different biological activities of quinoline

Raut et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 8, 2020. 674

DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF QUINOLINE

Kirti Raut*1, Rutuja Thombare

1, Pratik Zagade

1 and Nikhil Kumbhar

2

1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SGRS College of Pharmacy, Saswad, Pune.

2Department of Pharmaceutics, SGRS of Pharmacy, Saswad, Pune.

ABSTRACT

Quinoline and its fused heterocyclic derivatives tested with diverse

pharmacological activity constitute a crucial class of compounds for

new drug development. Therefore, many researchers have synthesized

these compounds as target structures and evaluated their biological

activities. The present review provides an in depth view of work done

so far on quinolines and its biological activities covering anticancer,

antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, antiinflamatory, antimycobacterial, and

cardiovascular activities.

INTRODUCTION

The quinoline ring system occurs in various natural products,

especially in alkaloids[1]

with interesting biological activities. Quinolline nucleus provides

variety of therapeutic activities, novel quinolone derivatives proved to be biologically active

comounds possessing several pharmacological activities. There are many therapeutic agents

with quinolone nucleus. Hence for the new drug development Quinoline and its derivatives

are important class of compounds. For the synthesis of Quinoline and its derivatives

numerous synthetic routes have been developed due to its wide range of pharmacological and

biological activities.

This review article covers Biological activities of Quinoline derivatives such as anticancer,

anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, central nervous system, hypoglycemic, antiviral,

antifungal and miscellaneous activities. Various natural products contain Quinoline nucleus

especially alkaloids. Quinine was obtained as the active ingredient from the bark of cinchona

trees and has been used for malaria.[2]

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.084

Volume 9, Issue 8, 674-689. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

Article Received on

31 May 2020,

Revised on 21 June 2020,

Accepted on 12 July 2020,

DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20208-18149

*Corresponding Author

Kirti Raut

Department of

Pharmaceutical Chemistry,

SGRS College of Pharmacy,

Saswad, Pune.



KEYWORDS: Quinoline, Anticancer, Antimalarial, Cardiovascular activity, CNS effect,

Hypoglyacemic activity, Antiinflammmatory, Anticonvulsant, Analgesic, Antimicrobial.

ANTICANCER

Tuğba Kul Köprülü et. al.[3]

synthesized a variety of quinoline derivatives (3‐13) substituted

with phenyl, nitro, cyano, N‐oxide, and methoxy were tested in vitro for their biological

activity against cancer cell lines, including rat glioblastoma (C6), human cervical cancer cells

(HeLa), and human adenocarcinoma (HT29). 6-Bromo-5-nitroquinoline, and

6,8‐diphenylquinoline showed the best antiproliferative activity as compared with the

reference drug, 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU), while the other compounds showed low

antiproliferative activity. The compond 6‐Bromo‐5‐nitroquinoline possesses lower cytotoxic

activity than 5‐FU in HT29 cell line. Due to its the apoptotic activity 6-Bromo-5-

nitroquinoline has the potential to cause cancer cell death.

N

6,8-diphenylquinoline

1

Rania Hamdy et. al.[4]

synthesized Target compounds via common aryl-substituted quinolin-

4-carbonyl-N-arylhydrazine-1-carbothioamide intermediate. Sub-micromolar anti-

proliferative activity in Bcl-2-expressing neoplastic cell lines were showed by some

quinolone-based oxadiazole analogues, and sub-micromolar IC50 activity within a Bcl2-Bim

peptide ELISA assay. Computational molecular modelling was further used to elucidate the

Bcl-2 targeted anticancer activity, offering possibilities to increase this work into the

planning of further potent and selective Bcl-2 inhibitory heteroaromatics with therapeutic

potential. In the study Bcl-2 protein has been Taken as anticancer drug target due to its

gatekeeper role in resisting programmed cancer cell death (apoptosis).



Novel N-(4-acetyl-4,5-dihydro-5-(7,8,9-substituted-tetrazolo[1,5-a]-quinolin-4-yl)-1,3,4-

thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide were synthesized by Sheetal Babu Marganakop et. al.[5]

and their in

vitro anticancer activity against two cell lines viz., human breast cancer cell line MCF7 and

human cervix cancer cell line HeLa were carried out. GI50, TGI, LC50 values were analysed.

