High Plains BiofuelsHigh Plains BiofuelsCoCo--Product NutritionProduct Nutrition

ConferenceConferenceFebruary 20, 2008February 20, 2008Steve Ensley DVM, PhD

Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory

Iowa State University

Distillers GrainsDistillers Grains--Potential Potential Toxicity IssuesToxicity Issues

Ethanol ByEthanol By--ProductsProducts

Health issues includeHealth issues include⊗⊗Sulfur toxicity in ruminantsSulfur toxicity in ruminants⊗⊗Mycotoxins in grain prior to Mycotoxins in grain prior to

fermentationfermentation⊗⊗Mycotoxins in post storage feedsMycotoxins in post storage feeds⊗⊗Antibiotic residuesAntibiotic residues

Ethanol ByEthanol By--ProductsProducts

Health issues includeHealth issues include⊗⊗Atypical interstitial pneumoniaAtypical interstitial pneumonia⊗⊗Copper depletionCopper depletion⊗⊗Zinc depletionZinc depletion

Ethanol ByEthanol By--ProductsProducts

Health issues includeHealth issues include⊗⊗Calcium/Phosphorus imbalanceCalcium/Phosphorus imbalance⊗⊗Bone osteodystrophyBone osteodystrophy⊗⊗High nitrogen feed and kidney High nitrogen feed and kidney

damagedamage⊗⊗Salt concentrationSalt concentration

DDGSDDGS

Very safeVery safeProduced by the new dry mill plantsProduced by the new dry mill plantsLess variationLess variationMost is shipped out of IowaMost is shipped out of Iowa

Wet Mill ProductsWet Mill Products

CanCan’’t economically transport watert economically transport waterShort time period to get used upShort time period to get used upMoisture content can vary widelyMoisture content can vary widelyCorn condensed distillers solublesCorn condensed distillers solublesThe majority of the issues I see are The majority of the issues I see are involved with wet mill products. involved with wet mill products.

Flattened Gyri & Cerebellar ConingFlattened Gyri & Cerebellar Coning

Cation Anion differenceCation Anion difference

(Na + K) - (Cl + S)Balancing the DCAD may reduce the probability of developing sulfur toxicity.

Sulfur toxicitySulfur toxicity

Adult Cattle seem to tolerate high Adult Cattle seem to tolerate high sulfate diets.sulfate diets.

Cows have been fed free choice Cows have been fed free choice CCDS without problems CCDS without problems

MycotoxinsMycotoxinsSecondary Secondary metabolites of metabolites of fungi.fungi.

Concentrated 3 fold during fermentation.

MycotoxinsMycotoxinsMetabolites of fungi, recognized as toxic Metabolites of fungi, recognized as toxic

to other life forms to other life forms More than 300 recognized More than 300 recognized ““mycotoxinsmycotoxins””based on experimental or field conditions.based on experimental or field conditions.Relatively stable once formed.Relatively stable once formed.

High Moisture EffectsHigh Moisture EffectsMain concern is Main concern is postpost--production production infectioninfection

Wet DDGWet DDG’’s s –– a a good substrate for good substrate for moldsmolds

Mycotoxins in cornMycotoxins in corn

Aflatoxins Aflatoxins –– Aspergillus kernel rotAspergillus kernel rot⊗⊗Potent liver toxinPotent liver toxin⊗⊗ immunosuppressionimmunosuppression⊗⊗Carcinogenic, milk contaminationCarcinogenic, milk contamination

Aflatoxin Aflatoxin –– clinical effectsclinical effects

AcuteAcute -- depression, anorexia depression, anorexia reduced gain/milk, hypothermia.reduced gain/milk, hypothermia.

ChronicChronic -- unthrifty, decreased unthrifty, decreased growth rate, anorexia, icterus, mild growth rate, anorexia, icterus, mild anemia, ascites, immunosupressionanemia, ascites, immunosupression

AflatoxinAflatoxinPublic health:Public health:

-- FDA action level in FDA action level in milkmilk = 0.5 ppb = 0.5 ppb (from > 20 ppb AF in feed)(from > 20 ppb AF in feed)

-- Carcinogen in laboratory animalsCarcinogen in laboratory animals

FumonisinsFumonisinsFirst recognized as First recognized as a cause of a cause of esophageal cancer esophageal cancer in South Africa.in South Africa.

Fumonisin mycotoxins in traditional Xhosa Maize Beer in South Africa.

FumonisinsFumonisinsFumonisins Fumonisins --Fusarium ear rotFusarium ear rot⊗⊗Fatal diseases in Fatal diseases in

horses & pigshorses & pigs⊗⊗Affects brain, Affects brain,

heart, liver, heart, liver, lungs, kidneyslungs, kidneys

⊗⊗Carcinogenic; Carcinogenic; birth defects?birth defects?

