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Learnabcaut three fascinating

prehistoricplant-eaters

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O S A U R U S 18135

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Ice-Age cave dwellers in

COLD COMFORT 1814

An interviewwith ourexpert

Br IitaviziNormanand find out

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David Norman of Cambridge

University answers more of your

dinosaur queries BACKCOVER

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DRAOOPELTA

Plant-eatingDracopelta had lots of

bony armour to protect it from

hungry predators.

ortugal Was the home ofseveral types ofplant-eatingdinosaur during the Late

Jurassic andEarly CretaceousPeriods.

The fossil remains ofHypsilophodon,Camptosaurus and Iguanodonhave been

found there.Among the 150-million-year-old rocks,experts also discovered a smallarmoured dinosaur which, in 1980,was

given the nameDracopelta.

RIBCLUE

The only part ofDracopelta that Was foundwas its

ribcage,but this Was

enoughfor

experts to see that it Was probably relatedto another,much bigger, armoureddinosaur called Sauropelta.Dracopeltawas a nodosaur, a member of the

ankylosaur familywhich didnot have a tail club for

protection.

TEMPTINGMEAL

Dracopeltawas only as long as a wolf of _

today, andmust have appeared a temptingmeal to savage carnosaurs and theropodslarge and small.

NOT SO SPEEDY

Dracopelta searched for food among low-

growingplants and probably dawdled

alongat a slow pace. Occasionally,

Dracopelta broke into a trot, but its heavy

body and short, stocky legsmeant that

speedy predators could easily outrun it.

CONES AND STUDS

Dracopelta Was built for survival. Its bodywas like a tank, with several different

types ofarmour plating. Across its backwere lines of raised,

bonyconeswhich

were set amonghundreds of smaller studs.The back ofDracopelta’sneck was

protectedby bony plates.Like ,

Sauropelta, it probably also had a/ g

‘' "

I

line of spikes along theV sides of its body.

1801



Bony platesprotected its neck

spines ran down

Dracopelta’s back

Hundreds of

small studs‘°"e"ed its bcck

A row of sharp spikesprobably ran alongeach side of its body

Dracopelta’s back was heavily armoured but itssoft underbelly was vulnerable to attack.

1 _

WE

L

1

.

il

armour. The soft underside of its body hadno protection at all. If this was exposed toa predator’s sharp claws, it had little hopeof survival. But expertsthink’

V

nodosaurs probably had a cleverdealingwith this danger.

'

BELLY FLOP

As a giant predator came near, Dracoprobably flopped on to its belly

its arms and legs beneath its itt

body. It clutched the groundwith its

stubby claws so that it could not beflipped over on to its back.

'.NAME:Dracope/ta (E-oh-g3_el-ta)means ’armoured dragon’ 5p"(y pRo1'Ec-"ON.GROUP:dinosaur.SIZE: 2m long.FOOD: plants.LIVED: about l5Omillionyears ago in the

LateJurassic Period inPortugal

All around its body a line of spikesQ_.g»1tf‘t..i“e(a’lout like a deadly fringe.Dracgpefiifis yenemy risked a nastyWound if it came tiidfiinear, so it probablywandered off tofind’an easier victim.

1802



SLABS OF BONE

Dracopelta’s small headwas protected byslabs ofbone. It snapped offshoots from

low-growing plants With its toothlessbeak and munched them with its small,

grinding teeth.

EASY BREATHERLike other nodosaurs,Dracopelta probablyhada bony plate which separated its nasal

passages from its mouth. This meant thatit was able to breathe and chew at the

same time.

that a noclosaur has

(C/J

Romania has been known by ten differentnames. Nodosaurs are not very well known

dinosaurs and the original Fossils atStruthiosauruswere very poor. Every time new ankylosaur tossils

were Found in southern Europe, a new name was

given to them because they could not be properlyidentified as Struthiosaurus. Now experts realisethat all these names are wrong and they now planto re-describe Struthiosaurus.

been given different names?

Yes. Struthiosaurus from Austria and

Dracopelta slowly plocldledialong in

search of low-growing plants, which it

would biteoffwith its toothless beak.

1803



PALAE0049TORPalaeocasforwas an early beaverwith amazing burrowing skills.

eologists were puzzled for

many years by strange, spiralholes discovered in fossil soils

in Nebraska, USA.These ran up to 2.5minto the ground. The mysterywas solvedwhen

expertsdiscovered that a

tinyprehistoric beaver, Palaeocastor, hadmadethese passages to its undergroundhome.

