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Distributed Fiber Optic Sensorsfor Dams and Levee

Deformation MonitoringDaniele Inaudi

inaudi@smartec.chSMARTEC SA, Manno, Switzerland

www.smartec.ch

Roctest, St. Lambert, Canadawww.roctest.com

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Traditional sensors - equipment

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Traditional sensors - equipment

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Introducing distributed sensing

Sensing everywhere

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Pipeline

Distributed Sensing Applications

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Optical scattering in silica fibers

T, ε T, ε

T, ε T, ε

Scattered LightScattered Light

λ0

DiTemp DiTeSt

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Distributed Sensing

FF

T1

Position [m]

S t r a i n

[ m e

]

Reading Unit

Distributed Sensor0m

1m 100m

1000m

20km

T1

T2

T2

Position [m]

T e m p .

[ ° C ]

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DiTeSt: Performances

Range: 30 km Spatial Resolution: 1 m over 1km

2 m at 30 km

Strain precision: 20 με T precision : ± 1° C Measurement time: typ. 5 min

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Cable DesignSMARTape: Strain sensing Temperature Cable

SMARTProfile:Strain and Temperature sensing

Hydro & Geo:Strain and Temperature sensing

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Graphical User Interface

DamsDikes

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Distributed sensors, buried

Earlysettlementor sliding

puts in tractionsensor partsin concerned areas Critical area

detected and localized

Settlements and slidings

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Early detection and localization of movements Possibility to locate dike defects or overflow Possibility to check water level over long

distance

RiverDike Dike

Leakage of dams, dikes & river banks

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Sensing cable indifferent layers fortemperature monitoringduring the concretesetting.

Sensing cable formonitoring the strain andtemperature distributiondependent on the solarradiation, air/watertemperature and water level.

Gravity dam

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Sensing cable for monitoringthe temperature gradientdependents on the solarradiation, air/water temperatureand water level.

Monitoring Joints movements

Surface, gallery or boreholeinstallation for old dams.

Embedded solution for damsunder construction.

Arch dams

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APPLICATION EXAMPLES

New Orleans LeveeNetherlands Levee stability testLatvia gravity damUSA Sinkhole detection

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iLevee Project, New Orleans

[SMARTEC, Geocomp, New Orleans Levee District,Shannon and Wilson]

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iLevee I-Wall monitoring test period

[SMARTEC, Geocomp, New Orleans Levee

District, Shannon and Wilson]

S t r a

i n [ µ

ε ]

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Field test: Ijkdijk Stability test, NL

[Source: Deltares]

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Ijkdijk: Position of sensors

[Source: Deltares, Tencate, Inventec]

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Ijkdijk: Failure mode

[Source: Deltares]

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Ijkdijk Results

[Source: Deltares, Tencate, GeoPhyConsult]

Failure zone identified by high deformationsat the edges.

A weak spot in thedike was discernedduring the firstexcavation stage,42 hours before the

dike really failed.

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Plavinu Dam, Latvia

Dam MonitoringDetection of concretecracks250 m of SMARTape used250 m of T sensor usedInstallation in a dam tunnel

Automatic operation andwarning generation

[Source: VND3]

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A total of 4 km of SMARTGeoTex Rope – DiTeStwere installed on a wide old-mine area

Sinkhole Monitoring, Kansas

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Digging of the trench where theSMARTGeoTex Rope is deployed

Sinkhole Monitoring, Kansas

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Sinkhole Monitoring: user interface

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Response test

[Source: Burns & McDonnell]

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ConclusionsFiber Optic sensors are an innovative, but well

proven technology useful for structural andgeotechnical monitoring and instrumentationSome unique features of FOS, in particulardistributed sensing, open new applicationpossibilitiesDistributed sensing offers an ideal solution forthe detection and localization of newconditions such as leakages, settlements,cracks, abnormal joint movements and others

Many successful application examplesworldwide demonstrate the maturity of FOStechnology