mm

on

Liz

ard

San

dL

izar

d

Slo

w-

wo

rm

Ad

der

Gra

ssS

nak

e

Sm

oo

thS

nak

e

MAY 200


.2 Habitat types with which British reptile species are associated

P Broad Habitats Phase 1 Habitat Survey

ary and linear features J 2 Boundaries

rasslands B 1 Acid grassland

l grassland B 2 Neutral grassland

reous grassland B 3 Calcareous grassland

ed grassland B 4 Improved grassland

ts which do not fall within UK BAP Broad Habitats H 8.4 Coastal grassland

shrub heath D 1 Dry dwarf shrub heath

D2 Wet dwarf shrub heath

ts which do not fall within UK BAP Broad Habitats D 5 Dry heath/acid grassland mosaic

D 6 Wet heath/acid grassland mosaic

H 8.5 Coastal heath

C 1 Bracken

E 1 Bog

marsh and swamps E 3 Fen

B 5 Marshy grassland

F 1 Swamp

and streams G 2 Running water

ng open water and canals G 1 Standing water

leaved, mixed and yew woodland A 1.1 Broad-leaved woodland

A 1.3 Mixed woodland

rous woodland A 1.2 Coniferous woodland

ts which do not fall within UK BAP Broad Habitats A 2 Scrub

and horticulture J 1 Arable land

rock I Rock exposure and waste

ts which do not fall within UK BAP Broad Habitats J 1.2 Amenity grassland

J 3 Built-up areas

J 1.4 Introduced scrub

H 6 Sand dune

Important habitat Habitat of moderate importance

PTER 5 REPTILE HABITAT

5

MAY 200


5/3

General

Although brac ts for some species,extensive gro essive shading can createless valuable

Arable field m icularly withinpredominantly importance accorded tothe ‘Boundary

Common Liz

Some exampl t more important habitatsfor this specie

The more ope t, and common lizards canbe present at oniferous woodland inparticular.

Dry stone wal for common lizards.

Sand Lizard

The categorie mples of these habitats.

Each of the ca ly likely to be used bysand lizards if land/sand dune habitattypes.

Slow-worm

Some oand cer

Adder

The imtheir jux

Some ebuilt-uppopulat

The more open woodland and scrub habitats will be more important, and adders can bepresent at relatively high densities in open areas or margins of coniferous woodland inparticular. Woodland habitats are also often important as hibernation sites for this species.

Grass snake

The more open woodland and scrub habitats will be more important, and this species can alsobe present in large numbers on some dry heaths.

Smooth snake

The categories indicated as ‘important’ are restricted to lowland examples of these habitats.

The importance of boundary features along the margins of coniferous woodlands or largestands of bracken, for example, will depend upon their juxtaposition with the more valuablehabitats.

5

f the wet heath/grassland habitats, particularly where these comprise rank grassland,tain kinds of built-up areas can also represent more important features for this species.

portance of boundary features and areas of bracken, for example, will depend upontaposition with other valuable habitats.

xamples of fen, swamp and marshy grassland; coastal grassland; and occasionally land (for example derelict post-industrial sites) can support significant adderions.

R 5 REPTILE HABITAT

ken appears as an important component within habitawths of bracken which dominate a habitat through excconditions.

argins can also be important for several species, part arable landscapes. These contribute to the levels of features’ and ‘Arable Land’ categories.

ard

es of fen, swamp and marshy grassland can represens.

n woodland and scrub habitats will be more importanrelatively high densities in open areas or margins of c

ls can represent particularly important habitat features

s indicated as important are restricted to lowland exa

tegories indicated as of ‘moderate importance’ are on they are adjacent to the more important, sandy heath

CHAPTE

6/1MAY 200


6.1 INT

All survey teappropriate tto be presen

The principaschemes and

A ‘decision mdifferent stagAssessment’‘different’ opt

In general, rewhere they aare most acteffectivenessmake them dattempt to mtemperaturesattempting toduring whichthis will vary variables.

6.2 SU

6.2.1 DIR

This teidentifiChaptebe foun

Inter-stransecfeaturecorresptransecto be sstandasubseq

lties in reliably locating many reptile species/age classes by direct important to use skilled, experienced surveyors for observation-based

SE OF ARTIFICIAL REFUGES

nique utilises the propensity for reptiles routinely to seek out structures thats of shelter from predation or disturbance, and as aids in absorbing heat. structures within their environment that heat up quickly and/or retain heatay. By distributing a number of artificial refuges (also known by other terms, is possible to make use of this behaviour to find basking reptiles. Animals are sheltering and basking beneath artificial refuges, but some species (commonrs in particular) often bask on top of these structures. Reptiles can then becorded by checking the artificial refuges regularly. Artificial refuges can alsor a quantitative survey method, and be used as a means of collecting animals.

ated metal, rubber, roofing felt, carpet and hardboard have all been used as Roofing felt, heavy-gauge rubber and corrugated metal tend to be the mosth some studies have indicated that different materials may attract certainlasses preferentially (this may also vary depending upon the situation in whichome practitioners have recorded a preference for corrugated metal over all

On sites where disturbance by members of the public is likely, well-concealed materials are appropriate. Where disturbance is recorded, the use of artificiale to be discontinued. There may also be constraints associated with theg of artificial refuges by livestock. In both situations the survey

in such a way as to protect the welfare of the reptilesuges (and any livestock).

artificial refuges beside operational roads is a heavyweight. This is sufficiently heavy and flexible that it is not blownes. Other lighter and/or stiffer materials (corrugated metalroad users when placed adjacent to the carriageway.

5

chnique relies upon the observation and identification of basking animals. Thecation and interpretation of suitable reptile habitat and particular habitat features (seer 5, ‘Reptile Habitat’) is important, since predicting where basking animals are likely tod is one of the keys to carrying out a successful survey.

ite comparisons using direct observation-based surveys will generally require the use oft methodologies as opposed to less structured searching of all suitable habitats. This has the disadvantage of producing fewer sightings, and may require aonding increase in the number of visits necessary to produce robust results. Thets also still need to be biased toward ‘hot spots’ (where basking reptiles are most likelyeen). Quantitative surveys of reptiles by direct observation generally relies on usingrd methodologies wherever possible and counting individuals seen per survey visit,uently standardising the results further on the basis of the duration of the survey visits.

methodologies need to be designedwhich may be using the artificial ref

The appropriate material to use as flame-activated bitumen roofing feltup by the draught of passing vehiclfor example) may pose a hazard to

R 6 REPTILE SURVEY METHODS

RODUCTION

chniques for reptiles are selective (to a greater or lesser degree) and the mostechnique(s) will be determined by the information required and the species likelyt.

l survey techniques are set out below and their application with regard to new the existing road network is described in the following sections.

atrix’ is presented in Annex G, which summarises the surveys appropriate at thees of scheme assessment (as set out in DMRB Volume 11, ‘Environmental), the situations in which they should be employed and the points at whichions for mitigation should be considered.

ptile surveys need to combine conditions where reptiles are active but alsore likely to be seen. Thus the optimum periods are usually not when the reptilesive and mobile, but when they are ‘warming-up’. The principle constraints on the of such surveys are that the colouration, markings and behaviour of reptilesifficult to observe and that they seek to warm up as quickly as possible andaintain an optimum body temperature. It is important therefore to bear in mind the at which the different species bask and the body temperatures they are reach, and compare these with the patterns of daytime ambient temperatures the surveys will proceed. Clearly, therefore, the timing of surveys is critical andthrough the season. The current, and preceding, climatic conditions are also key

RVEY TECHNIQUES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

ECT OBSERVATION

Given the difficuobservation, it issurveys.

6.2.2 THE U

Rationale

This survey techboth act as placeThey tend to usethroughout the dsee Annex C), itmost often foundlizards and addeidentified and reform the basis fofor translocation

Materials

Sheets of corrugartificial refuges.effective, althougspecies or age cthey are used). Sother materials. or less obtrusiverefuges may havpotential tramplin

MAY 20


of direct observation vs artificial refuge surveys for each of

Survey Method

ect Observation Artificial Refuges

Not suitable

Generally not suitable ***

Increasing suitability

particular, to indicate the particular issues involved in usingtext of road verges.

mportant to provide common lizards with artificial baskingficial refuges therefore reflects observations of baskingwell as underneath them.

ile and sub-adult animals tend to be more frequentlyfuges. Adults tend to be more effectively surveyed by direct

tances and/or only by particularly skilled surveyors.

Size

The recommenhave recordedsizes should bdistribution of adifferent habita

Location

Artificial refugeand foraging rebare ground norefuges in this them, and provbe distributed locations and pprovide densethey should be

Experience

As with direct and supervise animals effectiminimised, andalso health andconsiderationsto use experie

6.2.3 COMBINATION SURVEYS

In prabasedamouthat arefugeincorpcarefuroute surveyadvanappropossib

CHAPTER

6/2

➤ ➤ ➤

05

these techniques in the con

* In these situations it is often isites; the effectiveness of artianimals on top of refuges as

** For adders in particular, juvenencountered under artificial reobservation.

*** Only suitable in some circums

ctice, the most effective approach is to combine direct observation and artificial refuge- surveys. However, under these circumstances it is very important that an appropriatent of effort is put into searching for reptiles whilst moving between artificial refuges andll suitable basking spots, etc., are inspected rather than simply moving from artificial to artificial refuge, following the shortest/easiest route. All surveys should alsoorate checks beneath any natural or pre-existing artificial refuges, which should belly returned to their original postion once inspected. In addition, it is important to vary thetaken and the sequence of artificial refuges to be checked, and the times at which thes are carried out. Depending upon the density of the vegetation involved, somece preparation, for example clearing paths or spaces for artificial refuges may bepriate, but these would need to be carried out in such a way as to minimise theility of harming reptiles in the process.

Table 6.1 The effectivenessthe different reptile species

Species

Dir

Slow-worm

Common lizard*

Sand lizard

Grass snake

Adder **

Smooth snake

Key:

Notes: This table is intended, in

ded minimum size for artificial refuges is 0.5m2, however some practitioners the preference by snakes of larger refuges, so in most cases a range of refugee used, including some larger sheets. The appropriate number, density andrtificial refuges will vary with the aims of the survey and configuration oft features, etc. (see Sections 6.3.3 and 6.4.3).

s should be placed in habitats and positions most likely to be used by baskingptiles. They should be placed on top of short or flattened vegetation; not onr supported by vegetation too far above the ground surface. Setting artificialway allows temperature gradients and a degree of humidity to develop beneathides reptiles with a more appropriate shelter. The artificial refuges should also

in a range of aspects and shade conditions, with most placed in south-facingartially overhung by vegetation, against habitat features or vegetation which

cover. Captures from beneath artificial refuges tend to increase with time, so established for at least a week before being used to collect survey data.

observation-based surveys, experienced surveyors are also needed to designthe location of artificial refuges for a refuge-based survey, and to capture thevely (although the situations within which reptiles need to be handled should be this should only be done where specific information is required). There are safety considerations associated with handling venomous reptiles and welfare

(for the reptiles) when handling all lizards and snakes. This reinforces the neednced field staff.

6 REPTILE SURVEY METHODS

MAY 200


6.2.4 OT

There are noof reptiles in labour-intensadditional infrefuges; the laying sites, aburrows creaindividual lizapractitioners.

6.2.5 SE

With both tecprevailing we

6.2.5.1 Sea

In general, thmid-/late-Augbeginning an

6.2.5.2 Tim

The most aprainfall and obetween 083middle part oreptiles will bvery nawhich

6.2.5.3

When surveyair tem

s

sunshine provide the most productive conditions, but brightol weather can also be suitable. Heavy rain or strong windarticular, impractical and unsuccessful. Weather patterns canrded by direct observation and, to a lesser extent, captures tend to increase during warm weather following a period ofrain showers. Thus the preceding weather conditions are after rain tend to be important triggers for increased reptile

EW ROAD SCHEMES

GE 1

udy, relevant organisations (listed in Annex E) should behat they may hold on reptiles in the vicinity of the proposedon to the specialist groups listed in Annex E, information onquests to, or consultations with, other organisations whichal information. These would typically include the Statutorytions, Local Authorities, Wildlife Trusts and Local Biological

be expected to provide information on sites of knownst records of reptiles within the area, but the quality andn will be highly variable. It is extremely unlikely that a deskformation on all of the habitats or features of value to reptiles injority of sites likely to contain the two rarer species (sand lizards

hould certainly be revealed.

habitat assessment

graphs should be studied in order to highlight those habitats likely to beulations which may be affected by different route options. Particulare presence of heathland, sand dunes, scrub, woodland, unmanaged features, and the avoidance of these should be considered in routeoice. The aspect of different features may also provide an indication asptiles, but a map-based assessment will not reveal details of micro-

-structure.

CHAPTE

6/3
5
rrow ‘window’, early in the morning, and again in the later, cooler part of the day, withineither kind of survey is effective.

Temperature conditions

the air temperature exceeds 18 oC many reptiles may not be found basking at all ands, particularly using refuges, will be unreliable. Surveys will be most effective when theperature is between 9 and 18 oC.

and smooth snakes) s

6.3.1.2 Map-based

Maps and aerial photoof value to reptile pophabitat ‘triggers’ are thgrassland and wetlandoption or alignment chto their suitability for retopography, or habitat

HER SURVEY TECHNIQUES

other effective field survey techniques that are appropriate for the routine surveythis context. Drift fencing and pitfall trapping are not recommended given theirive nature and on welfare grounds. Additional field signs can provide sporadicormation: examples of these include finding sloughed skins (often found beneathspecies to which the skin belongs can often still be identified); occupied eggnd ‘egg scrapes’ (test holes created by sand lizards prior to egg-laying); and

ted by sand lizards in sandy banks. ‘Nooses’ are sometimes used to catchrds (particularly sand lizards) but these should only be used by skilled

ASONAL, CLIMATIC AND TIMING CONSTRAINTS

hniques, the timing of surveys (in terms of time of day and season) andather conditions are crucial to survey success.

sonal constraints

e best months during which reliably to find reptiles are April to mid-/late-May, andust to mid-/late-September, depending upon the weather conditions at thed end of each period.

ing constraints

propriate times within which to survey will depend upon temperature, sunshine,ther weather parameters. Generally, in these months, the best times of day are0 and 1100, and between 1600 and 1830. Very early or late in the year, thef the day will be more productive, whereas during the hotter parts of the year,e found basking earlier and earlier. Between June and mid-August there can be a

6.2.5.4 Weather condition

Generally, hazy or intermittent sunshine early in the day in comakes direct observation, in palso be important: reptiles recofrom beneath artificial refuges,colder conditions, or following important; periods of sunshineactivity.

6.3 SURVEYS FOR N

6.3.1 ASSESSMENT STA

6.3.1.1 Desk study

As part of the Stage 1 Desk Stcontacted for any information troute corridor options. In additireptiles can be obtained via reroutinely hold relevant ecologicNature Conservation OrganisaRecords Centres.

