discretely continuous: how semantic maps affirm the intuitions and assertions of cognitive...

Discretely continuous: How semantic maps affirm the intuitions and assertions of Cognitive Linguistics

Steven ClancySlavic Languages and Literatures

University of Chicago

SCLC-2007 University of Chicago

October 12-14, 2008

For updated information, see http://home.uchicago.edu/~sclancy

Criticisms (Janda forthcoming) different parameters

apple is contained bowlapple is loose-fit bowlapple is concave valley facing bowlapple is belly bowl

different means (evidentiality, verb vs. satellite framed languages)

different metaphors, source domains a response: much depends on how a researcher

uses, structures, and interprets the model


Conceptual Space

specific

known

direct

negation

free

choice

indirect

negation

comparative

question

conditional

irrealis

nonspecific

specific

unknown

Haspelmath’s (1997, 2003) Conceptual Space for indefinite pronouns

• lines show connected concepts• geometric arrangement is not specific• distance between concepts is not significant


Semantic Map for Russian


MDSMDS = multi-dimensional scaling

mathematically well-defined method for analyzing data

organizes patterns and connections in the data

Multidimensional, i.e., can be a 1, 2, 3... dimensional analysis

Example: table of driving distances between cities; locations of cities are not specified, only raw distances between the cities


MDS with Circle of Fifths

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_fifths


MDS• MDS = multidimensional scaling• cutting lines (separate the yea’s from the nay’s)• polytopes (regions defined by the cutting lines)

• Croft and Poole (forthcoming) applies MDS techniques to data sets from previous linguistic analyses (Haspelmath’s semantic map analysis of indefinite pronouns, Levinson et al.’s analysis of spatial adpositions, and Dahl’s (1985) analysis of tense and aspect

• replicates the conceptual space of Haspelmath• what was possible for a small data set (Haspelmath’s 9

functions can now be extended to a much larger set of functions that would otherwise be impossible to map


MDS analysis of Haspelmath’s Data in Croft and Poole (forthcoming)

Indefinite Pronouns in MDS

• connections are drawn in• MDS-OC analysis produces specific geometric arrangement• semantic distance between points is significant• increased data/diversity provides greater specificity• what do the XY dimensions mean?


Indefinite Pronouns in MDS

from Croft and Poole (forthcoming)


Semantic Map for Russian


MDS: Optimal Classification• Poole’s “Optimal Classification” method of MDS• “legislators” are the functions; can be identified for any

language (relatively finite)• language data are the “roll calls” (extendable)• a legislator votes for or against a certain issue• a function either participates or does not participate in a

construction with a case and/or a preposition• binary (+/- or 1/0) situation (coded as 1/6 by Poole)• what’s multi-dimensional in MDS?• some linguistic problems are 1-D, most are 2-D, some

are likely 3-D; strive for simplest dimensionality that captures the data to be analyzed


Database in progress...

Expression, Construction, etc. Czech Russian Polish RUSSnomPLSHnomCZCHnomPLSHvocCZCHvocRUSSinstPLSHinstCZCHinstRUSSaccPLSHaccCZCHaccRUSSdatPLSHdatCZCHdatRUSSgenPLSHgenCZCHgennaming NOM 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6lists NOM 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6deictic pointing NOM 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6‘be named X’ NOM 1 1 1 6 6 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6‘name s.o. X’ NOM 1 1 1 6 6 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6calling VOC, NOM 1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6subject NOM 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6‘be visible’ NOM, ACC 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6‘be audible’ NOM, ACC 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6predicate adjective NOM 1 1 1 6 6 1 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6predicate short adjective NOM 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6predicate NP NOM 1 6 1 6 6 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6predicate noun NOM 1 6 1 6 6 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

‘seem to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘appear to X (in a dream)’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘accessible to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘clear to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘comprehensible to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘conspicuous to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘familiar to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘take sth. from X’ DAT u GEN 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6take synonyms DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘swipe X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘confiscate sth. from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘remove sth. from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘steal sth. from X’; 'pinch sth. from X' DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘snatch away sth. from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘wrest sth. from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘yank sth. away from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘seize sth. from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘be missing for X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘be(come) alienated to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘not be enough of for X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘take one’s leave of X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘defect from X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘outgrow X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘disappear to X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6‘be missing for X’ DAT 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 6 6 6

... 246for CzP, R

...

...~950-1200-1500?