Two of the compounds 4e and 4i with halogen substituent at 7th position of the target

molecules have shown potent activity against human cervix cancer cell line HeLa. DNA

cleavage studies revealed that most of these compounds show partial cleavage and few of

them show complete cleavage of DNA.

CARDIOVASCULAR

A series of 4-(amido-biarylether)-quinolines was prepared by R. C. Bernotas et al. as

potential LXR agonists. substitution with amide groups provided high affinity LXR ligands,

some with good potency and efficacy in functional assays of LXR activity. Novel amide had

a binding IC50 = 1.9 nM for LXRb and EC50 = 34 nM (96% efficacy relative to T0901317)

in an ABCA1 gene expression assay in mouse J774 cells, demonstrating that 4-(biarylether)-

quinolines with appropriate amide substitution are potent LXR agonists.[6]

A few phenyl

acetic acid based quinolones developed by Hu et al. also act as agonists at liver X receptors.

These agents have good binding affinity for LXRb and LXRa receptors.[7]

Tetrahydroquinolines which inhibit cholesteryl ester transfer protein was synthesis by Rano

et al.[8]

N

OR

CH2

R1

R2

R1=CF3 R=Morphine

R2=CH2

N

NH

COOH

R

R1

R1=CH2Ph

R=CF3

2 3

N+

OCF 3

OH

F3C

OCF 3CF2H

4



CNS EFFECT

The neurokinin-3 (NK3) receptor is one of the tachykinin peptide receptor family. It is a

seven transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor and is preferentially activated by

neurokinin B (NKB). NK3 receptors are expressed in the mammalian CNS in cortical regions

and in basal ganglia structures implicated in psychiatric diseases. Quinoline based NK3

receptor antagonists[4,5]

with CNS activity have been developed by Smith et al.[9]

new SAR

studies within the established quinoline series of NK3 receptor antagonists has led to the

discovery of two promising new compounds which both produce excellent NK3 receptor

occupancy in gerbil brain.

N

NHO

NH2

F

N

NHO

F

NS

O

O

CH3CH3

5 6

HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY

The number of people su€ering from diabetes around the world increases day by day.

Predictions estimate from 110 million in 1994, numbers will reach 300 million in 2025.1

About 90% of cases are diabetes of type II (NIDDM), and recent therapies to treat this type of

diabetes require the use of oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Recent work4 showed clearly the

efficacy of some quinolones in inhibiting the activity of the ATP-K+ channel of the b cell

pancreatic membrane, inducing the production of insulin. These quinolones act accordingto a

mechanism similar to sulfonylureas. Quinoline carboxyguanides[6]

prepared by Edmont et al.

are hypoglycaemic agents.[10]

N

O

Et

H3CONH

NH NH2R

NH

O

ClH

R=H, C(NH)NH2

7



ANTIMALARIAL

Malaria is one of the most severe and widespread parasitic diseases because of its drug

resistance, prevalence and virulence, and. It has a devastating impact on public health in the

developing regions of the world (Butcher et al., 2000).[11]

Despite more than two decades of

research effort, no vaccine has been discovered for effective control of malaria. In addition,

increasing emergence of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum has created a need

for silico studies. The docking studies of synthesized compounds on falcipain-2 showed their

binding conformation and vital interactions. Compound 7d and 7f might be used as cause to

develop selective falcipain2 inhibitors as they showed good inhibition of the enzyme in

enzyme assay studies.

Microwave assisted green syntheses and protein–ligand docking calculations on P.

falciparum UCHL3 protein, were carried out by Sarveswari and colleagues[12]

in 2015 for 4-

hydroxy-3-(3-arylacryloyl)quinolin-2(1H)-ones and 3-(4,5-dihydro-5-aryl-1-phenyl-1H-

pyrazol-3-yldevelopment of novel and effective antimalarial agents.