Desk studies of this kind wouldimportance for reptiles, and pacompleteness of the informatiostudy alone will ever provide ina given area. However, the ma


MAY 2005


6.3.1.3 Ass

Sites should bthe desk studassemblages range. In Brita

� any reco

� sites with

� sites knonear the

6.3.2 ASS

6.3.2.1 Des

Depending upset out below,

In addition, buoften helpful pmeans of puttThe opportunusing ‘habitat

6.3.2.2 Fiel

Given their wipotential impagrass snreptiles ostraightfreptile sp

What is reptiles ibe carrieunderstaroutinelyextent othe likely

es (for example potentially suitable hibernation sites, egg-g of the survey and weather conditions allow, incidentalselves.

ct the length of the scheme at this stage, and for it then to bele surveys to selected habitats, features or locations. It isll multi-disciplinary team be used for these Stage 2 walkovernt to identify the different reptile species, interpret theicance of different, often subtle, habitat features and to scope

esence of smooth snakes or sand lizards will normally beies. However, if a feature is identified which could supportist, because of the potential importance of the constraint,n consultation with the SNCO (and where relevant, expertgical Conservation Trust and local Amphibian and Reptile specific, targeted surveys to confirm the presence or absence

E 3

3 surveys

reptile surveys at Stage 3 should reflect the likely magnitude likely importance of the reptile population(s). In the followingpriate to undertake routine reptile surveys:

common species has not been confirmed by desk study oring the Stage 2 walkover; and/or

ggests the possible presence of substantial reptile populationsf reptiles (three or more species), upon which the new roadact.

ertake detailed population estimates for the more commonroutine surveys should be to investigate:

f reptiles;

f each of the different reptile species (reptile assemblage);

ithin and around the site in question;

CHAPTE

6/4

ake. However, given that (a) it is usually possible to predict the likely occurrence ofn the basis of the habitats present, and (b) in most cases options for mitigation are

orward, it is rarely appropriate to undertake specific surveys for the more commonecies (i.e. all those except sand lizards and smooth snakes) at Stage 2.

generally more appropriate is to incorporate an assessment of the likely presence ofn different parts of the route corridor, within the walkover survey that should routinelyd out at Stage 2. The intention of this initial survey should be to gain a betternding of the ecological constraints associated with different route options; this involves habitat mapping and walkover surveys for protected species. Although thef these surveys will vary, they should routinely include (for reptiles): an assessment of presence of the different reptile species; the likely value, importance and functional

or a diverse assemblage omay have a significant imp

Routine surveys

It will rarely be necessary to undspecies, and the aims of these

� the presence or absence o

� the presence or absence o

� the distribution of reptiles w

essing the importance of the Stage 1 information

e assessed as a potential constraint, at Stage 1, and avoided where possible, ify highlights that the site contains (or has contained) rare reptile species, goodof the more common species, or species on the edge of their geographicalin this means:

rds of sand lizard or smooth snake or suitable habitat within their known range;

good quality habitats for reptiles and records of at least 3 reptile species;

wn to contain reptile species that are otherwise uncommon in the locality, oredge of their known range.

ESSMENT STAGE 2

k study

on the results of the Stage 1 assessment and the results of the Stage 2 fieldwork it may be appropriate to update and/or extend the desk study information.

ilding on the map-based assessment at Stage 1, a more detailed investigation isrior to fieldwork at Stage 2: maps and aerial photographs provide a simpleing the proposed route corridor in context with regard to its surrounding habitats.ities for animals to travel between affected areas and other suitable habitatscorridors’ can often also be assessed in this way.

d surveys

despread distribution, virtually any new scheme or improvement could havects on the more common reptiles (i.e. common lizard, slow-worm, adder and

significance of the habitat featurlaying sites etc.); and if the timinobservations of the animals them

The intention should be to inspepossible to restrict Stage 3 reptigenerally appropriate that a smasurveys, including staff competeimportance and functional signifall subsequent investigations.

As identified above, the likely prhighlighted during the desk studthese species but no records exconsideration should be given, iNGO, for example the HerpetoloGroups (ARGs)), to undertakingof these species at Stage 2.

6.3.3 ASSESSMENT STAG

6.3.3.1 Scope of the Stage

In general, the scope of detailedof any predicted impacts and thecircumstances it is usually appro

� if the presence of the moreincidental observations dur

� if the habitat information su


MAY 2005


� the appabreedingwounds/

� the ident

� an asses

� whether

It may also (inorder to compundertaken bfor reptiles in

In combinatiopopulation(s) baseline datadifferent sitesrelevant to cocomparable ssignificance owidespread ssmooth snakeDorset). ‘Key species, two species which

In most casespopulation(s)

� the asse

� the app

� the size

� the func

supplemente

Given that acommon speexample, invpopulations relocation op

mation suggests the presence of no more than marginally importantmmon species, that impacts would be minimal and/or there is insufficienta survey, it may be more appropriate simply to assume the presence ofgn and implement precautionary mitigation.

rveys

pacts on sand lizards or smooth snakes have been identified, it isertake comprehensive surveys at this stage in order to fully investigate anyn contrast to routine surveys of the more common species, this may includesessment of population size as possible. The parameters of such a surveyd in consultation with the SNCO.

age 2 (desk study and field survey) and initial Stage 3 surveys indicate that have a substantial impact on a particularly important population of the more

pecies, (for example a population likely to be important on a county orr a key feature for the local reptile population (for example communalthen more detailed surveys may also be required. These may includevey period to cover key seasons and/or more detailed surveys to investigatemportance of particular features or off-site areas. As with the more detailedzards and smooth snakes, the scope of any further surveys that may be be discussed with the SNCO.

e Stage 3 survey methodology

een possible to define a relatively precise methodology and sampling regimesting roads (see section 6.4.3, ‘Targeted general reptile surveys’), it is morecriptive with regard to new schemes. This is largely because the mosty design will depend upon the type and configuration of habitats that theect. Nevertheless, the following guidance is intended to help inform survey

on a combination direct observation and artificial refuge-

CHAPTE

6/5

arent health and productivity of the population(s);

quality of the habitat features; and

tional significance of different habitat features,

d where appropriate by an expert assessment of the capture data.

n estimate of absolute population size will not have been made for the morecies (as discussed in Chapter 10), for the purposes of mitigation measures, forolving the translocation of reptiles, it is preferable simply to assume thatof reptiles are at carrying capacity for the particular habitat involved, and designerations and make provision for receptor sites accordingly.

design:

Survey technique

Investigations should be based upbased surveys.

rent viability of the reptile population(s) based on, for example, evidence of in current or recent seasons and the apparent proportions of animals carryingwith lost tails (for lizards);

ification of potentially important features (potential hibernation sites for example);

sment of the likely value of the different habitats for reptiles; and

more detailed reptile surveys would be required.

future) be useful to assign each reptile population to a ‘population size class’ inare sites, and assess the significance of impacts upon them. Research is being

y English Nature into the feasibility of estimating population size class categoriesthe UK.

n with the results of the desk study, these routine surveys should help put theinto some local context, wherever possible. However, there are few reliablesets concerning reptile density and distribution in different counties and between, and thus the results of the Stage 3 surveys for common species may be moremparisons between sites along a single scheme, within which exactlyurveys can be undertaken. Similarly there is little existing guidance on thef reptile survey results: The ‘best sites supporting at least three of the fourpecies’ are eligible for SSSI notification, along with all established populations ofs and sand lizards (the only ‘important’ populations of these species are inReptile Sites’ have been defined as those supporting three or more reptilesnake species, large populations of one or more species, or populations of are clearly uncommon in the locality or region.

for these routine surveys, the appraisal of the conservation status of the reptileinvolved should be made on the basis of:

mblage of reptiles revealed by the survey;

If the habitat inforpopulations of cotime to complete reptiles, and desi

More detailed su

Where potential imnecessary to undpossible effects. Ias effective an asshould be decide

Similarly, if the Stthe new road maycommon reptile sregional basis), ohibernation site), extending the surthe function and isurveys of sand linecessary should

6.3.3.2 Routin

Whereas it has bfor surveys of exidifficult to be presappropriate survescheme would aff


MAY 2005


Refuge dens

A density of concentrationwith a large of artificial reit will be app

Refuge type

It is generallyroofing felt othe range of presented in

Refuge esta

The artificial inspection.

Inspection p

A minimum osuitable timeand/or mid-/lundertaken omorning andcomplexity ashould be to

Inspection p

If it is not pothen the mincarried out upossible withyear, some drecorded at negative res

of the survey

d to be reactive with regard to survey design. If, fortage 3 surveys indicate the need for a more detailedre recorded in an area where they are thought to be

gest the site may be important on a county or regional to review the scope and target of the surveys as early asavoid delays.

ork, the habitat appraisal (for reptiles) undertaken duringng the routine Stage 3 survey, with the aim of refining anf the scheme, and the scope and design of mitigation.

ations

gested increasing the number of visits to 20 or more in an of relative population size and to help identify key areas.ct assessment and mitigation design, it is recommendedought to be required, a clear decision is made either to

w-up surveys on a case-by-case basis (see below).rposes of the Stage 3 assessment, the protocol described

rmation.

surveys

surveys, it is not appropriate to include all possiblehis Advice Note. However, it is appropriate to give some

guidance:

iderations associated with repeated handling of reptiles and othere use of these as part of any Stage 3 surveys should also be avoidedsary. Estimating population sizes or densities with any degree ofill always be problematic and requires considerable expertise. It will berelatively large proportion of a resident population in order to estimatetely and this will be most difficult for common lizards, and slow-wormsn the vast majority of cases, such information will not be required fore large survey effort necessary for population estimates to be made for be restricted to those situations where, on the basis of the magnitude and the importance of the population, it is clearly warranted.

CHAPTE

6/6

rotocol – outside the optimum seasons

ssible to undertake all of the visits within one or other of these seasonal ‘windows’,imum number of visits needs to be extended to ten (all of which still need to bender suitable conditions between April and September), still with as many visits asin the key periods. Furthermore if, even after five survey visits at the ‘right’ time ofoubt exists over the findings of the survey (for example a species previously

a location appears to be absent, or if there are an unusually large number ofults), then the survey should also be extended to include ten visits.

Population estimates

There are welfare consintrusive techniques. Thunless absolutely necesaccuracy or reliability wnecessary to sample a population sizes accurain particular. However, ithese species. Given thany species, this shouldof the predicted impacts

ity

no fewer than 10 artificial refuges per hectare should be used, with greaters around key habitat features and within ‘problem’ habitats (for example areas

number of natural refuges which cannot themselves be checked). The distributionfuges will depend upon the spatial configuration of the habitat, but in some areasropriate to deploy an equivalent density of up to 50 artificial refuges per hectare.

appropriate to employ a majority of either corrugated metal, heavy-weightr thick rubber refuges, but also to include a variety of materials to help increasecaptures as far as possible. Further design and recommendations of use are Annex C, ‘Artificial Refuge Specification’.

blishment

refuges should be established for a minimum of a week before the first

rotocol – during the optimum seasons

f five inspections should be undertaken under suitable weather conditions and ats of day. The visits should be spread over the periods April to mid-/late-Mayate-August to mid-/late-September (see Section 6.2.5). Each inspection should ben a separate day. How the visits are structured and whether they comprise both late-afternoon checks will depend upon the season, climatic constraints, the size,nd ‘difficultly’ of the site, and a range of other factors. The over-arching aim maximize the likelihood of finding reptiles on each inspection.

Reviewing the scope and targets

It is important to retain flexibility anexample, the initial results of the Sinvestigation (for example adders auncommon, in numbers which sugbasis), then it would be necessarypossible in the season in order to

Refining the habitat assessment

In parallel with the reptile survey wStage 2 should be augmented duriassessment of the likely impacts o

The need for additional investig

Some published guidance has sugattempt to gain a better impressionHowever, for the purposes of impathat, where further information is thdesign appropriately targeted folloOtherwise, for the more general puabove should reveal sufficient info

6.3.3.3 More detailed Stage 3

Given the reactive nature of thesespecifications within the scope of t


MAY 2005


Where these amarked or recofor the adults. of colour markclipping and thSlow-worms ca(simple body sreasonably accare best differeanal scale. Juvand shed theirever, be neces

Investigations

This will generorder to confirm

� communahibernatio

� egg layingfor sand l

� favoured middle pa

Investigations

These are to sis part of a larglinear feature otherwise valu

Investigation

In certain situhabitat featuremore freely drsome reptilesspecies. If, onspecific survequestion in cosurveys at the

potential receptor sites

reptile translocation operation (see Section 10.2.4.3), it is necessary tos the suitability of potential receptor sites. A similar approach should be these sites, involving a habitat assessment and collecting the basic surveyt above. However, in addition, consideration needs to be given to whethertions found are likely to be at carrying capacity for that habitat (potentialoften chosen where relatively new habitat features have been created orent has taken place and thus populations may be below carrying capacity),ities might exist to enhance the habitats for reptiles.

Y CORRIDORS

generic advice, since the appropriate corridor width will vary, both withinmes, depending upon the configuration of the habitats and the species likely.

riate to set a single, rigid survey corridor for the multidisciplinary Stage 2e different elements of the survey will require different corridor widthsthe habitats/features and survey results).

re detailed surveys, the majority of effects on reptiles will be associated with road itself. However, it may be necessary also to consider: areas whicho indirect (for example hydrological) effects; key features remote from the be isolated by road construction; and features that would be severed along move.

erefore be extended beyond the route corridor where appropriate, but onlyry to address the specific questions, with regard to impacts and mitigation,attempting to answer.

TIONS

y be necessary to employ more sophisticated investigationg, to confirm the importance of particular areas, but this will

etails will be site- and species-specific and are beyond the

CHAPTER

6/7

such as a disused railway line, where loss of habitat could fragment anable habitat corridor.

s into the seasonal use of sites or seasonal distribution within a site

ations some reptile species, snakes in particular, are thought to migrate betweens which provide suitable foraging conditions in the summer and those (perhapsained areas) which provide suitable hibernacula, later in the year. In addition, may move into particular areas to take advantage of seasonally abundant prey the basis of the initial habitat surveys and assessment, and the routine reptile-ys (and, perhaps, surveys beyond the site boundaries to help put the site inntext (see above)) the site appears likely to be seasonally important, then further critical time of year may be appropriate.