Slavic Case SemanticsFull Set (945)—Czech

fear

od G

seasons

I, v LN

na L

I, NI, jako N

I, na LA, v L

G, na A G, A

do

Gdo Gpartitivebez G

Aneg (obj)str neg (obj)

na A

za G

v A

o A po Aza A

po Av A s A

z G

NV, Nv L

o L po L

po L ILM loc

ago

za I

na A, D

k DD

D, A (CCz)

si

dest

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1




Semantic Space of Slavic Case


flat vs. textured

do + GEN to + objna + ACC to + objk + DAT to + obj('s)

to schoolto the university

write with a penwrite with a friend

to the doctor's3 prepositions, 3 cases

flat textured

1 preposition

na univerzitu

lumping splitting


Discreteness vs. Continuity future applications of MDS-OC may allow for views of semantic space that

parallel zooming in on a geographical map, e.g., Google Maps

Chicago University of Chicago Slavic Department

such applications may allow us to better approach questions of discreteness and continuity in language

DIRECTIONALITY > DESTINATION > SPECIFIC DESTINATIONRuss v + ACCRuss na + ACCRuss k + DAT


Coding the functions(see handout for languages and categories)

DESTINATION—LOCATION—SOURCE

R na + ACC R na + LOC

‘to’ ‘on, at’

TOO MUCH (?) Russ ACC Russ LOC

R na R na

R na+ACC R na+LOC

TOO LITTLE (?) R na+ACC R na+LOC

JUST RIGHT (?) Russ ACC Russ LOC

R na R na


Pan-Slavic destination-location-source

RUSS-CZEC-PLSH-SERB-CROA-SLVN







Russian



Russ GEN

Russ DAT



Czech



Czech GEN

Czech DAT


PanSlavic destination-location-source

Polish



Polish GEN


Slavic Case Systems

The Case Book for Russian (2002) The Case Book for Czech (2006) The Case Book for Polish (forthcoming 2008)

all books co-authored with Laura Janda (UNC-Chapel Hill)


The Russian Genitive

Genitive: a Whole‘of’, possession, colorprepositions and prepositional

phrases expressing ‘of’numerals, quantifier words

∑ÀÉÃÿÀœ skol'ko ‘how many’ŒÅ∑ÀœÃÿÀœ neskol'ko

‘some’∑∏ÉÃÿÀœ stol'ko ‘so many’ÕŒÉ«œ mnogo ‘many/much’Œ≈ÕŒÉ«œ nemnogo ‘not

many/much’ÕÄÃœ malo ‘few/little’∫ÉÃÿш≈ bol'¨e ‘more’ÕÅŒÿш≈ men'¨e ‘fewer/less’Œ≈ÕÄÃœ nemalo ‘not a few’

partitive genitive, ‘some’

A GOAL

A SOURCE

A WHOLE A REFERENCE



Genitive: a Source…⁄ iz 'from'…⁄-⁄¡ iz-za 'from beyond, because

of'…⁄-¥œƒ iz-pod 'from beneath'∑ s 'from'œ∏ ot 'from'some verbs

∫œÖ∏ÿ∑µ ‘fear, be afraid’…⁄∫≈«Ä∏ÿ/…⁄∫≈÷Ä∏ÿ ‘avoid’¥π«Ä∏ÿ∑µ/…∑¥π«Ä∏ÿ∑µ ‘be

frightened’∑∏≈∑ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑∏≈∑ŒÖ∏ÿ∑µ

‘be shy’∑∏ŸƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ/¥œ∑∏ŸƒÇ∏ÿ∑µ ‘be

ashamed’

A GOAL

A SOURCE

A WHOLE A REFERENCE



Genitive: a Referencedates ¥≈∂◊œ«œ œ∏Àµ∫∂µ pervogo oktjabrja 'on the first of October'some prepositions

∫≈⁄ ‘without’◊Œ≈ ‘outside of’◊œÀ∂Ñ« ‘around’À∂ÉÕ≈ ‘except, besides, aside from’ÕÇÕœ ‘by, past’ÉÀœÃœ ‘around; approximately’¥É∑Ã≈ ‘after’

π u ‘near, at, by’ π X-GEN + (≈∑∏ÿ est’) + Y-

NOM[by X is Y]‘X has Y’ ‘at so-and so’s place’

A GOAL

A SOURCE

A WHOLE A REFERENCE

lack, genitive of negationŒ≈ ∫ŸÃœ/Œ≈∏/Œ≈ ∫πƒ≈∏ne bylo/net/ne budet‘there was not/is not/will not

be’some other expressions

Ã…шÄ∏ÿ/Ã…шÇ∏ÿ ‘deprive’Ã…шÄ∏ÿ∑µ/Ã…шÇ∏ÿ∑µ ‘be deprived’Ã…ш£ŒŒŸ™ ‘deprived’Œ≈ƒœ∑∏Ä∏œÀ ‘lack’

comparison ∑∏¡∂ш≈ Õ≈Œµstar¨e menja ‘older than me’