SCRATCH MATCHPalaeocastor hadburrowed through thesoilusing its long front teeth. Expertswere able to match the marks they found

with the shape ofPalaeocastor’s teeth.This extraordinary little mammal could

diga burrow

that was ten times its ownlength. It knew how tobuild itselfacomfortable

home, justi

like thedam-

buildingbeaver of

today.7

1804

g——25cm —;——>i

MONSTMFACTSNAME: Pa/aeocastor “Ll-ee-o-ka_s-tor)

*

means ’ancient beaver’GROUP: mammalSIZE: 25cm longFOOD: plantsLIVED: about 30million years ago inthe

Oligocene andMiocene Epochs

SAFE HOME

Palaeocastor was as small as a babyrabbit. It was covered with fur andhadstrong, clawed hands and feet. As itscratched out its burrow,Palaeocastorused its long feet to kick back the soil.It was in danger from flesh-eaters,and its tunnelling skills helpeditto survive.At the bottom ofthe burrow,Palaeocastor kept

i

safe andwarm—away fromA

bigpredators.



WANIVANOSAl/RI/SLittleWannanosaurus was one of the 1'A"_ up AND RUNN|NGsmallest of all the dinosaurs. Peace-lovingWannanosaurus browsed on

low-growing plants and shredded upleaveswith the curved, jagged edges of its

bout as big as a chicken, tiny teeth. If disturbed, it Would put itsWannanosauruswas a bone— head down, its tail up and scuttle away on

headed dinosaur. Its skull was two strong,thick and protected its small brain.Unlike slender

most of its relatives, it did nothave any legs.

bony knobs behind each eye, and the roof

of its skull was smooth.

THE BIG PUSH

Although small, Wannanosaurus was

probably quite competitive. Like

bigger pachycephalosaurs,males may have pushed _ 3%their thick heads ._ ~against each ..,-‘I? ~'33other in

‘‘Li

'

trials of~ I. - / I ‘I

-trength. ( 1 ! .,..

Lix“ .

I4-60cm-1»

, if :

NAME: Wannanosaurus (wan-gn-oh-saw-rus)means ’reptile trom Wannan’GROUP: dinosaur

FOOD: plants-

LIVED: about 70 millionyears ago in theLateCretaceous Period inChina

O

OO SIZE: about 60cm longOO

1805



The very last

dinosaursWhich dinosaurswere left at the veryend of the Age of Dinosaurs?

Tyrannosaurusrex

uring the lastpart of the Age of

A

the Dinosaurs the worlds

T gradually changed. Mountainsappeared and shallow seas began to divide

up the land. Earlier, during the Jurassic

Period, dinosaurs roamed over most ofthe world. But, as the continents drifted

apart, different groups ofdinosaurswere left on different continents. Albertosaurus

END OFTHE CRETACEOUS

By the end of the Cretaceous Period,changes had taken place in the world of

the dinosaurs: huge carnivores hadmet Nanofyrannus

theirmatch in tank-like plant-eaters;toothless bird-like dinosaurs had NORTH AMERICAN TERRORS

appeared; large sauropodswere Themost famous of all the meat—eaters,outnumbered by the great Tyrannosaurus rex terrorised its

smaller horned peacefulNorthAmerican neighboursand duckbilled

V during the Cretaceous Period. It was notdinosaurs. “ E

‘-E the only fearsome predator.Nanotyrannus

' A‘ andAlbertosaurus, smaller relatives of

T rex, prowled the plains too.

,-_ saurolophus

NOISY NIGHTSThe duckbillsAnatotitan andEdmontosaurus livedon swampy lowland

plains near large, twisting rivers. The

quiet of the Late Cretaceous eveningwasprobably shattered by the bellowing noiseof these hadrosaurs calling to each otheracross the plains.

Anafotita “T

Edmontosaurus



HEADSABOVE THE REST

Triceratops, the last of the short—frilled

ceratopid dinosaurs, lived in North

America, too. It lived beside long-frilledTorosaurus.Another survivorwith an

amazinghead, Parasaurolophus,had acrest that grew to be as long as a tallhuman.Bone-headedPachycephalosaurushad a smaller, but immensely thick skullto protect its tiny brain.

chycephalosaurusTriceratops

CONSTANT THREAT

The lives of these dinosaurswere fraughtwith danger.All around them volcanoesWere a constant threat. Huge graveyardsofdinosaurs, such as Hypacrosaurus, showthat thousandswere killed in one go whenvolcanoes erupted and spewed poisonousgases and burningash into the air.