6.3.5 OTHER INVESTIGA

In certain critical situations it matechniques such as radio-trackinbe extremely uncommon; any dscope of this Advice Note.

re necessary, population estimates will generally require that animals are eithergnised individually. For most reptiles reliable individual recognition is possible

For snakes, individual recognition is usually possible on the basis of a mixtureings, head scale patterns, and ventral scale counts; in addition, ventral scalee use of subcutaneously injected transponder tags (PIT tags) are possible.n be recognised individually by a combination of head markings and chin spots

ize measurements are also helpful). Adult sand lizards can be distinguishedurately on the basis of their dorsal markings, whereas adult common lizardsntiated on the basis of their belly markings, particularly the patterning on theenile common lizards are impossible to recognise individually without marking

skins so regularly that surface marks do not persist (however, it will rarely, ifsary to recognise individual juvenile common lizards).

of key features

ally involve extending the survey season and/or intensifying the survey effort in the importance of selected areas or features. These are likely to include:

l hibernation sites (often indicated by aggregations of animals before and aftern, particularly relevant for adders);

sites (indicated by, in the case of grass snakes, the structures themselves, orizards, either ‘egg scrapes’ and large aggregations of new hatchlings; and

feeding areas (often indicated by regular captures of adult animals during thert of the year).

of off-site areas

ome extent self-explanatory and will be most relevant where the site in questioner ecological unit. This could be, for example, if the site were to be part of a

Investigations of

In the context of aidentify and assestaken to surveyinginformation set ouany reptile populareceptor sites are remedial managemand what opportun

6.3.4 SURVE

It is difficult to giveand between scheto be encountered

It is also inappropwalkover, since th(depending upon

With regard to mothe footprint of thecould be subject troute which couldwhich reptiles may

Surveys should thas far as necessathat the survey is

6 REPTILE SURVEY METHODS

MAY 2005


6.4 SUR

In advance ofto undertake is not alreadyOnce again, iscale of impa

6.4.1 DES

Appropriate einformation onthat reptile refrom within thnecessary to (some may b

At this stage,should also b

6.4.2 HAB

Depending upinspection of Stage 2 assesto interpret thsubsequent in

6.4.3 ROU

Whether or ninitial stageswould simply

� if reptile

� no addi

� no key

� neither would b

� neither

� the opti

e local importance of a given population. However, in certain adders, for example, are known to be uncommon, and in

d verge which supports a substantial population would be

n the presence or absence, distribution and (approximate)uired, then the following protocol would be appropriate:

eys for new schemes, the best approach is a ‘combination’sed survey.

ugespling methodology involves the placement of 50 artificial

ollowing a ‘staggered’ transect line, with each refuge located for use by reptiles and with the refuges placed in a variety ofely 10 metre intervals; i.e., 100 artificial refuges distributed00 metres of road.

‘live’ roads, the artificial refuges used should compriseeight flame-activated bitumen roofing felt, with some panels

lity of detecting some snakes. This heavy, flexible materiald and is not ‘blown-up’ by passing traffic, even if located close

to be checked and the transect line inspected for reptiles usingSection 6.3.3.2 (above).

ing protocolsr ‘contract’ these specifications to fit an exhaustive survey ofient approach to surveying longer sections however is to

tats and to design a sampling protocol based around this

to be considered; for example, it is best to choose samplingverges from over-bridges and underpasses and safe parkingad safety risk assessment will need to be carried out inent’s (or equivalents’) Safety Advisors and all agreedeme- and location-specific survey plan. Appropriate Personal

CHAPTE

6/8

ot further reptile surveys are required will then depend upon the results of these. Under the following circumstances, no further surveys would be required, and it be appropriate to design and implement precautionary mitigation:

s are already known to use the verge(s) in question;

tional species would be expected;

habitat features have been identified;

a particularly large nor locally important population, nor diverse assemblagee affected;

sand lizards nor smooth snakes would be involved; and

ons for mitigation are relatively straightforward.

Varying the specification/samplClearly, it is possible to ‘stretch’ oa particular feature. The most efficidentify broadly similar verge habistandard survey technique.

Practical implementationSeveral practical issues will needlocations with easy access to the locations off the carriageway. A roconjunction with the Managing Agprecautions included within a sch

VEYS FOR THE EXISTING ROAD NETWORK

undertaking maintenance works which could affect reptiles, it may be necessarysurveys to confirm the presence or absence of the different reptile species (if this known), to estimate the likely impacts upon them and to help design mitigation.t is necessary that the scope of any such surveys are proportional to the likelyct and importance of the reptile population.

K STUDY

nvironmental databases of the highway network should be consulted for habitats and the presence of reptiles in the vicinity of the works. However, given

cords tend to be ‘patchy’ across the road network, and that new records bothe soft estate and surrounding areas will constantly be being compiled, it is alsorequest information from a similar list of consultees as is indicated in Annex Ee more locally applicable than others).

any available information on the local status of the different reptile speciese collated, in order to help put future survey information in context.

ITAT INVESTIGATION

on the results of the Desk Study, it may be appropriate to undertake a briefthe road verges, with the aim of collecting a similar level of information as for thesment of a new scheme. Once again, it will be necessary to use staff competent

e importance and functional significance of the habitat features, to scope anyvestigations that may be required, and to design appropriate mitigation.

TINE REPTILE SURVEYS

It is often difficult to determine thparts of the UK, slow-worms andthese situations a section of roaconsidered important.

If, however, further information orelative density of reptiles is req

Survey techniqueAs with the routine Stage 3 survdirect observation and refuge-ba

Distribution and density of refThe most efficient surveying/samrefuges on each verge, usually fin the most appropriate situationshade conditions, at approximatover a length of approximately 5

Refuge typeIn contrast to surveys away fromlargely 0.5 m2 sheets of heavy-wcut larger to increase the reliabifollows the contours of the grounto the edge of the carriageway.

Inspection protocolThe artificial refuges then need the same protocol as set out in


MAY 2005


Protective Equipment must be worn at all times and, given the hazards involved, not onlyshould the surveyors be skilled and experienced with regard to reptile surveys, but they mustalso be familiar with working close to ‘live’ roads. Reptiles are known to use habitats within thecentral reserve as well as adjoining verges. Whilst it is not often necessary to include thecentral reserve as part of these surveys, the potential presence of reptiles there needs to beconsidered for mitigation operations.

6.4.4 MORE DETAILED SURVEYS

If it is likely, on the basis of the desk study, habitat investigation or general reptile surveys, thatmaintenance operations would affect either (a) sand lizards or smooth snakes; or (b) aparticularly important population (of the more common species) or key feature for the localreptile population, then more detailed surveys may be required.

The scope, detail and methodologies for these surveys should follow the guidance in Section6.3.3.3 (above). Again, these should be developed in consultation with the SNCO.

6.4.5 MONITORING REPTILES ON THE SOFT ESTATE

The survey technique described above also provides an appropriate basis for a system ofmonitoring reptiles on road verges. This is dealt with in more detail in Chapter 12, ‘Monitoring’.

CHAPTER 6 REPTILE SURVEY METHODS

6/9

MAY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05CHAPTER 7 WHEN ARE REPTILE SURVEYS NECESSARY?

7.1 WHEN ARE SURVEYS NECESSARY FOR NEW SCHEMES?

Given the widespread and ‘patchy’ distribution of many of our native reptile species, every newscheme will have to take account of its possible impacts on reptile populations. This willalmost certainly involve an assessment of the value and importance for reptiles of the habitatsthat would be affected, as part of a combined habitats and protected species walkover survey.Depending upon the likely importance of any reptile populations and the potential impacts ofthe scheme upon them, further targeted reptile surveys may be appropriate. The requirementsfor reptile surveys and assessments for new schemes are set out in Section 6.3.

7.2 WHEN ARE SURVEYS NECESSARY FOR THE EXISTING ROADNETWORK?

Since reptiles are also known to occur on road verges throughout the UK, and road vergehabitats can represent features of considerable value to reptiles, including the rarest species,a range of maintenance operations could potentially affect reptile populations. For this reason,almost all maintenance works and operations need to consider impacts on reptiles. Dependingupon whether existing information already exists and, as above, the scale of the possibleimpacts, the importance of the reptile population(s) and the likely options for mitigation,specific surveys may be required. The requirements for reptile surveys and assessments forthe existing road network are set out in Section 6.4.

Given the absence of reptile information in most environmental databases, opportunitiesshould be taken wherever possible to collect information on the status of reptiles throughoutthe soft estate. In addition, across the road network, and in certain key locations in particular,surveillance monitoring of reptile populations would also be appropriate. This is dealt with inmore detail in Chapter 12, ‘Monitoring’.

7.3 WHEN IS IT NECESSARY TO UPDATE REPTILE SURVEYINFORMATION?

Whilst the results of many ecological surveys can become out-of-date relatively quickly, this isgenerally not the case for reptiles. Once sites have been surveyed appropriately, andparticularly if they are found to support established reptile populations, their status is likely toremain valid for several years, unless there are substantial changes to the habitats concerned.

Thus, in many cases, the appropriate means of updating the surveys can be a relatively briefre-inspection of the habitats rather than a repeat of the original methodology. One exception tothis is where habitats are identified as suitable for reptiles but none are found, particularly ifthere are known populations nearby. In these situations subsequent colonisation is apossibility and surveys to confirm the presence or absence of reptiles should be repeated ifthe original data are more than a year old.

7/1

MAY 20

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05CHAPTE ALIFICATIONS FOR SURVEYORS

8.1 LICE

8.1.1 WHE

A licence from smoothsnakes and sa ued forconservation oobtained, not butalso where the e areptile survey ownrange of these

8.1.2 WHE

A licence is no snakeand sand lizar d out inhabitats not sulicence is requ nce orhandling of an

8.2 LICE

8.2.1 WHE

Both sand lizasummarised in re thefollowing activ fra inEngland, or th

� any mitig ards orsmooth snakes, such as a translocation operation;

� ap

� wsfe

� th

Licences for sand lizard and smooth snake will only be granted for works relating to roadschemes which are of overriding public concern or for health and safety reasons; where thereis no satisfactory alternative; and where the development will not be detrimental to themaintenance of the population of the species concerned at a favourable conservation status intheir natural range. (See Annex A for further details.)

8.2.2 WHEN LICENCES ARE NOT REQUIRED

Licences are not required for works affecting the more common reptile species, i.e. adder,grass snake, common lizard and slow-worm. None of these species are protected underEuropean legislation, and there is no provision for licensing developments under the Wildlifeand Countryside Act (1981), and amendments. However, in order to comply with legislation itis important that the mitigation works for any scheme involving these species are designed inaccordance with the current best practice guidelines set out in this document. In addition, it isrecommended that the relevant SNCO be consulted and allowed a reasonable period in whichto provide advice should they consider it necessary.

8.3 QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERTISE

Whilst surveys for the more common species of reptiles do not require a licence, and nor dowalkover surveys which do not involve the disturbance or handling of smooth snakes or sandlizards, reptiles are generally well camouflaged and secretive, and their behaviour andsubsequent ‘observability’ is very weather dependent. It is therefore important that althoughspecific qualifications are not relevant, surveys are carried out by suitably experienced fieldsurveyors.

6/9
05
ny works which would entail the damage or destruction of a breeding site or restinglace of these species;

orks which would obstruct access to structures or places used by these species forhelter and protection, such as the use of either temporary or permanent reptile-proofncing; or

e potential for incidental disturbance of these species.

R 8 LICENSING CONSIDERATIONS AND QU

NSING CONSIDERATIONS FOR REPTILE SURVEYS

N LICENCES ARE REQUIRED

the appropriate SNCO is required in order to disturb, capture or handle nd lizards for the purposes of carrying out a survey (a licence can be issr scientific purposes). It is therefore important that the relevant licence is

only when the intention is to capture and handle the animals in question, possibility of disturbance to individuals of these species exists; i.e. wherusing artificial refuges is being carried out in suitable habitat within the kn species.

N LICENCES ARE NOT REQUIRED

t required to disturb, capture or handle reptile species other than smoothd. Therefore, where a reptile survey using artificial refuges is being carrieitable for smooth snake and sand lizard or outside their known range, noired. Furthermore, reptile surveys which do not involve capture, disturbaimals, such as ‘direct observation’, do not require a licence.

NSING REQUIREMENTS FOR MITIGATION WORKS

N LICENCES ARE REQUIRED

rd and smooth snake are protected under UK and European law, as Section 3.1 and Annex A, ‘Review of Legislation and Guidance’. Therefoities should be carried out under licence to the Appropriate Authority (Dee Welsh Assembly Government in Wales):

ation works which involve the disturbance, capture or handling of sand liz

MAY 20


9.1 INT

There are maon reptiles. Thconservation determine thewherever posAssessment pnature consermagnitude of

Whilst many oreptile populaconsiderable habitat creatio

9.2 NEW

9.2.1 DIR

Most new roa(compared to,to involve fewsuitable foragimportant featsites and goopotentially impconstrained bstrong prefere(even where vimpactimportcan thany mreptile

9.2.2

The radifferesome summfavour

or sub-adult dispersal (often in random directions) to colonise new habitats. However,persal and short-distance range shifts can also be responsible for colonisation/re-tion of available habitat nearby. Roads can form significant barriers to the movements and therefore, in addition to the potential impacts on reptiles of direct habitat loss,truction of new roads or improvements can cause fragmentation of reptile

ons. This could potentially prevent individuals from finding suitable hibernation sites or areas and may lead to the isolation of fragments of larger existing reptile populations.

ROAD TRAFFIC RELATED MORTALITY

ptile species tend to follow well-established route-ways (thought to be guided, in somey pheromonal cues) between key features (for example to and from hibernation sites),akes them potentially vulnerable to increases in mortality on new roads.

DISRUPTION TO LOCAL HYDROLOGY

nakes are particularly associated with wetland features and several other reptile can be found in relatively large numbers in wetland habitats. It is for this reason thatemes which alter natural drainage patterns or disrupt local hydrology through, for, the installation of artificial drainage, could potentially destroy or degrade important

for reptiles.

COLLATERAL HABITAT CREATION

s such as new landscape planting, or the creation of south-facing embankments,t provided as mitigation specifically for reptiles, would be expected to be of benefit asome established. Certain measures can also be incorporated to maximise the value features.

PUBLIC ACCESS

nd to some extent during the construction period), publiclead to the accidental degradation of reptile habitats (fors).

9/1
05
s. In addition, some key features (for example, communal hibernacula) can beant to large numbers and successive generations of reptiles. Impacts on these featureserefore have disproportionately significant effects. Depending upon the effectiveness ofitigation, there is also the potential for incidental disturbance, injury and mortality ofs associated with habitat clearance.

SEVERANCE OF HABITAT

nge of movements routinely undertaken by reptiles varies considerably betweennt species, life stages, populations and habitats in which they are found. Individuals ofspecies tend to undertake regular seasonal migrations between hibernation sites ander feeding areas, and sometimes even more frequent movements between refuges anded foraging locations. Others are far more sedentary. Most reptile species rely on

Once a new road is operational (aaccess and related activities can example, through uncontrolled fire

R 9 POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON REPTILES

RODUCTION

ny aspects of road construction and operation which can have potential impactsese are described below in terms of the potential impacts on nature

outlined in the DMRB (Vol. 11). In many cases, it will not be possible to precise significance of these impacts in the absence of relevant research, butsible the precautionary principle should be applied. As part of the Environmentalrocess, it will also be necessary to set out clearly the relationships between thevation importance of the reptile populations that might be affected, and theany predicted impacts upon them.

f the issues dealt with below are potentially harmful to existing reptiles andtions, new roads and the management of the existing soft estate also presentopportunities to enhance areas for reptiles, through modifying landforms, andn and management.