Genitive: a Goalsome prepositions

ƒœ do 'to, as far as; before, until'ƒÃµ dlja 'for'∂¡ƒ… radi 'for the sake of'¥∂œ∏…◊ protiv 'against'

÷¡Ãÿ/÷¡ÃÀœ ≠al'/≠alko 'too bad, pity'

some verbsƒ≈∂÷Ä∏ÿ∑µ ‘hold to’ƒœ∑∏…«Ä∏ÿ/ƒœ∑∏Ç«Œπ∏ÿ/

ƒœ∑∏Çчÿ‘attain, reach’

÷≈ÃÄ∏ÿ/¥œ÷≈ÃÄ∏ÿ ‘desire, wish’⁄¡∑ÃÑ÷…◊¡∏ÿ/⁄¡∑Ãπ÷Ç∏ÿ

‘deserve, merit’À¡∑Ä∏ÿ∑µ/Àœ∑ŒÑ∏ÿ∑µ ‘touch;

concern’

A GOAL

A SOURCE

A WHOLE A REFERENCE


continuity in the networkspath through which motion occurs (is made manifest)

means tool through which action occurs (is made manifest)

label being through which a quality or condition manifests itself

adjunct through which an extension of the self/group is manifested (in a vague way)

landmark through which an extension of the self/group is manifested (in a more specific way)


A revision of the networks?

RUSS subject RUSS dimension RUSS object RUSS locationN N:name N:identAG G:reference G:sourceD D:experiencer D:competitorD:receiverL L:placeI I:means I:label I:landmark

agentive dimensions, means destinations, objects locationalI:adjunct (s 'with')

A:endpoint

I:means

(D:po 'along') (D:k 'to, towards')G:goal G:wholeA:destA:dimension

whatdistinctions

what case does case how it does itmakes

thebreakdown

conceptual space semantic map


BE in Slavic

location/position

presence/absence

auxiliary

existence

copula

impersonal

BE


Rude’s Circle

BE + ADJ

GET HAVE

MAKE BE + LOC

BE + ADJBE + NP

AttributionInherent

Production Location

Acquisition Possession

AttributionTemporal

Equation

A Contiguously Polysemous Continuum of Meaningadapted from Rude (1978)

Rude's (1978) continuum of meaning in the copula 'make' PRODUCTION 'get' ACQUISITION 'have' POSSESSION 'be + LOC' LOCATION 'be + ADJ' (temporal) ATTRIBUTION, TEMPORAL 'be + ADJ' (inherent) ATTRIBUTION, INHERENT 'be + NP' EQUATION Rude (1978) presents data for these categories of BE functions for 13 different languages (Mandarin, Spanish, Twi, Persian, Amharic, Tamil, Swahili, Korean, Quiche, English, Malagasy, Nez Perce, Arabic).


Rude’s Circle, Chvany’s Revision

BE + ADJ

GET HAVE

MAKE BE + LOC

BE + ADJBE + NP

AttributionInherent

Production Location


AttributionTemporal

Equation


BE + ADJ

GET HAVE

MAKE

BE + LOC

BE + ADJ

BE + NP

PermanentAttribution

TemporaryAttribution

Acquisitionor Becoming Possession

Production Existence

LocationEquation

BE

An Adaptation of Rude’s Circle for Russianadapted from Chvany (1995)


BE + ADJ

GET HAVE

MAKE BE + LOC

BE + ADJBE + NP

AttributionInherent

Production Location


AttributionTemporal

Equation


Rude’s Circle, MDS-OC


BEING-BECOMING-UNBECOMINGCATEGORY BECOMING BEING UNBECOMING

existenceMAKE/DO

BECOMEBE (UNMAKE)

possessionGIVE, TAKE

GETHAVE

TAKE, GIVE

LOSE

creation CREATE EXIST DESTROY

life BE BORN LIVE, GROW DIE

visibility, presence APPEAR BE visible DISAPPEAR

visibility, presence SHOW BE visible HIDE

accessibility FIND KEEP LOSE, LEAVE

motion COME STAY GO/LEAVE

process START/BEGIN CONTINUE FINISH/END

position STAND UP STAND SIT DOWN/LIE DOWN

position SIT DOWN/LIE DOWN SIT/LIE STAND UP

manipulation PUT BE in location REMOVE

manipulation PICK UP HOLD PUT DOWN


BE in Slavic (MDS-OC)

location/position

presence/absence

auxiliary

existence

copula

impersonal

BE


BEING-BECOMING-UNBECOMING

CATEGORY BECOMING BEING UNBECOMINGexistence ∫Ÿ∏ÿ, ≈∑∏ÿ, Øpossession …Õ≈∏ÿ∑µcreation ∏◊œ∂…∏ÿ∑µ ∑π›≈∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿlifevisibility, presence µ◊Ãµ∏ÿ∑µ

