direct-push (dpt) high-pressure jet injection for rapid amendment delivery in low-permeability...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapman Ross, P.E.
Direct-Push High-Pressure Jet Injection for Rapid Amendment Delivery in Low-Permeability
Zones: Full-Scale Demonstration
AEHS Conference - October 2015
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Partners in Developing Technology
FRx
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Christiansen and Wood, 2006
Problem Statement: Develop Better Injection Technology to Treat Clay Till
Method development partially funded by Danish government. Why?
40% Denmark covered in highly fractured clay till.
Treating low permeability sites is a major challenge for US and Canadian Sites.
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Technology Development Chronology
2011 Pilot Test – Denmark
2012 Pilot Test – South Carolina
2013 Pilot Test – Ohio
2014 Full-Scale Field Demonstration – Denmark
PATENT PENDING TECHNOLOGY
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High Pressure Jet Injection – How Does it Work?
Drive tooling to depth with direct
push rig.
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10,000 psi water jetting
0.9 m
High Pressure Jet Injection – How Does it Work?
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High Pressure Jetting in Saprolite
Path of jet cutting across weathered rock
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High Pressure Jet Injection Mechanisms
150 to 400+ psi slurry injection which creates
hydraulic fractures
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High Pressure Jet Injection Mechanisms
Slurry contains proppant (sand, ZVI, etc) which holds
fracture open and either enhances permeability,
reacts with contaminants directly, or both.
Fracture
Cavity
HorizontalFracture
Conduits
Cavity
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Applications
Tested in clay till in Ohio and Denmark
Tested in saprolite in South Carolina
Effective in heterogeneous low permeability formations
Capable of emplacing wide range of powdered, granular, and liquid amendments:
nZVI, mZVI, Granular ZVI
Solid and Liquid-Phase Electron Donors
Persulfate, Permanganate
Carbon-based amendments
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Advantages over Traditional Hydraulic Fracturing
Reduces overall injection time
Delivers more power to the formation
Jetting cuts across vertical fractures
Creates more predictable fracture forms
Works more reliably than traditional fracturing
methods at shallow depths
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Conceptual Model – Treatment with DPT Jet Injection
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Remedy Design
714 sq meter Target Treatment Area (TTA)
4 m design ROI 21 injection locations with
121 individual injections 1 to 7 discrete injections
per location 50 tonnes mZVI 25 tonnes sand
5
25
50
5 to 80 mg/kg VOCs (mostly
TCE)
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Characterization Methods
79 soil borings: Visual identification of fractures and
tracers (colored sands and dye) Fracture thickness Magnetic susceptibility (MS) screening
1-cm intervals (detected mZVI zones) Geologic logging
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423 discrete ZVI-filled horizontal fractures
80% between 0 and 10 mm
increasing fracture thickness = fewer fractures observed
Horizontal Fracture Thickness
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- nI-A = 6 (# injection depths at Injection Location A)
- nI-B = 7 (# injection depths at Injection Location B)
- nSB-X = 8 (# observed fractures in Soil Boring X)
- Example calculation for ratio of observed fractures to injection depths:
- nSB-X / nI-A = 8 / 6 = 1.33
- Note: calculation performed only for full-length continuous soil borings.
Distribution of Horizontal Fractures - Fracture to Injection Ratio Calculation
Methodology Soil Borin
g X
Injection A
Injection
B
6 8 7
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Yellow/red shading demonstrates coverage across TTA
Gray/white shading shows overlap between injection locations (fractures observed > # injections)
Results demonstrate effective distribution using 4 m design ROI
Lateral Distribution of Horizontal Fractures – Plan View
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Injections were concentrated in more contaminated portions of the TTA (>25 mg/kg total chlorinated organics)
Overlap in these areas reflects tighter design injection spacing.
Fracture Distribution with Soil Contaminant Concentrations
5
25
50
5 Total chlorinated organics (mg/kg)
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Methodology3D modeling (EVS software) was utilized to interpolate MS readings.Interpolated MS readings >1x10-3 were generally co-located with visual identification of ZVI-filled fractures.