ROAD SCHEMES

ECT LOSS OF HABITAT THROUGH LAND-TAKE

d schemes or improvements require a limited land-take in any one location for example, housing, business or leisure developments). They therefore tender significant impacts with regard to habitat loss (for example, the removal ofing habitat for reptiles). In addition, it is often possible to avoid impacts onures (hibernation sites, for example) by the early identification of these sensitived engineering design. However, under certain circumstances, for example, whereortant habitat runs parallel and close to the road or where route alignment is

y other features, there may be unavoidable impacts. Different reptiles shownces for particular habitat types and are sensitive to the loss of these featuresery small patches of habitat are lost), which can increase the significance of the

juvenileadult discolonisaof reptilethe conspopulatiforaging

9.2.3

Some recases, bwhich m

9.2.4

Grass sspeciesroad schexamplehabitats

9.2.5

Featurewhilst nothey becof these

9.2.6

MAY 2005


9.3 THE EXISTING ROAD NETWORK

Many of the issues highlighted above for new roads and improvements are also relevant to theexisting road network.

9.3.1 ROAD TRAFFIC RELATED MORTALITY

As well as the ongoing mortality of animals attempting to continue to access hibernacula,feeding sites etc., on either side of a road, some reptiles will become habituated to the trafficdisturbance, basking on hard surfaces very close to the carriageway and foraging routinely inverge habitats. This can result in more regular crossing of the main line, slip roads, side roadsetc, or simply make the reptiles more vulnerable to incidental mortality.

9.3.2 COLLATERAL HABITAT CREATION

As the features identified in 9.2.5, ‘Collateral habitat creation’ mature, so their suitability forreptiles would be expected to increase, at least in the medium-term. Subsequent managementwould be required to maintain a high degree of habitat ‘structure’.

9.3.3 SOFT ESTATE MANAGEMENT REGIMES

Whilst, as identified above, some habitat management is likely to benefit reptiles, mowing andstrimming in particular can be important hazards for individual reptiles inhabiting the softestate, both as a direct threat of injury or mortality from machinery and indirectly though asudden reduction in cover from predators.

9.3.4 MAINTENANCE OF HARD LANDSCAPING/STREET FURNITURE

Operations such as the clearance or replacement of ‘french drains’ and similar systems, workson particular structures, the maintenance of retaining features and a variety of other activities,can have imp

9.3.5 PU

The potentia

9/2

CHAPTER 9 POSSIBLE EFFECTS ON REPTILES

lications for reptiles using these structures as refuges or hibernacula.

BLIC ACCESS TO ROAD VERGES

l impacts identified in 9.2.6 are also relevant to the existing road network.

MAY 20

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05CHAPT

10.1 IN

Measures proportionascale of theopportunitiachieve tarhabitat and

It is obvioudiscussed lizard and

10.2 N

10.2.1 A

Wherever the extent during the extent of ato retain reconstructioof incidenta

As well as should alsoOther potelay-bys awfuture dam

10.2.

By rereptileshoulfinal r

Whersafe rmortato cro

ck of conclusive information about the use of these kinds ofrly purpose-built tunnels (both those designed for amphibiansres such as badger or otter tunnels).

N AND ENHANCEMENT

would be lost unavoidably as a result of road construction,t creation and enhancement is appropriate, with the aim ofle reptile habitats. Habitat creation as an integral part of reptileons is dealt with in more detail below, but there are also af routine road and landscape design. These include:

outh-facing slopes, particularly where these can be juxtaposedatures of value;

all-scale variation in topography and exposed substrates as is

heme that will develop a ‘mosaic’ of different vegetation types’ between features of value;

, sustainable drainage structures, and pollution control andth to provide valuable habitats and to reduce levels of incidental

o incorporate no-cost/low-cost features that will act asking sites, egg-laying sites, etc.

NTAL MORTALITY DURING CONSTRUCTION

ints and programming

seasonal variations in behaviours exhibited by reptilesn the work programme, in order to schedule particulare reptiles are most at risk. It is sometimes possible, forhabitat that it would clearly not be possible for hibernatinged areas, for example) during the winter, when reptiles are

roof fencing

able reptile habitats, it is often appropriate to install reptile-als from wandering onto the site and potentially being killed.turbance is likely to deter many reptiles from moving onto the often contain stockpiled materials and other structures which

10/1
05
2 MINIMISING FRAGMENTATION

ference to the information collected at Assessment Stages 1, 2 and 3 with regard to how populations appear to be distributed in the vicinity of the new scheme, consideration

d be given throughout the process of route choice and scheme design, to selecting aoute which would cause the least fragmentation.

e fragmentation of some kind is unavoidable, consideration should be given to the use ofoad crossings to minimise the subsequent effects of isolation and increased roadlity. There is some evidence that certain reptile species will use road/farm underpassesss roads and ‘green bridge solutions’ are intuitively likely to be effective, to some degree.

Wherever possible the significantshould be taken account of, withioperations to avoid periods wherexample, to clear those areas of reptiles to use (heavily waterloggseasonally absent.

10.2.4.2 Temporary reptile-p

Where working areas adjoin valuproof fencing to discourage animAlthough construction-related disworking areas, construction sites

ER 10 MITIGATION MEASURES

TRODUCTION

proposed to mitigate the effects of road schemes on reptiles should bete to the importance of the reptile population(s) that would be affected, and the potential impacts upon them. However, it is also appropriate to take advantage of

es presented by new schemes or options for management of existing verges, togets set out in the overseeing organisations’ BAPs for the enhancement of reptile populations.

sly not feasible to discuss all possible options for mitigation here. The principles arebelow, but the design of all substantial mitigation schemes, and any involving sandsmooth snakes, should be developed in consultation with the relevant SNCO.

EW SCHEMES

VOIDING KEY FEATURES AND SENSITIVE/VALUABLE HABITATS

possible, sensitive route choice, small-scale variations in alignment and minimisingof land-take should be used to ensure that key habitats and features, identifiedEnvironmental Assessment process, are avoided. Where this is not possible, theny habitat loss should be minimised. In almost every case, it is preferable to attemptptile populations in situ. Where habitats are retained within or adjacent to then site, temporary protective fencing should be installed to help reduce the chancesl damage.

avoiding direct impacts, indirect effects such as adverse hydrological changes be minimised through sensitive drainage design and good engineering practice.

ntial effects can also be minimised through design; for example the location of neway from valuable features, and the use of fire breaks, to minimise the likelihood ofage to adjoining habitats.

There is, however, a general lastructures by reptiles, particulaand reptiles, and larger structu

10.2.3 HABITAT CREATIO

Where suitable reptile habitatsmitigation in the form of habitaachieving no net loss of valuabrelocation/translocation operatirange of opportunities as part o

� maximising the extent of swith other habitats and fe

� incorporating as much smfeasible;

� designing a landscape scand that will provide ‘links

� promoting the use of openattenuation measures (bomortality); and

� looking for opportunities thibernacula, refuges, bas

10.2.4 AVOIDING INCIDE

10.2.4.1 Seasonal constra

MAY 200


can be attracexpense of inbefore decidinconsider incluhabitats to thearea; the duramade reptile-indicate wherbelow).

During the lifeensure its inte‘funnel’ animarepresent a vinterests of reAnnex B.

10.2.4.3 Tra

For the purporeptiles someshort-distancerelocation sho

Where it is noyear (and thucapture and rduring site cledescribed belthese o

(i)

Advanoperatreceptosufficierememonly bealwaysefficiena subs

should not be translocated later than mid- to late-Septemberlatitudes.

ion and advance works

iate receptor sites depend largely upon the numbers of animalsem and the species involved. It is obviously difficult to giveng principles should be considered:

ideally be close to ‘donor’ sites, with good ‘links’ to surroundingtiles and should not be isolated from other existing reptile

ld comprise similar habitat types and features to those at thethose identified as being of importance to the reptiles to beld include all of the features necessary to support all aspects ofnd reflect the ecology of the species concerned.

should be at least equal in size to the donor site in questionily the same configuration) and ideally greater in size, unless itlly more productive habitat can be created. In most cases it isme that the donor reptile populations are at ‘carrying capacity’

he donor site, and make provision for them at the receptor siteequivalent area and an equivalent proportion of habitat types.ill generally not be required for the more common species..

with sand lizards or smooth snakes, the pre-translocation been more comprehensive, and the suitability and productivity

eed to be more critically evaluated. Generally a greater (more will be appropriate.

tion projects, receptor sites should generally not support thet they should be suitable for them). This assumes that aion may be translocated (see (e) ‘Founder population

ers of reptiles are being translocated, it is essential that as present at the receptor site in order to maintain a viableropriate habitat enhancement is undertaken to boost its

10/2

CHAPTE

5

perations are described above in Section 6.3, ‘Surveys for new road schemes’.

Programming issues

ce consideration of programming issues is one of the keys to a successful translocationion. It is particularly important to incorporate sufficient time for advance works at ther site (see below), in order for it to be ready to receive the donor site animals, andnt time for the anticipated full extent of the capture operation. It is also important tober that the capture operations will be seasonally constrained; not only can animals captured effectively between April and September, but the capture operation should include a spring/early-summer period (April to June) when captures are at their mostt. Capture rates during mid-summer may be poor due to hot summer weather; hence iftantial number of animals remain to be captured in mid-June, the operation may need to

of the receptor site will nprecautionary) provision

d) Pre-existing populationsFor substantial translocaspecies to be moved (busuitable founder populatstructure’, below).

Where only small numbpre-existing population ipopulation, and that app

tive to reptiles, particularly during a period of inactivity within the site. Given thestallation and maintenance, it is appropriate to undertake a brief risk assessmentg whether or not temporary reptile-proof fencing is necessary. The factors tode: the presence of reptiles in adjacent habitats; the connectivity of these working area; the continuing suitability of habitats for reptiles within the workingtion of works; and whether there are any existing barriers that can be utilised or

proof. In addition, an assessment of capture (or recapture) results, can help toe fencing is required in the context of a translocation/relocation operation (see

of the works it will be necessary to monitor and maintain the fence regularly togrity. Permanent reptile-proof fencing is rarely appropriate, unless needed tols towards a safe crossing point, since the developing verge habitats are likely to

aluable resource that it would be counter-productive to exclude them from, in theducing reptile road mortality. Detailed reptile fencing specifications are shown in

nslocation/relocation

ses of this Advice Note, ‘translocation’ refers to the capture and release of distance from their original location, whereas ‘relocation’ is used to indicate movements to within the same area of habitat. In each case, translocation oruld represent a last resort, where avoidance is not possible.

t possible to avoid areas which are used by at least some reptiles throughout thes there is no ‘safe’ period during which works may proceed), some form ofemoval operation is required as a last resort to avoid killing or injuring reptilesarance. The key issues and constraints associated with these operations areow. The surveys and other investigations which may be required to underpin

extend to September. Reptilesdepending upon weather and

(ii) ‘Receptor’ site select

The specifications for approprthat would be released into thgeneric advice, but the followi

a) LocationReceptor sites should habitat suitable for reppopulations.

b) HabitatThe receptor site shoudonor site; particularly moved. Each site shouthe reptiles’ life-cycle a

c) SizeIdeally, a receptor site (although not necessaris clear that substantiasensible simply to assufor the habitats within tby creating at least an Population estimates wHowever, when dealinginvestigations will have

R 10 MITIGATION MEASURES

MAY 2005


carryunsuiappro

e) FounIf reloimmenuclerecepparamthat esuccedevelpopu

The dbe defoundnumbto bespecireleva

f) AdvaIt willThesprey, the sreleabe sit10.2.of purp

For opmonitospecie

g) MeasuIt will gtempothe do

ites will require some form of longer-term management, inble conditions for the newly-established or expandedf such management would need to be determined on a case-

be added by creating multiple receptor sites. Sites should befeatures to provide connectivity between the new sub- movement of individuals and maintaining the viability of theis approach would be expected to have an increased chance the possibility of unforeseen events affecting a single

in similar ways to when surveying. Again, pitfall traps tend notnd ‘nooses’, which are sometimes useful in capturing lizards only be used by skilled practitioners. An important element

e management’. It is inappropriate simply to set out a grid of of the season and to continue to collect reptiles from themnstead, it is very important that refuge locations and densitiesperation, along with the use of fencing, vegetation andd below, all with the aim of maximising capture efficiency andvant species and life stages.

p to ten times greater than those used in survey situations (orroblem’ sites where, for example, there are abundant naturalrse populations). Even more so than for targeted surveys at

se different artificial refuge types and sizes to maximise thecaptures, and to undertake more frequent visits and at different

de up donor sites with ‘drift’ fencing, to increase captureing a perimeter fence to prevent re-colonisation. However, thisuch a way as to minimise the possibilities of injuring or killing the use of a perimeter fence around at least part of thessential to complete a removal operation, by limiting theals onto the exclusion area from adjacent habitats and/or

sites. Similarly, lengths of fencing can be used to segregate

10/3

CHAPTE

, ‘Habitat Creation and Enhancement’ (above), along with the specific installationose-built hibernacula. Selected designs for structures are presented in Annex D.

erations involving sand lizards and smooth snakes, it may also be necessary tor the condition of the receptor site pre-release (for example, by surveys of preys) and to incorporate ‘soft-release’ techniques.

res to prevent return to the donor siteenerally be appropriate to incorporate an effective barrier (usually in the form of

rary and, possibly more permanent, reptile-proof fencing) to prevent the return tonor site of translocated individuals.

Stage 3, it is helpful to urange and efficiency of times of day.

b) Temporary fencingIt is often helpful to diviefficiency, as well as usshould be installed in sreptiles. In many casesexclusion area will be econtinual spread of animimmigration from donor

ing capacity, or that adjoining habitat features are created. Improving previouslytable habitat adjacent to sites that support existing populations is often the mostpriate option.

der population structurecating animals to an area with few or no reptiles, and to one which is notdiately adjacent to sites which support existing populations, it is important that theus of a viable population is relocated (particularly if ‘splitting’ animals betweentor sites). It is difficult to provide definitive guidance, since each of the keyeters will vary in detail between sites and species. Some studies have suggested

stablishing ‘new’ populations is also best accomplished with releases overssive seasons. This is often difficult to achieve in the context of a roadopment project. Thus moving animals to a location adjacent to existinglations is often a more appropriate solution.

etails of all translocation projects involving smooth snakes or sand lizards shouldveloped in consultation with the relevant SNCO and this should include issues ofer population size and structure. Recommendations with regard to minimumers for these species are therefore not presented. In addition, research continues undertaken on minimum viable founder population sizes for different reptilees. Thus, where uncertainty exists, further guidance should be sought from thent SNCO and the relevant highways authority Environmental Advisor.

nce habitat creation/enhancement usually be necessary to undertake works in order to prepare the receptor site.e must be done sufficiently in advance of translocation to ensure the availability ofcover, etc., for the released animals. Where translocations are carried out late ineason, the availability of suitable hibernacula is critical and animals should besed in close proximity to them. The habitat creation and enhancement works wille-specific, but are likely to involve similar measures to those set out in Section3

h) Long-term managementIn most cases receptor sorder to maintain favourapopulations. The details oby-case basis.

i) Multiple receptorsIn some cases, value canlinked by suitable habitat populations, thus allowingpopulation as a whole. Thof success since it avoidsreceptor.