Mymoona Akhter et. al.[13]

synthesized 3-[(2-Chloroquinolin-3-yl) methylene]-5-

phenylfuran-2(3H)-one derivatives (6a–j and 7a–j) and antimalarial activity of this twenty

derivatives were evaluated. Among this three compounds 7d, 7f, and 7g showed excellent

activity (0.50–0.72 lg/mL). A preliminary structure– activity relationship analysis of the

series suggested that electropositive character is useful for antimalarial activity. Falcipain-2

was reccognised as potential target for the compounds by in silico studies. Structure–activity

relationship (SAR) studies have shown that replacement of the methoxy group with a chloro

group at the 6th position of the quinolone ring increases antimalarial activity.

8

Compound code R R1

7d OCH3 Cl

7f OCH3 2,4-di CH3

7g OCH3 3,4-di Cl



Glans et al[14]

in their laboratory prepared 4-aminoquinoline derivatives, two chromium

arene-quinoline half sandwich complexes. Screening of compounds for their in vitro

antimalarial activity against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of

Plasmodium falciparum proved N1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-N2 -(2-

((dimethylamino)methyl)benzyl) ethane-1,2-diamine 11 (IC50 = 33.9nM), twice active

against malarial parasite than organic ligand alone (IC50 = 63.1 nM).

Antiinflammatory

Inflammation is the protective response of the immune system to infection or irritation

consist of cascade biochemical events. It involves immune system, local vascular system, and

various cells of the injured tissue to endorse repairing of the damaged tissues. However,

uncontrolled inflammation can lead to acute, chronic and systemic inflammatory disorders

like cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease [e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, Inflammatory

bowel disease, multiple sclerosis etc.], periodontal disease, asthma, diabetes, chronic

obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), as well as neurological disorders such as

Alzheimer’s disease and age related macular degeneration (AMD).[15]

Sujeet Kumar Gupta and Ashutosh Mishra synthesized series of newer 3-chloro-1-

(substituted)-4-(tetrazolo [1,5-a]quinolin-4-yl)azetidin-2-one derivatives (6a-l) was

synthesized starting with acetanilide. Initially, acetanilide reacts with Vilsmeier-Haack

reagent (DMF + POCl3) to form 2- chloro-3-formyl quinoline. The 2-chloro-3-formyl

quinoline was further reacted with p-toluenesulphonic acid and sodium azide which yielded

Tetrazolo [1,5-1] quinoline-4- carbaldehyde . Schiff base intermediates (5a-l) formed from

the reaction of formyl group with various substituted amines, which were further allowed to

react with chloroacetyl chloride to produce 3-chloro-1-(substituted)-4-(tetrazolo [1,5-

a]quinolin-4-yl) azetidin-2-one derivatives (6a-l). Anti-inflammatory activity of all the

synthesized compounds reported good.[16]

Anticonvulsant Activity

8-substituted quinolines series were synthesized and tested against seizures. Neurologic

deficit was evaluated by the rotarod test. In the synthesized derivatives, compounds with a 2-

hydroxypropyloxyquinoline moiety displayed excellent anticonvulsant. Compound(8-(3-(4-

phenylpiperazino)-2-hydroxypropyloxy)quinoline)[7]

was potent in both series as an

anticonvulsive agent.[17]



N

O

OH

N

NC6H5

9

5-alkoxy-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoline series of derivatives were synthesized using 4

hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one as the starting material. By the maximal electroshock test (MES)

and their neurotoxicities by the rotarod test the evaluation was done for anticonvulsant

activities. The results of these tests were found that 5-hexyloxy-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-

a]quinolone[8]

was the most potent anticonvulsant, with median effective dose (ED50) of 19.0

mg/kg and protective index (PI¼ TD50/ED50) values of 5.8 in the MES test.[18]

N

N

N

OC6H13

10

Jin, H-G et al. extended their work to synthesized a series of 7-alkoxy-4,5-dihydro-

[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinoline-1(2H)-one derivatives and compound 7-benzyloxyl-4,5-

dihydro-[1,2,4]thiazolo [4,3-a]quinoline-1(2H)-one[9]

was among the most active with

(ED50) of 12.3 mg/kg.[19]

N

N

N

OR

R=Benzyloxy

11

ANALGESIC ACTIVITY

Anuruddha R. et. al.[20]

synthesized seventeen quinolone derivatives starting from 8-hydroxy

quinolone via aldol condensation of substituted benzaldehydes with quinoline chalcones.



analgesic activity were performed on COX-2 protein. Compounds 2,4,12,14, and 15 showed

significant interaction in terms of hydrophobic attachment, hydrogen bonding and

vanderwaal interaction with COX-2 according to docking study.