SURPRISING SOUTH AMERICAThe fossils ofAntarctosaurus and

Saltasaurus, two of the Very last

sauropods, were found in Argentina.Saltasaurus had unusual,bony armour on

, its back. It . ’ A

‘

Thescelosaurus would Sit on “aé» 1

, , : v

i riverbanks andC W $ § U $ § ¢ 0 U & E O 3 U § O O 0 C . C C O O O munchonthe

mg [A juicy leaves fromthe tops oftrees.

NORTHAMERICAN VARIETYThe greatest varietyofdinosaurs lived inNorthAmerica at the end oftheAge ofDinosaurs. There were predators,

duckbills, horned and trilled dinosaurs,small dinosaurs such as Thesce/osaurus,and ostrich dinosaurs such as

Ornithomimus.

Ornithomimus

Antarctosaurus

Saltasaurus

§ @ $ 8 § $ % ‘ @ 9 C § § ¢ § G $ ¥ § fi f fi i f fi fi i



A HARD LIFE IN ASIAThe last dinosaurs to live in

China and Mongolia had a

harsher life than their NorthAmerican relatives.They lived

in dry lowlands surrounded by

highmountains. At anymoment, a flash flood crashingdown from the mountainsmightdrown a whole herdof dinosaurs.

Desert sandstorms and sliding sand

dunes were yet more dangers for the

last survivingdinosaurs in this partof the World.

LAST ASIAN PREDATOR .

Tarbosaurus Was one of the last

predators in China andMongolia. ItWas related to Tyrannosaurus rex but

it had a larger headand a lighterbody.Meat-eatingTarbosaurusthundered alongon two powerful legs.

It probably ambushedhadrosaurs such asTsintaosaurus and

Saurolophus,which livedat the same time.

Gullimimus

GOOD SURVIVOR

Another ofTarbosaurus’

possible victims, lumberingNemegtosaurus,may havebeen the only diplodocid to

survive until the end of the

Age of the Dinosaurs.

Suurolopjaiisp

FAST RUNNER

Tarbosaurus Wouldhave found the

ornithomimosaur,Gallimimus, harder

Tsinfaosaurus to Catch than

slow-movingNemegtosaurus.

Gallimimus ran fast on

long, slender legs, andWatchedfor

dangerwith

sharp eyes.

1808



ISLAND INDIA

By the end of the

Cretaceous, India had

separated fromAfricaand drifted

awayas an

island.The ‘Indian

crocodile’,Indosuchus, was a big meat-

eating dinosaur that managed tosurvive to the end. It may have fed on

tiny J ubbulpuria, or even themassive

sauropod Titanosaurus,which

I‘

ypselosagrii

probably had an armoured back.

STILL JOINED TOGETHER

Hgthat therewere

3; Antarctica andAustralia were still

'»

/ no dinosaursin Africa

joined together 65 millionyears ago. @at the end of the Cretaceous?

Most of the dinosaur fossils found in .

Australia date from EarlyCretaceous Experts are not sure yet. There is little evidence

tjmcS_ But recent discoveries in Antarctica to show that dinosaurs were still living in Africa

of an ankylosaur and a hypsolophodontid years O90. MOSI Ol: the fOS$llS found 50

may Show that some dinosaurs existed for date from Jurassic and Early Cretaceous times.

later in this part ofthe However, it is possible that Kangnasaurus and

W01,1dsail-backed Spinosaurus survived to the end.

\ Indosuchus Titanosaurus.

’

«

.,/r cal

EUROPEANSURVIVORS

Dinosaurs left in Europeat the end of the Cretaceous

lived on a chain of islands

that stretched from Spain,through southern France, and

up towards Austria andRomania.The sauropodHypselosaurus laid its hugeeggs in France and“Spain.Its relative, Titanosaurus,survived in Europe as Well asin India and SouthAmerica.

Magyarosaurus, another

sauropod, lived in Romania.

1809



In LateCretaceousMongolia,two Velociraptor and a groupof Sauromithoides attack an

unprotectednest of

Protoceratops young,squabbling over whowill

take awaythe

easy pickings.Themother rushes to thedefence ofheryoung, but shewill be no match for the fivevicious predator.