(iii) Capture methods

Reptiles are generally captured to be used on welfare grounds a(particularly sand lizards), shouldof any operation will be its ‘activartificial refuges at the beginningwithout reviewing the situation. Ibe manipulated throughout the odestructive searches as describethe ability to capture each of rele

a) Artificial refuge densitiesThese will generally be ueven more at particular ‘prefuges or unusually dive


MAY 2005


those pcapturecolonis

c) VegetaAs a cavegetacapturebegin crates.

In addiand at areas, erectioarea, aremovapresen

d) TimescIt is vetake. Tindicat(see ‘Fbetweepopulaachievineed toinclusivlarge apart (or

A reasocaptureefficientrappinassociabe signwill alswith rerecruitmpossib

to review the capture results of any project critically, tobers are declining significantly or whether this is an artefact. of better weather or a change in capture methods results in aumbers captured, there is a clear need to continue the capturee capture effort.

ture operations should begin early in the year, both to takeroductive period, and to catch female reptiles before they haves/give birth. Wherever possible capture operations should note is a period during which animals have to be kept in captivityrea. Nor should animals be released into a new area just prior as this could affect their future survival.

n be an effective part of the year during which to capture time of year therefore need to take account of the potential

oncerned. Late-season releases can have the most significant behaviourally complex species (snakes in particular).

rost-free hibernation sites, free from obvious predation risks there are no welfare contra-indications (i.e. the individualndition and, in the case of lizards, has not recently shed itsls (lizards in particular) up to mid-September at least should be

ture effort’ has been expended, ideally once capture rates haveso long as a sufficient capture effort has been maintained andtefact), a final ‘destructive search’ should be undertaken justlel with the first elements of site clearance. This needs torvision of plant or work by hand. The intention of the destructive

antle structures and/or excavate substrates in such a way thatill be revealed and, if possible, there will be an opportunity toquestion unharmed. It tends to be a slow process and, givenen with the most careful operation, injuries and mortalities will substantial number of reptiles remain.

tructive search should be sufficient to identify a situation whereperation has not been fully effective, so that remedial captureHowever, in relatively easily-searched situations, a destructivelpful in capturing and removing the last few individual reptiles their welfare. Generally the best approach to adopt is to beginreful, exhaustive, and precautionary manner, and gradually

10/4

CHAPTE

possibly all) of two seasons.

nably sound approach is to monitor declining capture rates. However, declinings through June and September may simply be a reflection of declining capturecy, rather than a dwindling donor population. It is also often difficult to fit removalg ‘models’ to these data to extrapolate a final population size, since thetions involved in capturing reptiles in this way are very unlikely to be linear, willificantly skewed by variations in climate and related issues, and capture effort

o rarely be constant. Nevertheless, recent research has suggested that if dealinglatively small, largely ‘closed’ populations (i.e., where immigration and/or

ent are unlikely during the period) and where an intensive capture operation isle, these models might be helpful.

search should be to diany reptiles present wrescue the animals in their cryptic nature, evundoubtedly occur if a

At the very least a desthe previous capture oworks can take place. search can also be hewithout compromisingthe search in a very ca

arts of the site already clear of reptiles, from areas where reptiles remain to bed (particularly prior to the production of juveniles, which might otherwise readilye cleared areas).

tion removalpture operation progresses it is often helpful to undertake carefully supervised

tion cutting/removal to limit available refuges sequentially and thus increase efficiency, particularly toward the end of a capture operation; it is often best toaptures in undisturbed vegetation, which tends to promote higher initial capture

tion, in those situations where animals are being moved from only part of a siteleast one of the aims of the operation is to relocate individuals to the retainedit is often helpful to use the sequential cutting-back of vegetation followed by then of one-way reptile-proof fencing, to help displace animals from the workings an adjunct to a capture and relocation operation. Clearly any such vegetationl would also need to take account of other constraints, including the possiblece of nesting birds.

alery difficult to give generic advice as to how long translocation operations willhe Herpetofauna Groups of Britain and Ireland have published guidanceing what constitutes ‘reasonable effort’ where capture operations are concernedurther Reading’). They state that captures should extend over a period ofn three months and an entire season of intensive effort, depending upontion density, although some of the measures detailed above may be effective inng reductions to these periods. To be effective the operation will almost always encompass at least one spring and early summer period (April to Junee) when captures are most efficient. In extreme cases, involving particularlynd ‘difficult’ sites, with high reptile densities, captures may have to extend over

It is certainly necessary determine whether numFor example, if a periodsubstantial increase in noperation and to increas

e) TimingWherever possible, capadvantage of the most phad a chance to lay eggbe designed so that theror a temporary holding ato the hibernation period

However, September careptiles. Releases at thiseffects on the animals cimplications for the moreNevertheless if reliably fare readily available andconcerned is in good cotail), then moving animaconsidered.

f) Destructive searchesOnce a ‘reasonable capdeclined towards zero, (this is not a seasonal arbefore and then in paralinvolve the careful supe

sm


MAY 2005


increaDestruactive.

It is veoperatreasoncan beused iecolog

10.2.5 AVOSTRUCTUR

Although this amphibians, iroad drains, gsimilar structuwhere reptilesroadside, or ashould be conparts of vegetTreatment Sy

10.3 THE

10.3.1 AVO

Clearly, whensensitive or vrestricted in thexisting vergeis appropriate practice this m

However, if roufeature, then itmaintenance sprotected and as vulnerable,new schemes,habitats).

NTATION

rely be expected to have a long-term impact of increasing outside the soft estate are sub-optimal for reptiles, some

isolation of lengths of suitable habitat. Habitat managementwhich take in the entire width of the verge, could have circumstances, it would be appropriate to retain ‘links’ offragmentation effects.

ND ENHANCEMENT

t in the context of relocation schemes is discussed below,rtunities, as part of routine landscape/habitat managementor reptiles. These include minor alterations to the landscapeuce more of a ‘mosaic’ structure within the roadside

rass of a uniform height. In addition, introducing selective at an earlier stage than usual, to maintain open features (ofping shrub and tree planting areas can be helpful.

lude specifications to compost arisings in locations whereegg-laying sites, and to retain brash piles adjacent to linear

as refuges and hibernacula (also see Annex D ‘Hibernaculaic Examples of Principal Issues’ for examples). By nots, features which may be used as hibernacula may remainor potential hibernacula to form may be increased as they

on the distribution of reptiles across the network,out the occurrence of different populations and key habitat) be targeted to produce the most beneficial effects, and (b)itat features could be located in positions least likely to

s with regard to other maintenance activities.

ENTAL INJURY AND MORTALITY

aints and programming

nance and management works should take account of the activity and behaviour and, wherever possible, avoid periodsk. For example, mowing, strimming or other habitat maintenancemunal hibernacula could harm large numbers of reptiles as theyicular, after the hibernation period, and so should be avoided at

10/5

CHAPTE

eir number or extent; then it may be possible to avoid them, but works within the are often strictly constrained to a particular location or alignment. Thus, whilst itto attempt to adopt the principles of avoidance and minimising impacts, inay not be achievable.

tine habitat management works would, or have had, an adverse effect on a key would be important to incorporate a special instruction within the landscapepecification for this location, so that the particular habitat feature can bemanaged appropriately in the future. In addition, if a particular area is identified then measures could be put in place to protect it (for example as described for fire breaks can be established beside existing roads to protect adjacent

these new potentially valuabpresent subsequent problem

10.3.4 AVOIDING INCID

10.3.4.1 Seasonal constr

As for new schemes, maintereptiles’ seasonal patterns ofwhere reptiles are most at risaround features used as combask both before and, in partthese times.

se the speed of the operation assuming that reptiles continue not to be found.ctive searches should only be carried out during those periods when reptiles are

ry rarely acceptable to undertake site clearance without a prior captureion. This may be appropriate only when captures are impossible for some, or a very small impact coupled with a low likelihood of reptiles being present demonstrated. It would be difficult to prove that ‘reasonable effort’ had been

n such situations, and in all cases, a destructive search carried out by anist would be essential.

IDING INCIDENTAL MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH DRAINAGEES

appears to be less important for most reptile species than it can be fort is nevertheless important to avoid, wherever possible, the use of kerbs andully pots, traditional petrol/oil interceptors, and other sheer-sided chambers andres. These could potentially trap reptiles, and should be avoided in situations (particularly the least common species) are likely to use habitats close to thettempt to cross the road regularly. In these situations, more sensitive solutionssidered; many have already been developed specifically for amphibians and asative treatment systems (see DMRB Vol. 4, Section 2, Part 1, ‘Vegetativestems for Highway Runoff’).

EXISTING ROAD NETWORK

IDING KEY FEATURES AND SENSITIVE/VALUABLE HABITATS

dealing with works to existing road verges, there are fewer opportunities to avoidaluable habitats. If key features (for example hibernacula) are sufficiently

10.3.2 MINIMISING FRAGME

Works to existing verges would rafragmentation. However, if habitatsworks could cause the temporary operations (for example mowing), similar short-term effects. In thesesuitable habitat to help offset any

10.3.3 HABITAT CREATION A

Habitat creation and enhancemenbut there are also a range of oppoworks, to improve the soft estate fmaintenance specifications to prodhabitats, avoiding large areas of gcoppice management and thinninga variety of aspects) within develo

Maintenance works could also incthey are most likely to be used as features, and scattered cut timberDesign’, and Annex F ‘Photographremoving the stumps of felled treeunaffected, and the opportunities frot in situ.

As information becomes availableparticularly detailed information abfeatures, these measures could (a

le hab


MAY 2005


10.3.4.2 Spe

Several routin rreptiles, particConsideration minimum of 15be common oron the verge. Hspecies acrossmost works; ufrequencies toshould be avorefuge at the bproximity to th

Where reptilesare particularlyto cut these arpossible, to givcontractors bepossible to ‘befew minutes) t sto review the u eused in order maintenance w

10.3.4.3 Tran

The majority oundertaking thconstraints annumbering se

(i) Progra

Advance consexisting road vdelays associahave much shdeadline.

(ii) Receptor site selection and advance works

Again, the principles are the same as for new schemes, but it will generally be less feasible toconsider off-site translocation, and the operation far more frequently involves ‘relocation’ toadjacent areas of road verge, rather than ‘translocation’. In addition, the donor site is often notcompletely lost, for example if it is simply subject to a trenching operation or similar, and thereceptor site only has to act as such on a temporary basis. It is still important to consideradvance measures to increase its carrying capacity or include additional areas to promote thesurvival of the relocated animals, but the issues are less critical. It will almost always benecessary to install measures to prevent premature re-colonisation of the donor site.

(iii) Capture methods

Each of the issues set out for new schemes also apply to existing roads. Capture operationstend to be completed more quickly, since they usually involve smaller, more constrained areasand it is often appropriate to include an element of vegetation removal in order to displaceanimals, to augment attempts to actively capture and relocated them. Whilst the principleremains that planning to keep animals in temporary holding facilities or captivity isinappropriate, ‘last-minute’ rescue operations can result in insoluble seasonal, welfare and/orlogistic constraints. Keeping animals in captivity (for example over winter) or in temporaryreceptor areas is generally not recommended because of the extra stress it can place on theanimals, the increased likelihood of disease (and heightened disease risk if kept close to non-native species), the difficulties in establishing and maintaining effective hibernating conditionsand the extreme difficulties caused by subsequent delays. Wherever possible, the situationswhich conspire to make this necessary should be avoided by informed planning of futureworks.

10/6

CHAPTE

d differences in emphasis. These are discussed below, following the samequence:

mming issues

ideration of programming issues are just as crucial when dealing with works toerges. Theoretically advance works are less constrained, since there are noted with Public Inquiry, CPO, etc. However, these smaller-scale works often

orter lead-in times and may be more strictly constrained by season or a final

cification of maintenance works

e maintenance operations constitute potential sources of injury and mortality foularly mowing and strimming for road safety and amenity reasons.should therefore be given to raising the height to which grass is cut to a0 mm. This should certainly be specified for areas where reptiles are known to to aggregate, and where smooth snakes and sand lizards are known to occurowever, given the widespread nature of some of the more vulnerable reptile the network, consideration should be given to adopting this specification for

nless there is a particular need to reduce cutting heights or increase cutting for other reasons. The use of ‘litter hoovers’, which create substantial updraft,ided on areas where reptiles may be present. Similarly, snakes routinely takease of young trees and shrubs, so strimming should be avoided in very closeese.

are known to aggregate in substantial numbers, and bask in areas where they vulnerable, consideration should also be given to including a specification noteas until towards the middle of the day and on warm or sunny days wherevere the animals the best chance of escaping safely. Indeed, as the landscape

come familiar with where particular aggregations of reptiles occur, it may beat’ the vegetation (in selected areas only) just prior to cutting (literally within ao further help avoid incidental mortality. It will also be appropriate in these arease of heavy ground-pressure or wide-tracked vehicles or in detail how these ar

to minimise the likelihood that animals are crushed as part of routineorks.

slocation/relocation

f the principles and details discussed for new schemes are also relevant toese works on the existing road network. However, there are some additional


MAY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05CHAPTER 11 CONTRACT IMPLEMENTATION

11.1 PLANNING AND ADVANCE WORKS

Chapter 7 sets out the requirements for updating reptile surveys pre-construction. Surveys andsupervision associated with site clearance will also serve to validate these findings and whereany significant changes are identified, this should be used to inform a review of mitigationdesign.

Many of the mitigation measures described in Chapter 10 require to be undertaken asadvance works, conceivably up to two years pre-construction, but more usually during thepreceding season. Clearly, the necessary temporary fencing to exclude reptiles should be inplace before construction works begin.

11.2 CONSTRUCTION-PHASE SUPERVISION

Mitigation measures should be designed by appropriately experienced ecologists and,crucially, be installed under expert ecological supervision, if necessary using specialistcontractors. A suitably experienced Ecological Clerk of Works would also be requiredsubsequently, to monitor various aspects of the ongoing works, including the status of anyreceptor sites, and to ensure that construction operations neither damage nor interfere withany remaining reptile mitigation measures.

11/1

MAY 2005


12.1 ‘SU

Surveys of reestate, to impTREBAP speArea Teams, schemes empnational overvinformation covaluable and to mitigation.

12.2 PO

Post-construcschemes for bsmall numberunnecessary construction mschemes shoa range of difco-ordinated smooth snakeschemes affeof smaller schcomparisons

The methodsmitigation me

12.2.1 REL

Post construcpopulation siznew and existSection 6.3.3.be undertakenmonitoring prosurveys in Seand would increcaptured inddifferent reptil

pon the species involved, as well as the scale of the impact. The timescale for eachdividual scheme should be determined on a scheme-by-scheme basis, in consultation withe relevant SNCO. For licensed operations, these are likely to be between 5 and 10 years inuration. For more routine operations involving common species, consideration should beiven to monitoring during the establishment phase, in part to help deliver commitments inAPs.