R4

R3

R2

R1

N

O OHR5

12

Most active compounds R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

2 OH H OCH3 H H

4 OH H H OCH3 H

12 OH H OH H H

14 H OCH3 H Br H

15 OH H OH H OH

MISCELLANEOUS

Quinolines have been found to possess a number of other activities some of them are

Selective PDE4 inhibitor quinolones[10,11]

have been developed by Lunniss et al. with utility

in chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder.[21]

N

NH

SNH2

O

CH3

OCH3

F

O

O

CH3

N

NH

SNH2

O

CH3

CN

F

O

O

CH3

13 14

Bachiller et al. have developed some novel tacrine– 8-hydroxyquinoline hybrids[12]

with

activity against Alzheimer’s. Tacrine has cholinesterase inhibition action while 8-

hydroxyquinoline derivatives have metal-chelating, neuroprotective and anti-oxidant

properties.[22]



NNH

R3

NHTacrine

R2

OH

R1

R3=Alkyl chain;

R1=R2=H

R1=CH3; R2=H

R1=H ; R2=Cl

15

Tetrahydroquinolin-6-yloxy propanes[13]

have been developed by Shakya et al. which are b-3

agonists.[23]

NH

OH

O

N

SO2Ar

H3CO

H3CO

16

Certain aminoalkoxyquinolines[14]

as somatostatin receptor subtype-2 agonists have been

reported by Wolkenberg et al. (2011) which have utility in proliferative diabetic retinopathy

and exudative age related macular degeneration.[24]

N

O

NH

CH3

CH3

R

Cl

R=Aromatic ring

17

Anthelmintics

Sharon Rossiter et. al.[25]

synthesized 2,4-Disubstituted quinolines with additional

substituents in positions 5–8 have been found to have anthelmintic properties. The

synthesized compounds showed potent anthelmintic properties against sheep nematode



Haemonchus contortus. These arylquinolines maintain their activity against ivermectin,

levamisole-, and thiabendazole-resistant strains of H. contortus.

Robert J. Alaimo et. al.[26]

prepared A series of 2-arylimidazo[4,5-flquinolin-9-ols by a

multistep procedure from various 5-aminobenzimidazoles. These compounds showed a

significant degree of anthelmintic activity against the mouse tapeworm Hymenolepis nana. 2-

(2-furyl) was the most active compound reported.

N

R1

R2

OH

N

NH

R

18

R- 2-furyl, 2-Me-Ph, Ph

R1- Me, Ph. Cyclopentano

R2- Ph, Me, Cyclopentano

ANTIMICROBIAL

Infections caused by multidrug-resistance (MDR) bacteria, especially ―ESKAPE‖

pathogens[27,28]

, kill thousands of people worldwide per year, posing a greater health crisis to

human beings.[29]

However, we are losing the battle against never-ending resistance due to

the limits of efficacy and life-span of current antibiotics[30]

, which makes drifting back to pre-

antibiotic era possible.

Thirteen oxazino quinoline and six quinoline derivatives were designed, prepared, and

evaluated by Hai-Gen Fu[31]

for their antibacterial activities against Gram positive and Gram

negative strains. From the newly synthesized target compounds, quinolone coupled hybrid

exerted the promising effect with MIC values of 0.125–16 µg/mL against the most tested

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Molecular-docking study showed that compound

5d might target both bacterial LptA and Top IV proteins, thereby displaying a broad-

spectrum activity against Gram positive and Gram negative organisms.



N

OH

R

Cl

19

Eight quinoline-based hydroxyimidazolium hybrids were prepared and evaluated in vitro

against a panel of clinically important fungal and bacterial pathogens by Daniel Insuasty et.

al.[32]

Hybrid compounds showed remarkable antifungal activity against Cryptococcus

neoformans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 15.6 µg/mL.