Lateral Distribution of Horizontal Fractures – 3D Modeling
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Cross sections cut through the 3D model as shown.
Cross-sections show:1) overlap of horizontal fractures between injection locations 2) ROI of at least 4 m at many locations.
Lateral Distribution of Horizontal Fractures – Cross Sections
NS 1 NS 2 NS 3
NS 4
EW 1
EW 2
EW 4
EW 3
EW 5
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Columbia, Maryland March 2015
North-South 2 Cross-SectionMøllevej 9, Nivå, Denmark
North South
Example North – South Cross Section (NS 2)
4m ROI
1 x 10-
3
2 x 10-3
3 x 10-3
Magnetic Susceptibility
Boring Type
Injection Boring
Soil Boring
Above Redox Boundary
Below Redox Boundary
Dense Gray Till
Lithology Black tick marks are
visual ZVI observations in soil borings
(3D model verification)
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Columbia, Maryland March 2015
North-South 2 Cross-SectionMøllevej 9, Nivå, Denmark
North South
Example North – South Cross Section (NS 2)
4m ROI
1 x 10-
3
2 x 10-3
3 x 10-3
Magnetic Susceptibility
Boring Type
Injection Boring
Soil Boring
Above Redox Boundary
Below Redox Boundary
Dense Gray Till
Lithology
Achieved 0.3 m average fracture
spacing with depth in some borings
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Mapping ROI and Fracture Overlap with Tracers
A series of colored sands and dyes with ZVI were injected at three locations on the northern end of the TTA
These “tracers” were modeled in 3D and successfully demonstrated discrete overlapping fractures between injection locations.
Tracers also confirmed the successful creation of sub-horizontal fractures.
4m ROI
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A series of colored sands and dyes with ZVI were injected at three locations on the northern end of the TTA
These “tracers” were modeled in 3D and successfully demonstrated discrete overlapping fractures between injection locations.
Tracers also confirmed the successful creation of sub-horizontal fractures.
Mapping ROI and Fracture Overlap with Tracers
4m ROI
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A series of colored sands and dyes with ZVI were injected at three locations on the northern end of the TTA
These “tracers” were modeled in 3D and successfully demonstrated discrete overlapping fractures between injection locations.
Tracers also confirmed the successful creation of sub-horizontal fractures.
Mapping ROI and Fracture Overlap with Tracers
4m ROI
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A series of colored sands and dyes with ZVI were injected at three locations on the northern end of the TTA
These “tracers” were modeled in 3D and successfully demonstrated discrete overlapping fractures between injection locations.
Tracers also confirmed the successful creation of sub-horizontal fractures.
Mapping ROI and Fracture Overlap with Tracers
4m ROI
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A series of colored sands and dyes with ZVI were injected at three locations on the northern end of the TTA
These “tracers” were modeled in 3D and successfully demonstrated discrete overlapping fractures between injection locations.
Tracers also confirmed the successful creation of sub-horizontal fractures.
Mapping ROI and Fracture Overlap with Tracers
4m ROI
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A series of colored sands and dyes with ZVI were injected at three locations on the northern end of the TTA
These “tracers” were modeled in 3D and successfully demonstrated discrete overlapping fractures between injection locations.
Tracers also confirmed the successful creation of sub-horizontal fractures.
Mapping ROI and Fracture Overlap with Tracers
4m ROI
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Mapping ROI and Fracture Overlap with Tracers
4m ROI
Documented multiple overlapping ZVI-filled horizontal fractures between injection
locations.
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Conclusions
DPT Jet Injection shown to be an effective delivery technique for emplacing amendments in low permeability formations.
Performance monitoring for full-scale case study over next 5 years will include membrane interface probe (MIP), soil sampling, and groundwater sampling.
Next steps: Identify new challenging sites for implementation.