2.2.2 HABITAT ENHANCEMENT

abitat enhancement works can include the creation of artificial structures, such asibernacula or egg-laying sites, and habitat manipulation works, for example improving habitatructure and ‘mosaic’ planting. Monitoring should include an assessment of the success ofch measures. The use of artificial hibernacula, for example, can be assessed throughrveys for basking individuals early in the season, when reptiles will bask close to their

ibernation sites.

n assessment of the success of habitat manipulation would require a combination ofopulation surveys, as described for post-construction monitoring above, and some form ofabitat monitoring, such as fixed-point photography. In addition, monitoring of habitat structureould also be appropriate, particularly if this can be linked to remedial management.

2.3 MONITORING THE SUCCESS OF MITIGATION CARRIED OUT FORAINTENANCE WORKS

onitoring of the success of mitigation measures carried out for maintenance projects shouldlso be carried out. This should also focus on a sample of different mitigation schemes to beetermined nationally, with similar methodologies and timescales to those described for post-nstruction monitoring above. The sample should aim to include all projects affecting sandards and smooth snakes, and a range of different schemes affecting the more common

12/1

OCATION SCHEMES

tion monitoring of relocation schemes should assess a combination ofe and density, and individual survivorship. This should be done as described foring road schemes in Chapter 6, ‘Reptile Survey Methods. As highlighted in3, the repeated handling of reptiles and more intrusive techniques should only where there would be substantial benefits in doing so. A proportion ofjects should focus on a similar range of aims as those defined for routine

ction 6.3.3.1. However, some should also involve longer-term population studies,lude the photographing of characteristic patterns to allow the recognition ofividuals. Given that there is considerable variation in the longevity of the

e species, the time-frame for monitoring would be, to some extent, dependent

species.

R 12 MONITORING

RVEILLANCE’ MONITORING

ptile populations should be carried out in areas of suitable habitat within the softrove the knowledge of the distribution of reptiles - an objective of the HABAP andcies action plans (SAPs) for reptiles. This information could be collected by theor equivalents, with the standard protocols for reptile surveys of existing roadloyed (see Section 6.3), and the data analysed centrally. This would provideiews of reptile populations within the soft estate. Furthermore, if simple habitatuld be collected at the same time, the resulting data would be even more

would facilitate a predictive approach to subsequent decision making with regard

ST-CONSTRUCTION MONITORING

tion monitoring should be carried out to assess the success of mitigationoth new and existing road schemes. Given that, for many schemes, where only

s of common reptile species are likely to be affected, it is consideredto carry out detailed population monitoring pre-construction, detailed post-onitoring of all schemes would not prove cost-effective. A sample of mitigation

uld therefore be monitored to provide data on a variety of mitigation methods, forferent reptile species, in different regions, and the selection of these should benationally. This is likely to include all schemes which affect sand lizards ands, as it would form part of the licensing conditions, and should also include allcting large reptile populations. It would also be appropriate to include a numberemes, which affect only small numbers of common reptile species, to allowto be drawn.

used for post-construction monitoring would be dependent upon the originalasures, as described below:

uinthdgB

1

Hhstsusuh

Aphw

1M

Madcoliz

Volume 10 Section 4Part 7 HA 116/05

May 2005 13/1

13. ENQUIRIES

All technical enquiries or comments on this Advice Note should be sent in writing as appropriate to:

Acting Divisional Director1A PED Federated HouseLondon RoadDorking GERRY HAYTERRH4 1SZ Acting Divisional Director

Chief Road EngineerScottish ExecutiveVictoria QuayEdinburgh J HOWISONEH6 6QQ Chief Road Engineer

Chief Highway EngineerTransport WalesWelsh Assembly GovernmentCathays Parks M J A PARKERCardiff Chief Highway EngineerCF10 3NQ Transport Wales

Assistant Director of EngineeringThe Department for Regional DevelopmentRoads ServiceClarence Court10-18 Adelaide Street D O’HAGANBelfast BT2 8GB Assistant Director of Engineering

Chapter 13Enquiries

MAY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05LIST OF ANNEXES

ANNEX A Review of Legislation and Guidance

ANNEX B Design of Reptile-Proof Fencing

ANNEX C Artificial Refuge Specification

ANNEX D Hibernacula Design

ANNEX E Desk Study Consultees

ANNEX F Photographic Examples of Principal Issues

ANNEX G Decision Matrix

ANNEX H Acknowledgements

ANNEX I Further Reading

ANNEX J Glossary

M

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05A

A1wofthNIndecohiha

Wanap

A2Cslanapth

A3thsmstsa

A4nolarethInre

A5afedasdeSe

es Directive 92/43/EEC/ Conservation (Natural Habitats,

e 92/43/EEC of 21st May 1992 on the Conservation of Naturalnd Fauna exists to promote the maintenance of biodiversity in

s Directive list habitats and species of importance in a Europe-widee UK reptile species, only smooth snake and sand lizard are

of The Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations (1994) it ispture or kill a smooth snake or sand lizard; deliberately disturb ard; deliberately take or destroy the eggs of a sand lizard; or to

ing site or resting place of a sand lizard or smooth snake.

nted for developments which preserve public health or safety, or of overriding public interest including those of a social or

icial consequences of primary importance for the environment.which road development schemes which may affect sand lizards ored. However, licences will only be granted where there is no where the development will not be detrimental to the maintenancecies concerned at a favourable conservation status in their natural

e Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats camethe first international convention covering all aspects of protectiond lizard and smooth snake are listed on Appendix II of theecial protection. The protection afforded to these species isldlife and Countryside Act 1981 (see above).

NNEX A REVIEW OF LEGISLATION AND GUIDANCEThe legislation relating to the protection of reptiles in Britain is contained mainly

ithin the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981), as amended by the Countryside and Rights Way Act (2000), and the Habitats and Species Directive (92/43/EC), enacted in the UKrough the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations (1994). (In Scotland theature Conservation (Scotland) Act (2004) applies relative to Sites of Special Scientificterest - SSSI.) All legislation relevant to the conservation of reptiles in the context of thesign and management of highways is summarised below. (Please note that this is not amplete resume of all of the provisions of the legislation, but only as it may relate to

ghways works. Thus, for example, regulations regarding sale and exchange of reptilesve been omitted.)

ildlife and Countryside Act (1981) and amendments; and the Countrysided Rights of Way Act (2000); for those parts of the UK to which this Actplies)

All six native reptile species receive protection under Section 9 of the Wildlife andountryside Act 1981. However, the four more common reptile species (common lizard,ow-worm, adder and grass snake) only receive protection in respect of part of Section 9(1)d all of Section 9(5). All elements of Section 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981ply to sand lizard and smooth snake. There are, therefore, two levels of protection under

e Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) relating to reptiles.

Under the provisions of Section 9 it is an offence to intentionally kill or injure any ofe six native reptile species. It is also an offence to intentionally take a sand lizard orooth snake; intentionally or recklessly damage, destroy, or obstruct access to, any

ructure or place a sand lizard or smooth snake uses for shelter or protection; or disturb and lizard or smooth snake while it occupies such a structure or place.

Activities which could result in the death or injury of the more common species aret licensable and rely on the defence that any such outcome is the incidental result of a

The Habitats and Speci&c.) Regulations (1994)

A6 The Council DirectivHabitats and of Wild Flora aEurope. The Annexes of thicontext and, of the six nativincluded.

A7 Under regulation 39 an offence to deliberately casmooth snake or a sand lizadamage or destroy a breed

A8 Licences can be grafor other imperative reasonseconomic nature and benefThis would be the basis on smooth snakes could procesatisfactory alternative, andof the population of the sperange.

The Bern Convention

A9 The convention on thinto force in 1982 and was of the natural heritage. SanConvention and afforded spalready enshrined in the Wi

AY A/1

wfuasat adas

fecucsovect

uidance No 9 (in England)

plications for local authority road schemes and ancillary developments which are governed by the Town and Country Planning Act (1990). PPGernment’s commitment to conserving biodiversity and states that “theted (under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981) species is a materialsidering a development proposal”. Although the concept of ‘materialnot apply to highway schemes, Planning Policy Guidance can be seen asice guidance. A revision of this guidance will be presented in PPS9tement 9).

2005

l operation, and could not reasonably have been avoided. In order to demonstrate thatonable steps have been taken to avoid the death or injury of reptiles, it is necessarythe best practice guidance contained in this document be implemented as appropriate.dition, it is also recommended that the appropriate SNCO be consulted and allowed a

onable period in which to provide advice should they consider it necessary.

Licences can be granted by the appropriate SNCO for otherwise unlawful activitiesting smooth snakes and sand lizards, associated with conservation, science andation. These include the various survey techniques that might need to be used inciation with highways projects. Further details with regard to licences available forlopment activities that would affect sand lizards and smooth snakes are presented inion A8 (below).

Planning Policy G

A10 PPG 9 has imsuch as MSAs/MMA9 embodies the Govpresence of a protecconsideration in conconsideration’ does providing good pract(Planning Policy Sta

MAY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05ANNEX A REVIEW OF LEGISLATION AND GUID

Biodiversity: The UK Action Plan

A11 The Convention on Biological Diversity was signed by the UK following the1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. In 1994, the Government produced the UKAction Plan, a national strategy for the conservation of biodiversity. Individual‘Species Action Plans’ have been drawn up for many of the most-threatenedspecies. Of the six native reptile species, the Government has identified one, thesand lizard, as a ‘priority species’, for which an Action Plan has been prepared;and four, the slow-worm, the smooth snake, the grass snake and the adder, as‘species of conservation concern’. Any highway schemes potentially affectingsand lizards should ensure that mitigation proposed is compatible with theexisting Action Plan.

ANCE

A/2

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05ANNEX B DESIGN OF REP

Temporary Reptile Fence

This is a standard temporary fence design whichnecessary to create a reptile-proof barrier for peAlthough this design will effectively prevent the ‘returns’ on the fence should face outwards, i.e.any reptiles are expected to approach. It can bematerials, but is easily damaged or vandalised, are less appropriate in windy situations where dclose to areas where plant operate regularly andfence of this kind is usually best protected by a paling fence.

Care needs to be taken when undertaking the nvegetation does not grow over the fence. If undethe membrane.

The use of a nail gun is recommended to attachthis advantageous for speed, but prevents any lwith the repeated impacts of a hammer.

Some practitioners prefer the use of flexible plaan alternative to softwood battens. (An examplestrength and durability to that of the previous dethe washers require a large headed nail and can

Polythene turned out to form a buried'return'. This 'return' should faceoutwards from the excluded area, i.e.facing the majority of amphibiansseeking to cross it.

Polythene folded over and stapled to19x38x100 mm rough sawn (RS)softwood batten to form an overhang.

19x38x100 mm RS softwood batten;this acts as a spacer to create effectiveoverhang.

50x50x1200 mm RS softwood post.Spacing at 1.5 m intervals.

19x38x500 mm RS softwood batten;attached to the post using 50 mm nails,sandwiching the membrane.

Backfill compacted as far as possible toensure that no fissures or gaps are leftin the backfill or against the polythene.

250 , UV-stable polythenemembrane. (Minimum roll width: 1000mm.)

ì thick

100 mm

mm

TILE-PROOF FENCING

can be utilised in situations where it isriods usually not exceeding a single season.passage of reptiles in either direction, the facing the direction from which the majority of constructed from relatively inexpensiveand will degrade over time. Fences of this typeamage will be more frequent. Also if placed/or earthworks are taking place, a membrane

more robust fence, for example a wooden

ecessary maintenance works to ensure thatrtaken mechanically, this can easily damage

the battens securely to the posts. Not only isoosening of the posts which can be associated

stic washers to hold the membrane in place, as of this is shown inset.) The result is similar insign, but precludes the use of a nail gun, asnot withstand the force produced by the gun.

300 mm

600 mm

150

B/1

32 mm diameter plastic washers canbe used to affix the polythenemembrane to the posts (with 40 mm,broad-headed nails).

A small off-cut from a post allows thecreation of an effective return at the topof the polythene membrane.

MAY 2005

MAY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05ANNEX B DESIGN OF REPTILE-PROO

Temporary One-way Reptile Fence

This design can be utilised either as a ‘stand-alone’ fence, or can besections along a standard temporary fence. Though far less expenspermanent or permanent designs, this type of fence must be very camaintained to prevent damage to the membrane. In particular, the mmembrane needs to comprise loose, light unconsolidated spoil. Whon heavy soil, this can be partly replaced by cut vegetation.

If the ground conditions are such that the trench cannot be backfillemembrane may be laid on the ground surface and soil can be mounmethod is used, then the mounded material must extend far enoughact as sufficient barrier.

In addition, where ground conditions are soft, it may be necessary toadditional posts periodically along its length.

600 mm

150 mm

membrane tokfill withoutg. (Minimum

m.)

ted backfill andl piled up on

reptiles toe fence frome should bee membrane isded with

S softwoodately 30ptiles cannotost spacing at

° from

ugh sawn (RS)ttached to postsandwiching

700 mm

F FENCING

installed as shortive than either the semi-refully installed andounding against the

ere the fence is installed

d effectively, then theded on top of it. If this beyond the membrane to

support the fence with

Heavy duty plastictake weight of bactearing or stretchinroll width: 1200 m

Light, unconsolidaadditional materiamembrane to allowclimb and cross ththis direction. Cartaken to ensure thnot torn or overloamaterial.

50x50x1200 mm Rpost set approxim

so that reclimb the fence. P1 m intervals.

vertical,

19x38x500 mm rosoftwood batten; awith 50 mm nails,the membrane.

B/2

in trench andde anrn'.

Membrane placedbackfilled to proviunderground 'retu

MA

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05AN

Se

2 mperfenThemeten

Thifenalsma

Specification for standard postand rail designs should be soughtfrom MCHW (Volume 3, Section1, Series H). The fence shown isof a four rail design (MCHW asabove, Drawing H3). Otherspecifications may also theappropriate - but the height ofmembrane supporting rail shouldnot be less than 600 mm.

19x38 mm rough sawn (RS)softwood batten; attached tomembrane supporting rail using50 mm nails.

Overhang - approximately 250mm.

Membrane supporting rail (e.g.38x87 mm RS softwood) attachedto existing rail using (minimum) 50mm nails.

2 mm thick HDPE provides arobust fencing membrane which isrelatively damage resistant. Thethickness/weight of the materialallows the overhang to remaineffective, although unsupported.

