digital systems principles and applications › e53a › 73210fb11bde... · logic circuits and...
TRANSCRIPT
1/21/2018
1
Digital SystemsPrinciples and Applications
CHAPTER
TWELFTH EDITION
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Introductory ConceptsModified -J. Bernardini
1
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1 Objectives
• Distinguish between analog and digital representations.
• Describe how information can be represented using just two states (1s and 0s).
• Cite the advantages and drawbacks of digital techniques compared with analog.
1/21/2018
2
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1 Objectives
• Describe the purpose of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-to-analog converters (DACs).
• Recognize the basic characteristics of the binary number system.
• Convert a binary number to its decimal equivalent.
• Count in the binary number system.
• Identify typical digital signals.
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Chapter 1 Objectives
• Identify a timing diagram.
• State the differences between parallel and serial transmission.
• Describe the property of memory.
• Describe the major parts of a digital computer and understand their functions.
• Distinguish among microcomputers, microprocessors, and microcontrollers.
1/21/2018
3
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
1-1 Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s
• A large part of the worldwide telecommunications system falls in the category of “digital systems.”
It started as a simple digital system that used onlytwo states to represent information.
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital and Analog Systems
• Digital system:
A combination of devices that manipulate values represented in digital form.
• Analog system:
A combination of devices that manipulate values represented in analog form.
1/21/2018
4
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital and Analog Signals
Discrete Values
Continuous Values
Digitized Analog Signals
Analog signal
represented
by binary
Numbers
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Analog Signal Sources
• Analog Representation—a continuously variable, proportional indicator.
Sound through a microphone causes voltage changes.
Automobile speedometer changes with speed.
Mercury thermometer varies over a range of values with temperature.
1/21/2018
5
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital Anvantages
• Advantages of digital:
Ease of design
Well suited for storing information.
Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain.
Programmable operation.
Less affected by noise.
Ease of fabrication on IC chips.
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital Limitations
• There are limits to digital techniques:
The analog nature of the world requires a time consuming conversion process:
• Convert the physical variable to an electrical signal (analog).
• Convert the analog signal to digital form.
• Process (operate on) the digital information.
• Convert the digital output back to real-world analog form.
1/21/2018
6
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Reasons to Shift to Digital Technology
Digital systems are generally easier to design.
Information storage is easy.
Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain throughout the system.
Operations can be programmed.
Digital circuits are less affected by noise.
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Morse Code - Digital 1s and 0s• The telegraph system
used on or off two distinct “symbols” to transmit any word or number.
Short & long electric pulses, the dots & dashes
1/21/2018
7
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital 1s and 0s and Timing
• A timing diagram shows which state (1 or 0) the system is in at any point in time.
And shows the time when a change in state occurs.
Time
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital Logic Levels
Digital circuits respond to binary levels not actual voltages
1/21/2018
8
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital Periodic and Aperiodic Signals
Periodic Digital Signal
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Pulse Frequency Period Width
A periodic signal has a frequency (F) The period (T) is the
reciprocal of frequency
• Pulses have transitions between LOW and HIGH and LOW and
HIGH
• Pulses width is measured at the 50% level between LOW/HIGH
• Pulses have Rise( tr )and Fall Times( tf ) measured at the 10% and
90% levels between LOW/HIGH
1/21/2018
9
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Logic Circuits and Technology
• Digital circuits apply digital logic to digital signals
• Digital circuits have evolved from discrete components to integrated circuits (ICs) to large scale integration
Vacuum Tube
Transistors
Integrated Circuits
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital Number Systems
• Understanding digital systems requires an understanding of the decimal, binary, octal,and hexadecimal numbering systems.
Decimal – 10 symbols (base 10)
Hexadecimal – 16 symbols (base 16)
Octal – 8 symbols (base 8)
Binary – 2 symbols (base 2)
1/21/2018
10
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Decimal Number Systems
• The Decimal (base 10) System
10 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9.
• Each number is a digit (from Latin for finger).
Most significant digit (MSD) & least significant digit (LSD).
Positional value may be stated as a digit multiplied by a power of 10.
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
1-6 Digital Number Systems
• DecimalCounting
1/21/2018
11
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Binary Number Systems
• The Binary (base 2) System
2 symbols: 0,1
• Lends itself to electronic circuit design since onlytwo different voltage levels are required.
Positional value may
be stated as a digit
multiplied by a
power of 2.
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Binary Number Counting
Largest Number
represented by 8-bits
1/21/2018
12
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Analog to Digital Conversion
• Analog signals can be converted to digital by taking measurements or “samples” of the continuously varying signal at regular intervals.
Appropriate time between samples depends onthe maximum rate of change of the analog signal.
• Air temperature is an analog quantity
• Recorded samples are discrete integer data
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital Sources
• Two state devices:
Light bulb (off or on)
Diode (conducting or not conducting)
Relay (energized or not energized)
Transistor (cutoff or saturation)
Photocell (illuminated or dark)
• Do they turn ON and OFF instantaneously?
1/21/2018
13
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Viewing and Testing Digital• The oscilloscope and logic analyzer are used to
produce timing diagrams.
Timing diagrams show voltage versus time.
Used to show how digital signals change with time,
Compare two or more digital signals.
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Parallel Transmission
• Parallel transmission – all bits in a binary number are transmitted simultaneously.
A separate line is required for each bit.
1/21/2018
14
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Serial Transmission
• Serial transmission – each bit in a binary number is transmitted, per some time interval.
USB Signaling Ethernet Signaling
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital Systems and Memory
• A circuit which retains a response to a momentary input is displaying memory.
Memory is important because it provides a way to store binary numbers temporarily or permanently.
Memory elements: magnetic, optical, electronic latching circuits.
1/21/2018
15
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
1-10 Digital Computers
• A computer is a system of hardware that performs arithmetic operations, manipulates data, and makes decisions.
Performs operations based on instructions in theform of a program at high speed, and with a high degree of accuracy.
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Digital Computers
The control and arithmetic/logic units are often treated
as one and called the central processing unit (CPU).
1/21/2018
16
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Types of Computers
Microcomputer.
• Most common (desktop PCs).
• Has become very powerful.
Minicomputer (workstation).
Mainframe.
Microcontroller- Designed for a specific application.
Cell Phone – uses computer
Routers- Use computers
Digital Systems, Twelfth EditionNeal Widmer, Gregory Moss, & Ronald Tocci
Copyright © 2017, 2010, 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Cell Phone Technology
• When you speak into your phone, the voice signal is converted to a string of digital (binary) numbers.
Signals get separated and routed to the proper place by digital multiplexers and
demultiplexers.