Sumesh Eswaran et. al.[33]

synthesized A new class of quinoline derivatives containing 1,2,4-

triazole moiety were synthesized from derivatives of 4-hydroxy-8-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline-

3-carbohydrazide through multi-step reactions. 4-hydroxy-8-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline-3-

carbohydrazide on treatment with substituted Isothiocyanates yielded quinoline-

thiosemicarbazides, which were conveniently cyclized to (5-mercapto-4H-triazol-3-yl)-

quinolin-4-ols in basic medium. These intermediates were then transformed to their

respective chloro derivatives by treatment with phosphorus oxychloride, which on further

reaction with different biologically active rare amines yielded the target compounds good

yield. The synthesized compounds showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity.

Two new series of 7-(trifluoromethyl)-4-hydroxy substituted quinoline carbohydrazide

derivatives and N-alkyl-3-(5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-7- (trifluoromethyl) quinolin-4-

amine derivatives were synthesized by B. Garudachar et. al.[34]

Structures of compounds were

confirmed by spectral study. Compunds screened for there antibacterial activity against

Mycobacterium smegmatis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antifungal activity was carried out

on the fungal stains Candida albicans and Penicillium chrysogenum. From this compounds

20 and 21 showed significant antimicrobial activity.



N

OH

F

FF

NHN

O

CH3

O

N

NH

OH

N

O

N

F

FF

20 21

S

No Application No

Patent

No

Patent

Grant Date Title Applicant

1 537/DEL/1996 196774 23-02-2007

A novel [6,7-bis(2ethoxyethoxy)

Quinazolin-4-yl]-(3-

ethynylphenyl)amine

hydrochloride and a process

For preparing the same

Pfizer Products,

INC.

2 IN/PCT/2002/1890/MUM 200903 06-05-2006 Quinolinyl benzothiazalyl

ppargamma Modulator

Tularik Inc and

Japan Tobacco Inc,

3 IN/PCT/2002/1457/MUM 206226 19/04/2007 A QUINAZOLINE DERV Astrazeneca AB

4 IN/PCT/2001/878/CHE 209091 20-08-2007

Quinoline and quinoxaline

compounds

Of formula i and a stent device

Comprising the same

Aventis

Pharmaceuticals,

Inc

5 IN/PCT/2002/344/MUM 209328 24/08/2007 Quinazoline derivatives as vegf

Inhibitors Astrazeneca AB

6 339/MUMNP/2005 210956 16/10/2007

Quinolinecarboxylic acid

derivative

Or salts thereof

Wakunaga

Pharmaceutical Co

Limited

7 628/CHENP/2004 211857 13-11-2007 Quinoline Derivatives Of Formula

I

M/S. F. Hoffmann-

La Roche Ag

8 943/KOLNP/2005 212279 28-11-2007

A quinolinyl-pyrrolopyrazole

Compound and pharmaceutical

Composition thereof

Eli Lilly and

Company

9 IN/PCT/2001/879/CHE 212755 14-12-2007 Quinoline and quinoxaline

Compounds

Aventis

Pharmaceuticals

INC

10 3254/DELNP/2006 235051 24-06-2009 A quinazoline derivatives and a

Process for preparing the same Astrazeneca AB.

11 4627/DELNP/2005 239487 23-03-2010

Quinazoline compounds of

formula (i),pharmaceutical

composition and Process for

prepering the same

Astrazeneca AB

12 1955/KOLNP/2005 239547 24-03-2010

Quinazolines useful as modulators

of

Ion channels

Vertex

Pharmaceuticals

Incorporated

13 2040/KOLNP/2006 239691 30-03-2010 2-(HETERO) ARYL-Substituted

Tetrahydroquinoline Derivatives Merck Patent Gmbh



CONCLUSION

Till now many researchers have synthesized Quinolline derivatives. Researchers from the

study conclude that Quinoline and its substituted derivatives possess different biological

activities i.e. anticancer, antimycobacterial, anticonvulsant, antiinflamatory, antimicrobial

and cardiovascular activities. newer quinolines development have immense possibilities and

scope for drug development scientist. We have presented a brief compilation of this work to

aid in present knowledge and to help researchers to explore an interesting Quinoline class.

Patent List.

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