25 mm

87mm

87mm

225mm

NEX B DESIGN OF REPTILE-PROOF FENCING

mi-permanent Reptile Fencing: Free-standing or attached to boundary fences

m thick HDPE sheeting is a material which has been used to create effective semi-manent reptile barriers. Although the membrane material is relatively expensive, theseces can be easy to install, potentially buried using a modified plough rather than a trench. use of this kind of membrane also produces a more robust fence than the lighter-weight

mbranes and generally do not need to be protected by additional fences (however theyd to be marginally less robust than part-buried ‘half-pipe’ designs).

s fence design can be used in conjunction with timber post and rail highway boundarycing, or as a stand-alone fence. The diagrams below show both of these alternatives. (It iso possible to install the membrane clear of the post footings due to the flexible nature of theterials.)

250 mm

2

624 mm

50x50x1200 mm roughsawn (RS) softwood post.

19x38 mm RS softwood batten,continually attached tomembrane supporting rail using50 mm nails.

Overhang - approximately 250mm.

Membrane supporting rail (e.g.58x87 mm RS softwood)attached to post using 50 mmnails.

2 mm thick HDPE provides arobust fencing membrane whichis relatively damage resistant.The thickness/weight of the

600 mm

Y 20 B/3

Backfill compacted to ensure nofissures or gaps remain aroundthe membrane.

05

material allows the overhang toremain effective, althoughunsupported.

Backfill compacted to ensure nofissures or gaps remain aroundthe membrane.

250 mm

MAY

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05ANNEX

Semi-perm

This fence the permanmore effectto occur, anis operatingreptiles to nuseful as a damage a mreptiles. In required to

ence Design

encing is a new design, but provides a versatile system which is easy tod as a vertical (as shown) or angled, one-way design, and is constructedlypropylene sheets held in place by galvanised steel staples. Threere available, which are suitable for temporary installation, semi-permanentanent installation respectively. Panels are also available in different sizes

s a fence suitable for the exclusion of slow-worms, but a larger size may other species.

Moundeallows rfence fr

Bsgguw

Upper edges of the panels folded to form anti-climb lip.

Shorter staple leg passes through holes inoverlapping panels.

Lower edges of panels folded out to formburied return.

Staple with lifting/jacking eye.

3000 mm

3-D diagram of fence design

Cut away view offence panel.

B DESIGN OF REPTILE-PROOF FENCINGanent One-way Reptile Fence

design, utilising twin-wall plastic drainage pipe, is more cost-effective than that ofent solution overleaf, but is comparably robust when well constructed. It is also aive design than temporary membrane fences in situations where damage is likelyd generally does not require a second protective fence except in areas where plant very close to the fence. In addition, this design is more effective in allowingegotiate the fence in one direction and is far less visually obtrusive. It can beshort section in a longer membrane fence where animals (such as badgers) mayembrane fence, or in strategic locations to allow the one-way movement of

addition, it represents a more robust alternative where a temporary fence iscross particularly difficult ground conditions.

Modular Reptile F

This type of reptile finstall. It may be usefrom ready-made pogrades of sheeting ainstallation and perm– the diagram showbe more suitable for

Minimum400 mm

Section of 600mm diameter twin-wallplastic drainage pipe, cut in halflongitudinally.

d backfill materialeptiles to cross theom this side.

Backfill and existing groundkept low to reduce thelikelihood of vegetationregrowth reaching the upperedge of the fence.

600 mm 300 mm

250 mm

B/4

100 mm

Patented GB2393894All rights reserved.

2005

ackfill compacted to hold the pipeection in position. In soft conditions, orround that is difficult to compact, areater depth of backfill may have to besed (but ideally this should not reachithin 400 mm from the top of the fence).

M


P

Trwcagap

Reptile Fencing

s must be checked regularly and maintained to ensure they remain fullyhout their working life.

ns require some degree of backfilling of trenches or spaces beside thee, or mounding of earth. The substrate used for this should be friable and,ack-fill, firmly compacted to prevent the formation of any gaps or fissuresay use to find a route beneath the fence, or as a refuge. Where available

not sufficiently loose or able to be compacted, additional materials shouldensure a reptile-proof barrier is maintained.

igns, all timber should be untreated rough sawn (RS) softwood obtainedle source.

g panels and ‘half-pipe’ fencing may be re-used or recycled (provided theyly installed), providing a significant cost saving on, for example, phasedites.

ce design and specifications should be ‘tailored’ to the reptile species example, where common lizards need to be excluded, the taller fence be chosen, with an effective top return throughout, and particular effortected at avoiding vegetation falling against or over the fence. Where slow-re concerned, lower fencing options can be considered, and most attentionen to the compaction of backfill and the maintenance of an effectivearrier, particularly on uneven surfaces.

these reptile-proof fencing solutions are equally applicable as temporary,t and permanent fencing in the context of mitigation schemes for

-way fencing should be in place before the road opens.

NNEX B DESIGN OF REPTILE-PROOF FENCING

ermanent One-way Reptile Fence

his type of fencing design is designed to be used in those few situations where a permanenteptile-proof barrier is required. It is constructed using purpose-built moulded plastic panels,ith anchoring pins and supports. This design also allows reptiles to cross in one direction bylimbing up the mounded ramp. Once vegetation has grown over the soil ramp this design has very low visual impact. Regular maintenance is required to ensure that vegetation does notrow up in front of the fence and compromise the integrity of the barrier (this is important forll fence designs, but is of particular importance for fences which are to remain in situ for longeriods).

General Notes on

All reptile fenceeffective throug

All fence desigfence membranin the case of bwhich reptiles msubstrates are be imported to

In all fence desfrom a renewab

Modular fencinare appropriatedevelopment s

The precise fenconcerned. Foroptions need toneeds to be dirworms alone aneeds to be givbelow-ground b

The majority ofsemi-permanenamphibians.

Permanent one

450 mm

Purpose-built curved fencepanels form continuous reptile-proof barrier.

Soil mounded to form a ramp.

AY 2005 B/5

Anchoring pin.
430 mm
Supporting post.

MAY

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05ANNEX C

Artificial refuges are in Paragraph 6.2.3. Tand disturbance, andstructures that make

Artificial refuges for uflame-activated bitumprevent it from blowinshould be used wher‘green mineral’ top cowithout risk of damagunderneath, to preveAlthough mineralisedthe heaviest of felts. animals captured wh

For reptile surveys ahazard to passing tragauge rubber is recopractitioners that theselected by some sp

An appropriate minimdimensions: 0.75 m xsnakes for larger refurange of refuge sizes

When checking refugbefore replacing the whilst the animals arreleacapt

“Arti“Cov

sking on a roofing felt artificial refuge.

ARTIFICIAL REFUGE SPECIFICATIONused as part of the combination reptile survey methodology as describedhey represent structures which act as a place of shelter from predation as an aid in absorbing heat. It is the reptiles’ propensity to seek out suchs it possible to use artificial refuges for reptile survey purposes.

se in road verge reptile surveys should be produced from heavy-weighten roofing felt. This is a robust material which is heavy enough tog up in the up-draught of passing vehicles. The heaviest grade of feltever possible. There is an advantage in using roofing felt without theat. This is so that reptiles may be captured from the top of refugese to the animal. The smooth side of the material should be usednt damage to animals in contact with the felt when the refuge is lifted. felt should be avoided if possible, often, it is the only finish available onWhere it is used, extra care should be taken to avoid damaging anyen basking on top of the artificial refuges.

way from the live carriageway, where artificial refuges will not represent affic or members of the public, the use of corrugated metal and heavy-mmended for at least some of the refuges. It has been reported by some different conditions which these materials provide are preferentiallyecies of reptiles.

um size of refuges for reptile survey and capture is 0.5 m2 (approximate 0.75 m), however, some practitioners have recorded the preference byges and higher capture rates for some other species, so in most cases a should be used, including some larger ones.

es, the surveyor should ensure that any reptiles are clear of the arearefuge to prevent damage to the animals. The refuge may be replacede in the hand (if it is necessary to capture them), and then the animals of the refuge. For the purpose of surveys which unavoidably involve

Common lizard ba

C/1

refuge on the soft estate.

2005

sed at the edgeures, animals should always be released at the locations in which they were captured.

ficial refuges” may also be commonly referred to as “Artificial Cover Objects” (“A.C.O.s” orer Objects), “Tins” or “Refugia”.

An artificial

MAY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05ANNEX D H

Hibernaculum on fre

Where ground conditionThis design is more likebe subject to interferenc

ermeable ground

are impermeable, then an ‘above-ground’ or mounded designr to prevent the hibernaculum from flooding. This design should alsoe to excavate a pit for any other reason.

Hibernaculum is fillelevel, then capped wthick) of turf or mosstopsoil may be used.

Pit excavatedpiled up rocksother suitablSmall amouloosely filledconstruction.

500 -1000 mm

Mound constructed from piled up rocks,logs, dead wood and other suitable rubble.Soil can be loosely filled between layersduring construction. (Minimum area: 1500x 1500 mm.)

capped with layer (50 - 100 mmf topsoil, turf or moss.

embraney be used to

aterial, fromw.

IBERNACULA DESIGN

e-draining ground

s allow, the hibernaculum should be incorporated into a shallow pit.ly to remain frost-free, and will be less obtrusive and thus unlikely toe.

Hibernaculum on imp

Where ground conditionsshould be utilised in ordebe used if it is not possibl

500 mm

Minimum1000 mm

d to just above groundith layer (50 - 100 mm. If neither is available,

The addition of a geotextile membrane may beused to prevent erosion of the capping layerinto the cavities beneath. This would beparticularly important where the capping layeris composed of topsoil or other loose material.

Moundthick) o

The addition of a geotextile mbeneath the capping layer maprevent soil, or other loose mcollapsing into the voids belo

D/1

Gaps left in capping material at groundand loosely filled with

Gaps left in capping material at groundlevel to allow reptile access.

hould be constructedto prevent flooding.

level to allow reptile access., logs, dead wood ande clean fill material.nts of soil can bebetween layers during

Hibernaculum son gentle slope

MAY 2005


Complex hibernac

Where particularly larbe appropriate to inclsuch design is showntemperatures and humoptimum conditions; sanimals before and aareas of varying habi

comprise a range of materials including pre-formed construction materialsollow concrete blocks and surplus concrete channel sections; clean stone

to the locality; and appropriate lengths of dead wood.

ANNEX D

Banktop hedge (not continprovides varied shadeprotection from aerial preda

Gap left in turf exposmaterial to provide anumber of access pointshibernaculum.

Variation in mowing h(minimum 150 mm) prstructural variation of the h

ulum design

ge or important populations of reptiles (particularly snakes) occur, it mayude a more complex habitat feature as an artificial hibernaculum. One below. It incorporates a hibernaculum designed to produce a range ofidity gradients during the winter to allow animals to move between their

outh-facing basking slopes to provide good quality conditions forfter hibernation, and a range of vegetation heights providing a mosaic oftat structure.

Fill material

This should ideally such as air bricks, hof a pH appropriate

HIBERNACULA DESIGN

uous)and

tors.

es filllarge

to the

Fill material (see notes).

Earth and turf back-filled tocreate roof to hibernaculum.

A geotextile membrane may beused to prevent the erosion ofcapping materials into thehibernation chamber below.

D/2

eightsovides

abitat.

South-facing bank created toprovide basking opportunities.

Base of trench gravel-filled fordrainage. This could incorporatea perforated pipe or similar.

MAY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05ANNEX E DESK STUDY CON

Appropriate Authorities

For the purposes of licensing development-related &c) Regulations (1994), the governmental departmeare as follows:

Development-related licences for sand lizards and

The Licensing Officer Tel: 0117 372DEFRA Fax: 0117 372Zone 1/08 Web: http://wwTemple Quay House2 The SquareTemple QuayBristolBS1 6EB

Development related licences for sand lizards in W

Environment Division Tel: 02920 82National Assembly for Wales Fax: 02920 80Cathays ParkCardiffCF10 2NQ

ervation Organisations (SNCOs)

y, education or ‘conservation-related’ activities associated with theO is the appropriate licensing body. The SNCO should also beevelopment-related impact assessment and mitigation schemes and smooth snakes, prior to any licence application. The SNCOe design and implementation of significant mitigation schemes forso.

Tel: 01733 455 101Fax 01733 455 103Email: [email protected]: http://www.english-nature.org.uk

ales

Tel: 0845 130 6229Fax: 01248 355 782Email: [email protected]: http://www.ccw.gov.uk

Tel: 0131 447 4784Fax: 0131 446 2405Email: [email protected]: http://www.snh.org.uk

Service (Northern Ireland); Natural Heritage

SULTEES

activities under the Conservation (Habitatsnts who act as the ‘Appropriate Authority’

smooth snakes in England:

8903 8182w.Defra.gov.uk

ales:

3363 1353

Statutory Nature Cons

For the purposes of survetwo rare species, the SNCconsulted with regard to dwhich involve sand lizardsshould be consulted on ththe widespread species al

English Nature

Northminster HousePeterboroughPE1 1UA

Countryside Council for W

Maes-y-FfynnonPenrhosgarneddBangor GwyneddLL57 2DW

Scottish Natural Heritage

Anderson PlaceEdinburghEH6 5NP

Environment and Heritage

E/1

se Tel: 02890 251 477Web: www.ehsni.gov.uk

Commonwealth Hou35 Castle StreetBelfastCounty AntrimNorthern IrelandBT1 1GU

MAY 2005


Desk Study Consultees

As part of the Stage 1 Desk Study data, including specific informationConservation Organisations, LocalCentres. In addition to this, and in recorded, it would be appropriate t

The Herpetological Conservation T

655A Christchurch RoadBoscombe, BournemouthDorsetBH1 4AP

Froglife

White LodgeLondon RoadPeterboroughPE7 0LG

The British Herpetological Society

c/oThe Zoological Society of LondonRegent’s ParkLondonNW1 4RY

ANNEX E DESK SReptile Groups (ARGs), are likely to hold useful information regardingn and abundance, and up-dated lists of ARG contacts can be founduna Groups of Britain and Ireland, at the website address given below.

of Britain and Ireland (HGBI)

Tel: 01733 558 844Fax: 01733 558 440Email: [email protected]: http://froglife.hostwith.me.uk/HGBI/HGBI.htm

an and Reptile Groups (ARGs) around the country:

ostwith.me.uk/HGBI/ARGs.htm

and subsequent consultations at Stages 2 and 3, ecological on reptiles should be obtained from: the Statutory Nature Authorities, Wildlife Trusts and Local Biological Recordsparticular in areas where reptiles appear to be under-o contact the specialist groups listed below.

rust

Tel: 01202 391 319Fax: 01202 392 785Email: [email protected]: http://herpconstrust.org.uk/

Tel: 01733 558 844Fax: 01733 558 440Email: [email protected]: www.froglife.org

Web: http://www.thebhs.org/

TUDY CONSULTEESLocal Amphibian and local reptile distributiothrough the Herpetofa

Herpetofauna Groups

c/oFroglifeWhite LodgeLondon RoadPeterboroughPE7 0LG

And for local Amphibi

Web: http://froglife.h

E/2

ANNEX F

MAY 2005


South-facing slopes on the verge ofthe A417 near Gloucester. Thehabitats comprise a mixture ofexposed substrates, grassland andscrub. The structurally diverse habitatprovides varied opportunities forbasking, foraging and hibernatingreptiles. Healthy populations ofadders, common lizards and slow-worms have been found here.

