•Diversified societiesDiversified societies

•New forms of CulturalismNew forms of Culturalism

•Varied usage of IdentitiesVaried usage of Identities

•Culture and IdentityCulture and Identity

• MONO CULTURALISMMONO CULTURALISM

• MELTING POTMELTING POT

• MULTI CULTURALISMMULTI CULTURALISM

CLASSIFICATION OF CULTURES BASED ON IMMIGRANT GROUPS

No country falls completely into one, or another, of these categories. For example, France has made efforts to adapt French culture to new immigrant groups ,while Canada still has many policies that work to encourage assimilation.

Mono culturalism is the practice of actively preserving a culture to the exclusion of external influences.

It should not be confused with a homogenous society, which is one with racial uniformity, but some possible exposure to foreign culture.

In most Old World nations, culture is very closely linked to nationalism, thus government policy is to assimilate immigrants These countries have policies aiming at the social integration of immigrant groups to the national culture. This is typical of nations that define themselves as one and indivisible and do not recognize the existence of other nations within their midst.

Usually a monocultural society exists due to undeveloped communications structures, geographic isolation, or political isolation (sometimes but not always under a totalitarian regime)

Multi- culturalism means a society open to all the various cultural influences that come into it ... a diverse culture that accepts as valuable the contributions made to it by all the various immigrants that make up . Multiculturalism has been described as preserving a "cultural mosaic" of separate ethnic groups. This has also been described as the "salad bowl" model .Multiculturalism implies that the grounds for racism in society are not economic, but cultural or ideological.

• The term is often used to describe The term is often used to describe societies (especially nations) which have societies (especially nations) which have many distinct cultural groups, usually as a many distinct cultural groups, usually as a result of immigration. This can lead to result of immigration. This can lead to anxiety about the stability of national anxiety about the stability of national identity, yet can also lead to cultural identity, yet can also lead to cultural exchanges that benefit the cultural groups. exchanges that benefit the cultural groups. Such exchanges range from major Such exchanges range from major accomplishments in literature, art and accomplishments in literature, art and philosophy to relatively token appreciation philosophy to relatively token appreciation of variations in music, dress and new of variations in music, dress and new foods.foods.

Entrance toGerrard Street, Chinatown, London. Decorated for Chinese New Year 2004.

In comparison to the above two approaches, multiculturalism is a view, or policy, that immigrants, and others, should preserve their cultures with the different cultures interacting peacefully within one nation.

Through multiculturalism, Canada recognizes thepotential of all Canadians, encouraging them to integrate into their society and take an active part in its social, cultural, economic and political affairs.

1.dual citizenship 2.government support for newspapers, television, and radio in minority languages 3.support for minority festivals, holidays, and celebrations 4.acceptance of traditional and religious dress in schools, the military, and society in general 5.support for arts from cultures around the world 6.programs to encourage minority representation in politics, education, and the work force

Around the world, important governmentmulticultural policies can include:

While multiculturalist policies oppose cultural assimilation, countries such as Canada do support structural assimilation. Immigrant groups are still encouraged to participate in the larger society, learn the majority languages, and enter the labour force.Multiculturalism, along with other identity politics,

has,partly, been successful because it is a useful tool for politicians to win the votes of minority groups.

Problems with Problems with MulticulturalismMulticulturalism

• DivisiveDivisive

• RegressiveRegressive

• SymbolSymbol

• ImpracticalImpractical

• Top-DownTop-Down

One of the most forceful critics of multiculturalism was Ayn Rand,She rejected this form of collectivism on the grounds that: 1) it undermines the concept of free will2) the human mind (according to her philosophy) is a tabula rasa at birth. Combining these two premises, she concludes that we all can modify our actions volitionally

Australia:The response to multiculturalism in Australia has been extremely varied, with a recent wave of criticism against it in the past decade. While Paul Keating's Labor Government was an advocate of multiculturalism in the early 1990s the current Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard himself is a critic of multiculturalism, preferring instead a "shared national identity". An anti -immigration (and thus anti-multiculturalism) party; the One Nation Party, was formed by Pauline Hanson in the late 1990s. It enjoyed significant electoral success for a while but is now electorally insignificant.

Canada:

While some argue that the shift in official discourse from biculturalism to multiculturalism has had a neutral effect on relations between Quebec and the rest of Canada, McRoberts believes that it was disastrous for Canadian nationalism, as it offended Quebeckers and their dualistic vision of Canada as a bilingual and bicultural society .

DEFINITIONS:

The distinct personality of an individual regarded as a persisting entity.

The individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known

The set of behavioral or personal characteristics by which an individual is recognizable as a member of a group

•Ethnic identity •Gender identity •Psychological identity•personal identity•social identity

TYPES OF IDENTITIES

PERSONAL IDENTITYPERSONAL IDENTITY

• 1.Who am I?1.Who am I?• 2.How different could I 2.How different could I

have been from the way have been from the way I actually am?I actually am?

• 3.How do we find out 3.How do we find out who is who?who is who?

•Personal identity deals with questions about ourselves.•Personal identity is sometimes referred to as the diachronic problem of personal identity. It contrasts with the synchronic problem.

There is no one problem of personal identity, but a range of loosely related problems

Social identity is to understand the psychological basis of inter group discrimination. It is composed of three elements:Categorization: We often put others (and ourselves) into categories. Labeling someone as a Muslim, a Turk, or soccer player are ways of saying other things about these people.

Identification: We also associate with certain groups (our in groups ), which serves to bolster our self-esteem.

Comparison: We compare our groups with other groups, seeing a favorable bias toward the group to which we belong...

• Identity politics is the political activity of various social movements for self-determination• Has overlapping definitions with social identity• Seeks to carry this social identity forward, beyond mere self-identification, to a political framework based upon that identity.• It claims to represent and seek to advance the interests of particular groups in society .• The members of which often share and unite around common experiences of actual or perceived social injustice

Overview

•Race-based identities • Black nationalism

• pan-Africanism

•Dalit Nationalism •Religion-based identities

•Hindu nationalism •Disability-based identities

•Disability rights

Forms of identity politics

Identity politics is based on the concept thatspecial oppression requires special liberation.

Criticism

• The political right considers it inappropriate that a minority, in claiming an identity, expects an enumeration of unprecedented rights• Identity politics detrimental to the working class

culture