Me Me OHNH2

OHOHOC OCOOH

COOH

OC O

COOH

COOH

NH2Me Me

OH OHOC O

COOH

HOOC

OC O

COOH

Fumonisin B1

Fumonisin B2

Mycotoxins in cornMycotoxins in corn

Deoxynivalenol (DON) Deoxynivalenol (DON) -- Gibberella ear rot Gibberella ear rot ⊗⊗Feed refusal, vomiting, poor weight gain in Feed refusal, vomiting, poor weight gain in

swineswineZearalenone, Other Zearalenone, Other FusariumFusarium toxinstoxins

MoldsMolds

WDGS

Zearalenone/ZearalenolZearalenone/ZearalenolEstrogenic mycotoxinEstrogenic mycotoxinLush early season legumesLush early season legumesEstrogenic implantsEstrogenic implantsAnalogous to endocrine Analogous to endocrine distruptorsdistruptorsthat can be found in the environmentthat can be found in the environment

Fusarium Fusarium

ANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICS

Used during fermentationUsed during fermentationMay have residues in the feedMay have residues in the feedLACTROL®(virginiamycin and dextrose)⊗0.25 ppm to 2.0 ppm added to yeast

propagators

ANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICSFDA/CVM authorized the distiller’s grains industry to use virginiamycin with dextrose when the antibiotic:

1) is added during the fermentation phase

2) is used at a rate of 2 to 6 parts per million (ppm.)

3) has a maximum residue level of 0.2 to 0.5 ppm. in the resulting co-product, with the maximum value dependent upon the addition rate.

FDA/CVM based the letter on a safety assessment that assumed a 20 percent maximum inclusion rate of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in an animal’s diet.

ANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICS

FDA/CVM is revisiting antibiotic residue issues in corn co-productsMore concern than reality

AIP and Corn CoAIP and Corn Co--ProductsProducts

AIP (Acute Interstitial Pneumonia)AIP (Acute Interstitial Pneumonia)

4 ipomeanol production from a mold 4 ipomeanol production from a mold growing in wet DDG productsgrowing in wet DDG products

Similar to what occurs when sweet Similar to what occurs when sweet potatopotato’’s are infected with s are infected with Fusarium Fusarium solanisolani. .

AIP (Acute Interstitial Pneumonia)AIP (Acute Interstitial Pneumonia)

Alternate theory is high hydrogen Alternate theory is high hydrogen sulfide levels in the rumensulfide levels in the rumen

Eructated gasEructated gas⊗⊗ Damage respiratory ciliaDamage respiratory cilia

⊗⊗ Damage lungDamage lung⊗⊗ Normally goes through rumen wallNormally goes through rumen wall

Atypical Interstitial PneumoniaAtypical Interstitial Pneumonia

Cases of AIP have been associated Cases of AIP have been associated with feeding of wet DDGwith feeding of wet DDGUsually when wet DDGUsually when wet DDG’’s are fed so s are fed so are other highly fermentable feedsare other highly fermentable feedsIs it real or not?Is it real or not?

CopperCopper

Copper depletion occurs with high Copper depletion occurs with high sulfate diets. sulfate diets.

1. (Response of Cow-calf Pairs to Water High in Sulfates, Hubert Patterson, Pat Johnson, George Perry, Roger Gates, and Ron Haigh, BEEF 2005 – 05.)

2. (Effect of High-sulfate Water on Trace Mineral Status of Beef Steers, Cody L. Wright and Hubert H. Patterson, BEEF 2005 – 17.)

Pasture

020406080

100120140160

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Animal I.D.

Cu le

vels

ppm

25-100

Feedlot

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130

Animal I.D.

Cu L

evel

s pp

m

Feedlot + Syrup

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170

Animal I.D.

Cu

Leve

ls p

pm

Pasture + Syrup

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

Animal I.D.

Cu L

evel

s pp

m

Liver copper meansLiver copper means

PasturePasture--9090Pasture & syrupPasture & syrup--6666FeedlotFeedlot--6969Feedlot & syrupFeedlot & syrup--6161

Tox is staffed during the break and is doing samples during the break.

ZincZinc

High sulfur diets may interfere with High sulfur diets may interfere with zinc absorption and affect hoof zinc absorption and affect hoof quality. quality. Many field reports of associated Many field reports of associated lamnesslamness and/or a splay hoof. and/or a splay hoof.

Calcium/PhosphorusCalcium/Phosphorus

Elevated concentration and Elevated concentration and bioavailability of phosphorus in corn bioavailability of phosphorus in corn coco--products. products. Increased incidence of milk fever Increased incidence of milk fever observed in old pregnant cows on observed in old pregnant cows on diets > 30% inclusion. diets > 30% inclusion.

Calcium/PhosphorusCalcium/Phosphorus

HighHigh--grain diets with roughly a 1:1 grain diets with roughly a 1:1 calcium to phosphorus ratio.calcium to phosphorus ratio.Urinary calculi in steers on high Urinary calculi in steers on high

inclusion rates. inclusion rates. Ca:PCa:P needs to be closer to 2:1needs to be closer to 2:1

RingboneRingbone

New bone growth on the proximal, New bone growth on the proximal, middle, or distal phalanx often with middle, or distal phalanx often with degeneration of the joint surface.degeneration of the joint surface.Observation of joint damage with Observation of joint damage with subsequent fibrous exudate in the subsequent fibrous exudate in the joint and subque in the area. joint and subque in the area.

High Nitrogen FeedHigh Nitrogen Feed

Damage to kidneysDamage to kidneys

Pasture BUN

0

5

10

15

Below Within Above

BU

N

Pasture + Syrup BUN

0

2

4

6

8

10

Below Within Above

BU

N

Feedlot BUN

02468

101214

Below Within Above

BU

N

Feedlot + Syrup BUN

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Below Within Above

BU

N

SaltSalt

Salt concentration has previously Salt concentration has previously been observed to vary widely. been observed to vary widely.

Questions?Questions?