‘r

3 .‘.



)sPott£n'ssum:

In the bitter cold of the IceAge some

animals took to living in caves.

magine the IceAge. Think of

the chillwinds blasting downA the Valleys and the bitingblizzards

Whistling throughthe

glaciers.Think ofbeing chilled right to the bone.

/\ ' \ \

COSY CAVENow think of a cosymountainside cave,

away from the howlingwinterWinds. Here,you can huddle togetherWith your friendsand family andbuild up a fug ofbody heatand W a r m breath. It is littleWonder that

many Ice—Age animals lived in caves.

DISCOVERYOF BONESWeknow they lived in caves becausescientists have discovered the bones ofseveral different animals on the floors of

caves, especially in Europe.

oooooooooooooooouioooooooor

E31796 EZél@9f

CAVE APE

Bears and lionswere not the only animalsthat lived in caves. Gigantopithecuswas

a giant ape, which stood about3mhigh. lts fossils have been Found

in caves inChina. Itlived about onemillionyears ago.

omforGREAT BEAR

The great cave bearlived during thePleistocene IceAge, ‘~

‘

which ended about0

10,000 years ago,and Was about oneand a half timesthe size of today’sbrown bear.Thecave bear was a

plant-eater. It

probably fed when it could,building up its fat reservesto keep it goingwhen food W a s

scarce.WhentheWeathergot colder it

hibernated

insidethecaves ,5,



SPO'l"I'EIl'S GUIDE

CAVE BEAR CLAN

Many cave bears hibernated

together in one cave. Some died

during their winter sleep. Therewas one cave in Austria which

contained the remains of over30,000 cave bears. The bears didnot all die at the same time—hecave was the refuge of cave bearsfor hundreds ofyears, and the

bones built up over the centuries.

L|TI'LE BEAR

The fossils ofsmaller bears

have been foundin the HarzMountains of

Since the Ice Age, caveshave provided

shelter for many

°f"im°!5' , Germany. TheseIncluding lions, bears lived Verybears and h._»; ighup where

[43bats’

food was

probably scarce.This man is

lookingThe bears Were

forme small because a

smaller bodyneeded less foodthan a large one.

i

thesis of some

ccvtve-dwellingbirds.

CAVE RELATIVEOther animals lived in Ice—Age caves.

The cave lionwas a Very close relative of

today’s lion—they may evenbe the same

species. The cave lion lived in caves

in Europe. It was the biggestbitingcat that ever lived, farbigger than today’s lion.

LONDON LIONS

The fossils of cave lions have beenfound where Trafalgar Square now

stands in London. Theyprobably lived in

caves in the surroundinghills,but came0 0

down todrink from and l}i11flt711'93I.5.theri . 7

River Thames.‘

’ E'



/I

looking for fossils along the

How do you become Cl-ilaeontologisi?We talk toour expert, DrDavid

Norman.

avid Normanhas

been involved in many.

'

important recent dinosaurfinds. He is an expert on Iguanodon.Weasked himhowhe became interested in

palaeontology, andwhat it’s like to be adinosaur detective.

l

l \\.

Tools of the trade.

HOW DIDYOU BECOMEINTERESTED IN FOSSILS?‘When I was 11or 12, I began

ledges ofKimmeridgeBay in Dorset,England.The first I foundwereammonites. I got interested in fossils

againwhen I Was at university studyingmicrobiology and zoology. I did a project on

how very earlymammals used their jaws, WHAT

and I studied tiny fossil teeth. After three QUALITIES DO

years at university, I began a research . YOU NEED TO

project on dinosaurs. And that was when / BEA GOOD

my interest in dinosaurs really started.’ PALAEONTOLOGIST?‘Youneed to be Verydetermined. And youmust

be able to ask “Why?” all

the time. Youmustn’t takeanything for granted.Working on fossils cantake a Very long time, so

youmustbe patient.Youcanmiss things easily if

you are impatient.Another important qualityis having an extremely

goodeye for detail.’

IT'SAFACT. DOWN TO EARTH

The best fossil hunters take their time. Get

clown on your hands and knees andlook carefully at each spot you are

interested in.Then you may tinol a

valuable clue.

1816



WHAT QUALIFICATTONS DO HOW CAN YOU JOIN A DIG?

YOU NEEDTOBECOMEA ‘Youcan become a member of a

/PALAEONTOLOGIST?

