DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT

Achala DahalNepal Administrative Staff College

Learning objectives

Having gone through this session participants will be able to:

Tell the operational definition of disaster Prepare a list of basic terminologies and

their brief description Understanding of Disaster Risk

Management

23-04-19

2

23-04-19

3

Basic Terminologies

Hazard

A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

Natural Hazards : part of the natural environmentNatural Hazards : part of the natural environment

1.1. Hydro-meteorological hazardsHydro-meteorological hazards TyphoonsTyphoons Storm surgesStorm surges Floods Floods

2.2. Geologic hazardsGeologic hazards EarthquakeEarthquake LandslidesLandslides

3.3. Oceanic HazardsOceanic Hazards TsunamiTsunami Tidal SurgesTidal Surges

4.4. Biological HazardsBiological Hazards EpidemicsEpidemics Insect InfestationInsect Infestation

Types of HazardTypes of Hazard

Man-made Hazards : human induced hazardsMan-made Hazards : human induced hazards

1.1. Socio-natural HazardsSocio-natural Hazards Forest denudationForest denudation FamineFamine Increased occurrences of natural hazardsIncreased occurrences of natural hazards

2.2. Socio-political HazardsSocio-political Hazards WarWar Civil unrestCivil unrest

3.3. Technological HazardsTechnological Hazards Transport accidentsTransport accidents Toxic substance poisoningToxic substance poisoning Contamination of food and water sourcesContamination of food and water sources

Types of HazardTypes of Hazard

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources. 

Disaster

Exposure

People, property, systems, or other elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses

Vulnerability

The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

A set of prevailing or A set of prevailing or consequential consequential conditions which conditions which adversely affect adversely affect people’s ability prevent, people’s ability prevent, mitigate, prepare for mitigate, prepare for and respond to and respond to hazardous events.hazardous events.

Factors of Factors of VulnerabilityVulnerability

Physical / Material VulnerabilityPhysical / Material Vulnerability

Hazard-prone location of community houses, Hazard-prone location of community houses, farmlands, infrastructure, basic servicesfarmlands, infrastructure, basic services Design and construction materials of houses Design and construction materials of houses and buildingsand buildings Insecure and risky sources of livelihoodInsecure and risky sources of livelihood Lack of basic services: education, health, safe Lack of basic services: education, health, safe drinking water, shelter, sanitation, roads, drinking water, shelter, sanitation, roads, electricity, communicationelectricity, communication Exposed to violence (domestic, armed Exposed to violence (domestic, armed conflicts)conflicts) Age and disabilityAge and disability

Factors of Factors of VulnerabilityVulnerability

Social / Organizational VulnerabilitySocial / Organizational Vulnerability

Weak family / kinship structuresWeak family / kinship structures Lack of leadership and initiative to solve Lack of leadership and initiative to solve problems or conflictsproblems or conflicts Exclusion of certain groups from decision-Exclusion of certain groups from decision-making or unequal participation in making or unequal participation in community affairscommunity affairs Absence or weak community organizations Absence or weak community organizations Social status (castes, ethnicity, gender)Social status (castes, ethnicity, gender) Neglect from government and civil Neglect from government and civil institutionsinstitutions

Factors of Factors of VulnerabilityVulnerability

Motivational / Attitudinal VulnerabilityMotivational / Attitudinal Vulnerability

Negative attitude towards changeNegative attitude towards change Passivity, fatalism, hopelessnessPassivity, fatalism, hopelessness Lack of initiativeLack of initiative Dependence on external supportDependence on external support Lack of knowledge and skillsLack of knowledge and skills Extremism Extremism

Capacity

The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community, society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals.

……. . resourcesresources, , meansmeans and and strengthsstrengths, which exist in , which exist in households and communities households and communities and which enable them to cope and which enable them to cope with, withstand, prepare for, with, withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate, or quickly prevent, mitigate, or quickly recover from a disaster. recover from a disaster.

Factors of CapacityFactors of Capacity

Physical / Economic CapacityPhysical / Economic Capacity

Money / CashMoney / Cash Real PropertiesReal Properties Stable sources of income and Stable sources of income and livelihoodlivelihood Safe infrastructuresSafe infrastructures Food securityFood security Balanced natural environmentBalanced natural environment Limited number of hazards eventsLimited number of hazards events

Factors of CapacityFactors of Capacity

Social / Organizational CapacitySocial / Organizational Capacity

Relationship with relatives and familyRelationship with relatives and family People – centered governmentPeople – centered government Strong civil society / empowered Strong civil society / empowered communitycommunity Functional community based and civic Functional community based and civic organizationsorganizations Optimum availability of basic social and Optimum availability of basic social and health serviceshealth services Strong social networks and institutions Strong social networks and institutions

Factors of CapacityFactors of Capacity

Motivational / Attitudinal CapacityMotivational / Attitudinal Capacity

Knowledgeable and skillfulKnowledgeable and skillful Confidence and self-esteemConfidence and self-esteem Proactive attitudeProactive attitude Open to change and new ideasOpen to change and new ideas Continual learning Continual learning Building on experiencesBuilding on experiences Positive perception in lifePositive perception in life

Disaster Risk

The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular community or a society over some specified future time period.

