differential reinforcement & differential punishment chapter 7
TRANSCRIPT
Differential Reinforcement & Differential Punishment
Chapter 7
Selecting Behaviors
• Already in repertoire of behavior
• Selecting and strengthening particular responses using contingencies
Tennis Forehand Return
Before Intervening
• Task Analysis– Look at process, not just the final product
Task Analysis
• An analysis of complex behavior and sequences of behavior into their component responses
Task Analysis
Tennis Forehand Return1. Pivot
2. Step toward net with left foot
3. Transfer weight from right to left foot
Tennis Forehand in Repertoire?
• Yes
• Forehand poor?
• Ready to intervene
Differential Reinforcement
Before
John has no praise
Behavior
John hits ball with no skill
Behavior
John hits ball with some skill
After
John receives no praise
After
John receives praise
Reinforcement
Extinction
Differential-Reinforcement Procedure
• Reinforce one set of responses while extinguishing another set of responses
Differential Reinforcement
Before
Jane has no tag
Behavior
Jane holds leg unparallel to bar
Behavior
Jane holds leg parallel to bar
After
Jane receives no tag
After
Jane receives TAG
Reinforcement
Extinction
General Rule: Process vs. Product
• Sometimes you need to make reinforcers and feedback contingent on the component responses of the process, not just the product (outcome).
• Do this when you can’t get quality products of sufficient quantity even though you’ve made reinforcers and feedback contingent on the ultimate production of those products.
Example
• I praise him each time he finishes packing a box. But he is slow, and when he does get a box packed, it is poorly done. – Task analyze the task & make reinforcers and
feedback contingent on correct completion of component parts.
– First component could be placing box close to items to be packed.
Swinging
Swings
• Each swing had a different response topography
• Response topography is a response dimension
Response Dimensions (Form)
• The physical properties of a response– Response topography– Latency– Duration– Force– Pitch
• Does not include the function of a response
Response Topography
• The sequence (path of movement), form, or location of components of a response relative to the rest of the body.
• EX: Wave hands high vs. wave hands low = 2 different response topographies
• Not what you do, but the way you do it (more than 1 way to press a lever)
Topography
• Don’t confuse with location
• Response location refers to where the action is relative to the the external environment, not relative to the body of the actor
Left lever pressing
• Response topography or response location?
Right lever pressingVs.
Press lever with left paw vs. right paw
Response topography or response location?
Other response dimensions
• Force – how loud is your voice, how hard is the ball hit
• Latency – time between the signal for a response and the beginning of the response
• Duration – the time from the beginning to the end of a response
You start to brake
Red light
Car stops
Latency Duration
1.5 sec 20 sec
Response Class
• A set of responses that either – A) are similar on at least one response
dimension or– B) share the effects of reinforcement and
punishment, or– C) serve the same function (produce the same
outcome).
Lever Presses
• Do they all look exactly alike?– Members of the same response class
• All are 35 grams of pressure (same force), lever is pressed downward
• Reinforcing any lever press reinforces many similar responses (spread of reinforcing effect)
• All lever presses result in food
Response Class
• A set of responses that either – A) are similar on at least one response dimension or
(LP are 35 grams of pressure [same force], lever is pressed downward)
– B) share the effects of reinforcement and punishment, (Reinforcing any lever press reinforces many similar responses [spread of reinforcing effect]), or
– C) serve the same function (produce the same outcome) (All lever presses result in food)
Share effects
• Can lever press with left paw but can also press lever with other body parts (different topographies) – these responses are the members of the same response class because they share the effects of reinforcement.
• Example: Girl is picking flowers. Mother praises flower picking. What has been reinforced?
Share same function
• Produce the same reinforcing outcome – lever pressing with right or left paw produce reinforcement – the both serve the same function, so are members of the same response class.
Response Class
A set of responses that either:
• Similar on at least 1 response dimension
• Serve the same function (produce the same outcome)
• Share the effects of reinforcement & punishment
Differential-Reinforcement Procedure
• Reinforcing one set of responses and extinguishing another set of responses
Result of Differential Reinforcement?
• Response differentiation– The reinforced response class occurs more
frequently than an extinguished response class, usually as a result of differential reinforcement.
Example
• What do you talk about with other people?– Talk about sports with friends– Talk about grades with parents
Differential Reinforcement
Before
Client has no approval Behavior
Client whines confusedly
Behavior
Client is positive and clear
After
Client receives no approval
After
Client receives approval
Reinforcement
Extinction
Differential Reinforcement
Before
Bobbie gets no praise Behavior
Bobbie acts feminine
Behavior
Bobbie acts in a masculine manner
After
Bobbie receives no praise
After
Bobbie receive praise
Reinforcement
Extinction
Differential Reinforcement of Creativity
Before
Girl has no praise
Behavior
Girl copies previous building
Behavior
Girl builds novel building
After
Girl receives no praise
After
Girl receive praise
Reinforcement
Extinction
Differential Reinforcement by Escape from an Aversive Condition
Before
Sid hears noisy computer Behavior
Sid pushes wrong key on computer
Behavior
Sid pushes correct key on his computer
After
Sid hears his noisy computer
After
Sid hear no noisy computer
Reinforcement
Extinction
Plain Reinforcement
Before
John has no points
Behavior
John makes any comment
After
John receives a point
Differential Reinforcement
Before
John has no points
Behavior
John makes irrelevant comment
Behavior
John makes a relevant comment
After
John receives no point
After
John receives point
Reinforcement
Extinction
Differential Punishment Procedure
• Punishing one set of responses and withholding punishment of another set of responses.
Differential Punishment
Before
Carmen need not repeat stairs
Behavior
Carmen looks ahead while descending
Behavior
Carmen looks down while descending
After
Carmen needn’t repeat stairs
After
Carmen must repeat stairs
Punishment
Recovery
Graphs – undifferentiated responding
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Num
ber
of L
ever
Pre
sses
Rpaw
ear tail Lpaw
nose side butt
lever presses
Won’t be reinforced
Will be reinforced
Graphs – after differential reinforcement for pressing lever with butt
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Num
ber
of L
ever
Pre
sses
Rpaw
ear tail Lpaw
nose side butt
lever presses
Combination of Contingencies
• Differential reinforcement
• Differential punishment
Research Methods
• Improving the reversal design– Using variable-time stimulus presentation as a
control condition
Research Methods
• Single-participant research design– One participants
– Can be repeated with many participants
• Group research design– At least 2 GROUPS of
participants
– Group mean data
– Combined performance of the groups
• Control
• Experimental