/localgeological group. There

‘The bestway to get started is to are often groups attached to

be good at sciences. If you’re good at these localmuseums or naturalhistory societies,

subjects at school, this will give you the which go out looking for fossils.’chance to go touniversity to study biology,zoology or geology. It’s best to combine WHATWAS YOURMOST

these sciences. That Way,you’ll understand EXCTTINGDIG?

animals as well as the rocks where they / ‘Finding the remains of the

are found.A good palaeontologist needs to first armoured dinosaur in

understand andbe interested in lots of Australia. The discovery was something

different branches of science.’ completely new to science.’

WAS ITA

DIFFICULTMG?‘It Was a longone—hree

months on the edge of the

SimpsonDesert in

Queensland. So it was hot

during the day and

freezing at night.And itWas frustrating because

,

We didn’t find agreat

deal.‘A ‘

.A

' V

» A

If i

W

There was abig dinosaur‘

A

footprint trackway,showing there hadbeenlots ofdinosaurs there. ButWe didn’t find many bones.’



inding a dinosaur fossil is

rare. So don’t expect to

on your first fossil-hunting expedition.Your first find is muchmore likely to be a

fossil shell. Ittakes time to train

your eyeto spot the rarer fossil bones.

RIGHT ROCKSDinosaurs became fossilized in the first

place by beingburied in sand or mud. So

they are only found in the right kinds of

rock such as sandstone, shales or clays.

They will also only be found in rocks fromtheMesozoic Period.

EAGLE EYE

Many people search for fossils by walkingalong the bottom of cliffs or in Valleys,where rocks of the right age havebeen

exposed. They look for bits of fossilized

bone. Hunting like this needs a lot of

patience and an expert eye. Days can go

pastWithout finding anything. Often this

is because it takes a while to be able to

recognise the signs of a fossil fragment.

1818

it .3. .....z.s... discover a new giant of the past

After a dig, there's still muchwork to be clone

back at the lab.This dig, at Ockley in Surrey,unearlhecl lhe dinosaur Baryonyx walkeri.

MARKINGTHE SPOTGet a good geological map that shows the

differenttypes

of rock. You can then findrocks of the right age. You can also contactlocal people to see if they know anything.

BEWARE!Fossils are often found in dangerous places,such as cliffs and quarries. Sometimes,

they are found on private property. Youcan’t just search for them anywhere. It’s

best to follow the code on the opposite pageand learnhow to fossil hunt

properly.



F@§§EE.~%i@N?%§@QQQE

0 Neverhunt on your own. GoWith an

adult, or in a

specialgroup.

0 Always get permissionbefore yousearch on private land.0 Respect the countryside. Donot

damage plants or disturbwildlife.

0 Fossils can be damaged if you don’tknowWhat you are doing. If you find

something, take photographs and seekadvice from an expert before attemptingto dig anythingout. Tell the landownerabout your discovery.0 Take the right tools and learnhow touse them safely.You’ll need a hammerand a chisel, a collecting box and a

magnifying glass.A camera is useful to

record the finds. Take a map tomarkwhere you found them. Put your

equipment in a rucksack so yourhands are free.' Wear the right clothes: gloves and

safety goggles to protectyour hands and eyesWhen hammering;hardhat to protect your head; strongshoes or boots.0 Never climb cliffs or rock faces orsearch in quarries—et experiencedadults do that. Be careful not to dislodgerockswhich couldharm others.0 Never collect fossils from Walls orderelict stone buildings—they could

topple down on top of you.

1819



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straighthorns inthe middle of their frill.Some scientists also believe that the

huge bony mass overthe nose“

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TINTINNOPSIS RECENT ~\.Tintinnopsis (tin-tin-gp—sis)was a

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marine protozoan (first animal)“

that fed on other microscopic sea

creatures. It was shaped like a

bell with a pointed ‘tail’ at its

closed end. Between 0.1 and

0.2mm long, it was almost toosmall to see. Tintinnopsis

propelled itselfthrough the

water with the help offine hairs

which moved with a steadybeat.

TRITYLODONT 200 MYA

The tritylodonts (try-1;i_e-low-donts) were the

last survivingmammal—like reptiles on

Earth.These rodent-likeanimals lived from

the Late Triassic to EarlyJurassic times.Oligokyphus (o-l_i—goh-Q-fus), a typical

tritylodont, lived in Englandand Portugal.

It was about 50cm long, rather rat-like,with

a long tail. It ate plants.