HAZARDS ?HAZARDS ?DISASTERS?DISASTERS?

WHICH IS WHICH?WHICH IS WHICH?

what is what is notnot a a

disaster?disaster? Earthquakes

Floods

Landslides

Fire

Drought

Typhoon

If no societal elements are affected; like people, services, infrastructures and livelihoods. These remain as natural hazards.

When do hazards become When do hazards become

disastersdisasters?? Hazards impact societal elements;

Level of vulnerability conditions is high;

Very low capacity to prepare for and cope with the hazard events.

DISASTER RISK

HAZARD VULNERABILITY

CAPACITY

X:

Capacity

Hazard

Risk

Vulnerability

Take Away MessagesTake Away Messages

Hazards become disasters Hazards become disasters when it impacts when it impacts societysociety;; Hazards will always be with us, these don’t Hazards will always be with us, these don’t have to become disasters;have to become disasters; Disasters don’t just happenDisasters don’t just happen, , it is caused by it is caused by several factorsseveral factors;; Vulnerability contributes to disastersVulnerability contributes to disasters VulnerabilityVulnerability is about the is about the lack of capacity lack of capacity Capacity is the opposite of vulnerability;Capacity is the opposite of vulnerability; CapacityCapacity is about is about resourcesresources;; Disaster risks Disaster risks is related to is related to hazards, hazards, vulnerability and capacityvulnerability and capacity

HAZARDSHAZARDS will always be with us, will always be with us, but these don't have to become but these don't have to become DISASTERSDISASTERS!!

Critical Infrastructure

The primary physical structures, technical facilities and systems which are socially, economically or operationally essential to the functioning of a society or community, both in routine circumstances and in the extreme circumstances of an emergency.

The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

Prevention

The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

Mitigation

The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.

Preparedness

Response

The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the people affected

23-04-19

39

The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.

Recovery

Disaster Management (DM), Disaster Management (DM), Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Disaster Risk Management (DRM), Disaster Risk Management (DRM),

Disaster ManagementDisaster Management

Disaster Management is a collective term encompassing all aspects of planning for and responding to disasters. Refers to the management of both the risks and consequences of disasters.

Disaster Risk ReductionDisaster Risk Reduction

The conceptual framework to:

minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society;

avoid or to limit the adverse impacts of hazards;

done within the broad context of sustainable development.

DRR FrameworkDRR Framework

1. Risk awareness and assessment VCA Emergency assessments DRM planning

2. Knowledge development IEC materials Training and public awareness Research and documentation

3. Public commitment and institutional frameworks

Community based approaches Policy development and implementation

4. Application of measures Mitigation Prevention Recovery

5. Early Warning Early warning systems

In the broader

context of sustainable developme

nt

Disaster Risk ManagementDisaster Risk Management

The systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and activities to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.

Prevention MitigationPreparedness

ResponseOperations

RecoveryActivities

DevelopmentDRM

DRREvery day

DMEvents

Take Away MessagesTake Away Messages

DM = a collective term of all disaster related activities

DRM = a systematic process of using resources to manage the risk of disasters

DRR = a conceptual framework to reduce vulnerabilities in the context of sustainable development

HAZARDS

FloodsLandslidesEarthquake

Fire Health related

Conflict

DISASTER

ROOT CAUSES

Social injustice

Unequal use of resources

Economic monopoly

Political dogma

(beliefs)

DYNAMIC FACTORS

Lack of basic services

Discrimination

Unsustainable use of common

resources

Political turmoil

Concentration of wealth

UNSAFE CONDITIONS

Illiteracy

Unchecked spread of disease

Displacement

Ecological imbalance

Hazard prone locations of

residence and livelihood

Decreasing access to shelter, food and water

Emergence of armed groups

Disaster as a Social Phenomenon Disaster as a Social Phenomenon

HAZARDS

Hazard mitigation

and prevention

CREATINGSAFER

CONDITIONS

Safer conditions through disaster preparedness, response and

recovery interventions

ADDRESSINGDYNAMIC

PRESSURES

Reduction of pressures through

sustainable development interventions

CHALLENGINGUNDERLYING

CAUSES

Addressing underlying causes

through social, economic,

political reforms

Disaster Risk

Management

Disaster as a Social PhenomenonDisaster as a Social Phenomenon

It’s time for Feedback

Achala DahalNepal Administrative Staff

CollegeJawalakhel, LalitpurCell 9841890989Email:

achala.dahal@nasc.org.np