¥∂≈ƒ∑∏¡◊Ãµ∏ÿ ∑œ∫œ™accessibility Œ¡»œƒ…∏ÿ∑µmotion ¥∂…∑π∏∑∏◊œ◊¡∏ÿprocessposition ∑∏œµ∏ÿ,

∑…ƒ≈∏ÿ, Ã≈÷¡∏ÿmanipulation


Caveats and Questions

what will MDS do, what can it do? how to structure the data to take advantage of MDS what exactly are we modeling? is case sufficiently coherent as a system for an MDS analysis? across

Slavic? across languages with morphological case? across languages in general?

how do we compare case systems with systems using word order? using prepositions?

expanding the database is necessary, but time intensive catching errors in the database how do we zoom in/out on regions: generalized functions/meanings vs.

greater detail


Hopes that MDS-OC will... provide a rigorous, mathematical model that affirms the speculative, introspective models,

diagrams, and networks long in use by cognitive linguists

– e.g., will the case meanings of the Janda & Clancy Case Book series emerge in the conceptual space

provide a means of tackling large-scale problems that would be insoluble by introspective or empirical means

reveal a conceptual space for the domain of case (and adposition) functions across languages

allow for the extension of conceptual spaces to other linguistic domains (verbal semantics, aspect, modality) given proper structuring of the data

reveal a coherent, universal conceptual space that is carved up in a variety of ways across languages

provide motivations for diachronic change in measurable semantic proximity in the conceptual space

provide a model for tracking and predicting diachronic change as well as the effects of language contact (e.g. Tenser (forthcoming) using semantic maps to track language contact effects in Romani dialects)


For further information... contact Steven Clancy

[email protected] visit my website

http://home.uchicago.edu/~sclancy contribute to the multilingual database

to be established at the University of Chicago Center for the Study of Languages http://languages.uchicago.edu/projects


Additional Materials the following slides contain supplementary materials not

presented in the full talk at the SCLC-2007conference.






directionality scope shaping

status




directionality

marginality

quantification




NOM???

LOC

DAT

ACC

INST

GEN

LOC2

GEN2


Haspelmath’s Semantic Map of Indefinite Pronouns(1) Specific known: a specific referent whose identity is known to the speaker (but

not the hearer)Masha met with someone near the university.[speaker knows who] (46)

(2) Specific unknown: a specific referent whose identity is unknown to both hearer and speakerMasha met with somebody near the university.[speaker has forgotten who] (46)

(3) Irrealis non-specific: a referent (a manner in this example) which does not have a specific identity and exists only in a nonreal contextVisit me sometime. (42)

Haspelmath (1997) in Croft and Poole


Haspelmath’s Semantic Map of Indefinite Pronouns(4) Question: an unspecified referent in the scope of interrogation

(especially polar interrogatives)Can you hear anything? (36)

(5) Conditional: an unspecified referent in the protasis in a conditional constructionIf you hear anything, tell me. (36)

(6) Indirect negation: an unspecified referent which is in a clause embedded in a negated clauseI don’t think that anybody has seen it. (33)



Haspelmath’s Semantic Map of Indefinite Pronouns(7) Comparative: an unspecified referent occurring in the standard of comparison in

a comparative constructionThe boy runs as fast as anyone in his class. (35)

(8) Free choice: an unspecified referent in certain contexts whose identity can be freely chosen without affecting the truth value of the utteranceAfter the fall of the Wall, East Germans were free to travel anywhere. (48)

(9) Direct negation: an unspecified referent which is in the scope of negation in the same clauseI noticed nothing/I didn’t see anything. (31-32)



MDS with driving distances

from Croft and Poole (forthcoming)


MDS with politics

from Keith Poole’svoteview.com




Slavic Case Semantics

location (na)

dest (na)

help

duration

on date

location (maj)

neg (obj)

neg (subj)

BE (past)BE (pres)

in sum

afraid of

become

comp than in win

withoutsource (na)dest (hum)

understand

date is

after

neg (obj), str

interested in

close todist from

location (hum)

for time

before

source (hum)

source (maj)

dest (maj)

control

ago

at o'clockBE (fut)

in spr

in aut

every other

ask thing

ask hum

around

take from X

wish

comp amt

give

on day

-1

-0.8

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

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