The verges of the M4 near Bristol alsoillustrate a good diversity ofvegetation structure.

Once again, healthy populations ofreptile species, particularly slow-worms and grass snakes have beenrecorded here.

The following phowhich are benefic

The quality of habestate can often bthan in surroundinthe A31 in the Neverge heathland hresident populatiosnakes, adders, cslow-worms, and grass snakes. Thhigher quality habadjacent grazed h

A similar examplethe A417, near Cilandscape plantinmowing heights aunderlying rock coa range of baskin

PHOTOGRAPHIC EXAMPLES OF PRINCIPAL ISSUEStographs illustrate road verge features and elements of habitat structureial for reptiles:

itat on the softe much higherg areas. Here, on

w Forest, the roadabitats supportns of smoothommon lizards andare also used bye verges representitat than theeathland.

, farther south onrencester. Maturingg, variations innd outcrops ofmbine to provide

g opportunities.

F/1

ANNEX F PHOTOG VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05

MAY 2005

Drainage features within the soft estate (below) often providesuitable conditions for reptiles. The variations in topography ofthe surrounding banks mean that a number of aspects may becreated, thus creating basking opportunities throughout the day/season. These features can also provide valuable foragingopportunities, potential egg-laying sites for grass snakes(particularly if cut vegetation is formed into compost heaps (inset)nearby) and hibernacula.

RAPHIC EXAMPLES OF PRINCIPAL ISSUES

e above,,

slow-ave all

Man-made features within the verges (such as thostop and left) can add to the opportunities for baskingforaging and hibernating reptiles. Common lizards, worms, adders, smooth snakes and grass snakes hbeen recorded using the features illustrated here.

F/2

ANNEX F PH VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05

F/3MAY 2005

Log and brash piles provid uitable hibernacula. Leaving tree stumps in situ allows the retention ofnatural hibernacula betwe

OTOGRAPHIC EXAMPLES OF PRINCIPAL ISSUES

e cover, basking sites and refuges, and if sufficiently extensive and/or part-buried, may act as sen the roots and as the stumps rot, more cavities may be created.

MAY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05ANNEX G DECISION MATRIX

A decision matrix is set out on the following page, to help guide the choice of options for reptilesurveys, impact assessment and mitigation at the different stages of EnvironmentalAssessment for new road schemes (as defined in the DMRB (Vol. 11)).

Similar steps with regard to survey and assessment would be appropriate for worksassociated with the existing road network, although generally the process is likely to be more‘compressed’ and there are likely to be fewer options available at each equivalent phase.

G/1

ANNEX G DECISION MATRIX

G/2


MAY 2005

NO

Consider the need to up-dateor extend the desk-studyconsultations

YES

YES

NO

YES

NO

NO

YES

YES

YES

YES

YES

NO

NO

NO

YES

NO

Seek to minimise likely impactson reptiles through route choiceand alignment

Seek to minimise likely impactson the most valuable reptile speciesthrough route choice and alignment

Continue to develop mitigationfor potential impacts throughoutthe design process

ASSESSMENTSTAGE 1

ASSESSMENTSTAGE 3

ASSESSMENTSTAGE 2

Do desk study records existfor reptiles on sites that would be affected

by the proposals?

From initialmap-based assessment, would habitats likely to support reptiles

be affected by the proposals?

Could sand lizards or smooth snakesbe affected (on the basis of existing records or suitable habitat

within their known ranges)?

Can the areas in question beavoided entirely by route choice

and alignment?

Confirm findings of desk study/m a p - b a s e d a s s e s s m e n t i nmulti-disciplinary walk-over surveys

Carry out initial reptile investigations inmulti-disciplinary walk-over surveys. Assess thelikely presence of different species; the value,importance and functional significance of habitatfeatures; and scope all further surveys

Choose the options which avoidimpacts on smooth snakes and sandlizards

Consider surveys, targeted on smoothsnakes and sand lizards to confirm theirpresence or absence, and thus inform theassessment of potential impacts andmitigation design

Has the presenceof reptiles been confirmed

to date?

Does theinformation so far collected suggest

the presence of substantial reptile populations and/or 3or more species?

Was the initial assessmentof no/minimal impacts on reptiles

correct?

Undertake ‘routine’ reptile surveys to: confirm thepresence or absence of each species; their distribution inrelation to the route corridor; assess the populationviability; identify important features; assess the likelyvalue of habitats; and scope any further surveys

Do the proposals have a substantialeffect on an important population and/or one or

more key features?

Attempt to put the assemblage into alocal/regional context

Begin/continue detailed surveys,comprehensive impact assessmentand mitigation design in consultationwith SNCO

Can these be avoidedby refinements to route design

or alignment?

No further surveys nor detailedmitigation measures required.Consider the need for limited,

precautionary measures to avoidthe incidental mortality of reptiles

Assuming that the appropriate revisionsare made, no further investigations arerequired

Consider more detailed surveys to inform impact assessment, mitigation andmonitoring, potentially including:- Detailed population size estimates- Assessing reptile distribution (on and adjacent to the sites affected)- Identification of potentially important features and the confirmation of their use- Assess seasonal use of sites/habitat features- Apparent viability of the populations- Surveys of potential receptor areas

NO

Proceed to impact assessment andmitigation design

MAY 2005

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05ANNEX H ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

H/1

This Advice Note was prepared for the Highways Agency by Cresswell Associates(Environmental Consultants) Ltd. Those particularly involved with the project were WarrenCresswell, Robin Jones, Philip Davidson, James Latham, Rhiannon Whitworth and ourAssociate, Roger Avery.

We are grateful to David Griffiths, Stuart Wilson and their colleagues within the HighwaysAgency who assisted with the development of the Advice Note.

Particular thanks are due to the Herpetological Conservation Trust, notably Tony Gent andChris Gleed-Owen, who formed part of the Steering Committee for this project and helpedguide the production of this Advice Note.

The HA Technical Project Board provided a number of helpful comments on the drafts of thisAdvice Note. In addition, we are particularly grateful to Jim Foster (English Nature) for hisconstructive comments.

A number of consultees provided information and assistance in the early stages in thedevelopment of this project, largely in response to our initial questionnaire survey. We wouldlike to thank each of the respondents, in particular Tony Phelps for his helpful comments, andPeter Goble for all his help at the earlier stages of the fieldwork which helped underpin thisAdvice Note. We are grateful also to each of the Managing Agents who provided usefulinformation on reptiles and management activities within the soft estate.

All photographs by Cresswell Associates, except:

Figure 4.3, photographs (c), (e) and (f) were kindly provided by Paul Edgar, HCT.

Illustrations by Patrick James (Cresswell Associates).

VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05AN

Gen

Bakberu

BeeColl

EngPete

GenCom

Joinfor e

Joinand

Joinrept

MouPete

RobStud

Hab

., Manchester, S.J. and Stevenson, M.J. (1997) JNCC Report No.n, policy and legislation on species translocation. Joint Nature Peterborough.

oads and nature conservation. Guidance on impacts, mitigation andture, Peterborough.

ptiles: Guidelines for Developers. English Nature, Peterborough.

ptile Mitigation Guidelines. English Nature, Peterborough.

ritain and Ireland (1998) Evaluating local mitigation/translocationBest Practice and lawful standards. HGBI advisory notes foroups (ARGs). HGBI, c/o Froglife, Halesworth. Unpubl.

fiths, R. A. (1999) Translocation of slow-worms (Anguis fragilis) as a study from south-east England. Biological Conservation, 90: 125-

location as a conservation strategy for amphibians and reptiles:s and observations. Herpetologica 47: 357-363.

ptile Hibernacula – providing a winter refuge. Enact, 8(2): 4-7.ugh.

on, Desmond D. (1996) Artificial Refuges with Transects as aethodology. The British Herpetological Society Bulletin 55: 8.

s. (1996) English Nature Science Series No. 27: Reptile surveya seminar held on 27 November 1995 at the Zoological Society of

NEX I FURTHER READING

eral

er, J., et al (2004) English Nature Research Report No. 546: Status of the adder Viperas and slow-worm Anguis fragilis in England. English Nature, Peterborough.

bee, T. and Griffiths, R. (2000) New Naturalist No. 87: Amphibians and Reptiles. Harperins Publishers, London.

lish Nature (1994a; and updates) Species Conservation Handbook: English Nature,rborough.

t, T. and Gibson, S. (2003) Herpetofauna Workers Manual. Joint Nature Conservationmittee, Peterborough.

t Nature Conservancy Council (1990) Handbook for Phase 1 habitat survey - a techniquenvironmental audit. JNCC, Peterborough.

t Nature Conservation Committee (1994) A framework for the conservation of Amphibians Reptiles in the UK: 1994-1999. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

t Nature Conservation Committee (2004) Common Standards Monitoring guidance foriles and amphibians. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

lton, N. and Corbett, K. (1999) The sand lizard conservation handbook. English Nature,rborough.

erts, P. et al (1999) A guide to the reptiles and amphibians of Britain and Ireland. Fieldies Council, Shrewsbury.

itat Management

lish Nature (1996) Management of bare ground on dry grasslands and heathlands

Bullock, J.M., Hodder, K.H261: Review of informatioConservation Committee,

English Nature (1994b) Renhancement. English Na

English Nature (2004) Re

English Nature (2005) Re

Herpetofauna Groups of Bprogrammes: Maintaining Amphibian and Reptile Gr

Platenberg, R. J. and Grifmitigation strategy: a case132.

Reinert, H.K. (1991) Transsome comments, concern

Stebbings, R.E. (2000) ReEnglish Nature, Peterboro

Survey Techniques

Barker, Mike A. and HobsPossible Reptile Survey M

Foster, J. and Gent, T. Edmethods (Proceedings of

I/1

oms). English Nature, Peterborough.

ife Advice Sheet 10: Reptile Survey: An introduction to planning,preting surveys for snake and lizard conservation. Froglife, Halesworth.

) English Nature Research Report No. 200: Evaluation of Reptile Surveyish Nature, Peterborough.

) A proposed standard method for surveying reptiles on dry lowland heath.cology 34: 1057-1069.

dley, C. (1989) Identification of individual adders (Vipera berus) by theiretological Journal 1: 392-395.

MAY 2005

Eng(Leaflet). English Nature, Peterborough.

Froglife (undated) Froglife Advice Sheet No. 6: Conserving Grass Snakes. Froglife,Halesworth.

Mitigation

Bray, R. & Gent, T. Eds. (1997) English Nature Science Series No. 30: Opportunities foramphibians and reptiles in the designed landscape (Proceedings of a seminar at KewGardens, Richmond, Surrey held on 24 January 1996). English Nature, Peterborough.

London’s meeting ro

Froglife (1999) Froglconducting and inter

Reading, C.J. (1996Methodologies. Engl

Reading, C.J. (1997Journal of Applied E

Sheldon, S. and Brahead markings. Herp

M


A

A

C

D

D

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H

H

H

H

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K

K

O

Simply the area in which a male reptile’s reproductive organs arefound. The presence of the bulge (either observable or by‘palpation’ – gentle squeezing between the thumb and forefinger)is therefore used to differentiate between males and females.

A standard survey methodology which is used used to classifyand map habitat types in the UK.

“Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT)”. PIT tags are smallidentification chips that may be inserted into an animal’s body(usually under the skin) to enable individual identification.

The specific site to which translocated animals are moved. (Alsosee “Donor” site.)

A technique employed when releasing captive or translocatedanimals so that they may become accustomed to their newsurroundings. Often for reptiles, this may involve the placing theanimals in an area surrounded by temporary reptile-proof fencing,possibly also combined with protection from predators and/orenhancements to their immediate habitat to promote theirsurvival, so that they are only fully released when the fences areremoved.

A site of national importance designated on the basis of natureconservation or geological value.

This is intended to refer to the period of life between the juvenilestage and when animals reach sexual maturity, thereafter referredto as adults (see also “Juvenile” and “Adult”).

NNEX J GLOSSARYdult Sexually mature.

ssemblage The collective term for all of the species of a given group ofanimals or plants present within a given area – e.g. a “reptileassemblage” refers to the total number of all reptiles within anarea.

onservation status The degree to which a species is rare, uncommon or declining ona national, regional or local basis.

epletion models A mathematical model used to predict an ‘end date’and/or totalpopulation size, undertaken in association with a capture andremoval (translocation/relocation) programme.

onor site The site from which animals are captured and translocated (alsosee “Receptor site”).

ravid Pregnant; carrying developing young or eggs.

ABAP Highways Agency Biodiversity Action Plan (England).

erpetofauna The collective term for reptiles and amphibians.

erpetology The branch of science which studies the natural history of reptilesand amphibians.

ibernaculum Any place of shelter/protective structure occupied by an animalduring its hibernation period (plural: ‘Hibernacula”).

uvenile This is intended to refer to animals in their first year of life(i.e. from hatching/birth to summer of following year).

Penial bulge

Phase 1 habitat survey

PIT tags

Receptor site

Soft-release

Site of Special ScientificInterest (SSSI)

Sub-adult

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The scales found along the underside of a reptile’s tail.

Meaning: ‘beneath the skin’.

In the context of reptile surveys, the term ‘transect’ is used for theroute of a survey walk (or line of artificial refuges) which is biasedto the habitat types and specific features of the habitats in whichreptiles are most likely to be found/observed. By using such aroute, the likelihood of detecting the presence of reptiles ismaximised. By comparing the results from transects of equivalentlengths and structure, it is also possible to generate broadlycomparable data between sample sites/schemes.

AY 2005

eel The central ridge found on reptile scales. Note: Smooth snakesdo not have keeled scales – and are hence ‘smooth’.

ey Reptile Site A site which appears on the ‘Key Reptile Site Register’. That is,any site which fulfils the criteria set out in Froglife Advice Sheet10: Reptile Survey, on the basis of its reptile assemblage.

viparous The term which describes animals which produce eggs thatdevelop and hatch outside the mother’s body. Only two of theUK’s native species are egg-laying: the sand lizard and grasssnake. (Also see “Viviparous”.)

Sub-caudal scale

Sub-cutaneously

Transect

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VOLUME 10 SECTION 4PART 7 HA 116/05ANNEX J GLOSSARY

Translocation The capture and release of animathe context of this document “transto the movement of animals from ois used when referring to the moveanimals within a defined site.)

TRBAP Trunk Road Biodiversity Action Pla

TREBAP Trunk Road Estate Biodiversity Ac

Ventral Term used when referring to the u

Vertebral Term used when referring to the ce(– along its vertebrae).

Viviparous The term used to describe animals(also see “Oviparous”). In the UK, adders and smooth snakes are viv

ls from one site to another. (Inlocation” is used when referringne site to another; “relocation”ment (capture and release) of

n (Scotland).

tion Plan (Wales).

nder-side of an animal.

ntre of an animal’s back

which give birth to live youngcommon lizards, slow-worms,iparous.

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