45 MYA

Trogosus (trow-go-sus)

_V was a plant-eaterA

that lived in

NorthAmericain Eocene times.

It looked like a bigbear andWalked on

four, flat feet. Trogosusbroke offplant stems

with chisel-shapedfront teeth and

chewed them with its

wide back teeth.

TROGOSUS

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TYLOSAURUS 70 MYA

Tylosaurus (_’ti_e-low—sa1_W-rus)was a large

mosasaur, almost as long as a double-decker

bus. It lived in seas offNorthAmerica and

NewZealand in the Late CretaceousPeriod.

73/losaurus steered its large body throughwater using its paddle-shaped limbs and a

flattened tail. Its longjawswere lined with sharp

teeth, which it

used to trap

_ fish and other

sea creatures.

UINTATHERIUM 50 MYAUintatherium (oo-w_iI1-tah-fie-ree-um) was

one of the first bigmammals.Named after

the Uintamountains in Colorado,USA,Uintatherium was rhinoceros-sized and lived

in Eocene times. It hadan extraordinaryhead. Along the top of i ts huge skull

were three pairs ofbonyknobs, which expertsbelieve the

animals used injoustingcontests.

MaleUintatheriumhad two fang-like teeth, as

long as your hand,which



A guide to theWorld’s bestdinosaurcollections inTIMEDETECTIVE.Recent animalextinction in

SPOTTER’SGUIDE.

Keep yourDINOSAURS! safe

Keepyour copies safe and neatwith these

fantastic binders.Your binders havebeen designed to look good at home or at school. Each is

sturdy andhardwearing—t even has a Wipe-clean cover—nd holds 13

issues.You’llwant to use your DINOSAURS! collection again and again—for reference, for school projects,or just for fun. So don’t let your copies go

missing; keep them in your own set of binders,

DINOSAURS!binders are nowavailable and costjust £4.95

(including £1 p&p).Please refer to theinformation on the

inside front coveror telephone 0424755755 for details.

Three fascinatingcreatures in

IDENTIKITand

HISTORY IN PICTURES

3-D GALLERY

GIANTS OF THE PAST

PICTURE CREDITS: Front cover: EdwinaGoldstone/Wildlife Art AgencRobert Harding 1815;Naturai/History Museum,London 1816, 1817, 1818, 1819;NHPA181A

Artwork: Black Hat 1824;Wendy Brclmall/WLAA1814, 1815;RobinBouttell/WLAA1810/1811;RobinCarter/WLAA 1802 T, 1803;EdwinaGoldstone/WLAA 1801, 1803;DeidreMcHa1e:back cover; Graham Rosewarne 1804, 1805; PeterDavidScott/WLAA 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809;SteveWhite 1812/3, 1823; PatWi11iams 1820/1

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Howdoweknow

pterosaurswere hairy?Experts thought that pterosaursmight be covered in hair. But it was

not confirmeduntil an amazing

discovery in 1970.An expert found

pterosaur remains in Kazakhstan that

were so well preserved the hairs on the

skin could still be clearly seen. He named

the pterosaur Sordespilosus (‘hairy devil’).

Wenow believe all pterosaurswere hairy.

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HowdoweknowtheDiinetrodonhad skinbetween itsspines?The spines ofDimetrodon are pitted in

places. This is a sure sign that they had a

good blood supply. It is possible that the

spines pokedup from the back like long

fingers, butmost experts think that the

spineswere joined by a Web of skin. This

meant that the bloodcould passacross the

web between the spines and absorb or

But this is a —

.4 ‘««__-—

DrDavid NormanofCambridge

A

asUniversity answers your 1

F j. dinosaur questionsfife’ l

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Could ichthyosaursmake

noises likedolphins?Ichthyosaurs may have usedsound to communicate -

based on low—frequencyvibrations transmitted

through the bones of the

head,rather than the high—pitchedsqueals of dolphins. Ichthyosaurs probablymade dull creaking andboomingnoisesmostly, but they were

certainly not capableof producing sonar-

like noisesin the Way that

dolphins can. ((‘

7 _Didanydinosaurshave long,_sflckytongues, like

cnameleons?I think it very

unlikely that anydinosaur had a long, sticky tongue—hisis only reallyuseful for animals, such as

frogs and chameleons, that feed on smallinsects.We think some dinosaurs ate

insects,but the sort of insects that would

K,

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7 6

them were farthan

dinosaurs 76

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