Common belief says children learn more than older learners• Other

researches show leaning can be success as Initial rate or as Ultimate rate.

Younger advantages• Brain plasticity

• Non analytical• Fewer inhibitions

(usually)• Weaker group

identity• Simplified input

more likely

Older advantages

• Learning Capacity• Analytic Ability• Pragmatic Skills• Greater Knowledge

of L1• Real-world

Knowledge

AGE

SEX Western culture belief

females learn better than male.

Woman are better in verbal fluency

Males are better for speech

Females are better

memorizing

Males are better in

compositional rules

APTITUDE IT HAS FOUR COMPONENTS PROPOSED BY CARROLL (1965): 

INDUCTIVE LANGUAGE LEARNING ABILITY AND GRAMMATICAL

SENSITIVITY

ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY CAPACITY

• PHONETIC CODING ABILITY

• Ability to analyze the phoneme in order to recognize morphemes.

• They are central processing• Infer structures• Recognize grammatical functions

• It determines speakers fluency• Individual ability may vary by factors• Some learners success because of their

language-analytic abilities• Other success of their memory aptitude

MOTIVATION It encloses the following

components:

Significant goal or need

Desire to attain the goal

Perception that learning L2 is

relevant to fulfilling the goal or meeting

the need.

Belief in the likely success or failure of

Learning L2

Belief in the likely success or failure of Learning L2

There are two types of

motivation

Integrative.- It is the desire to learn dominated by

emotional or affective factors.

Instrumental.- Learners want to learn because of a practical

reason such as higher salary or getting a new

position.

COGNITIVE STYLE It is related to and interacts with personality factors and language

strategies. There are categories of cognitive styles identified in pairs of traits, and

they are:

Global and holistic.- They are learners who are good processing information.

Field-dependent and independent.- Independent don’t have difficulty to understand things from his/her surrounded context and dependent has

more troubles with this situation.

Particular and analytic.- They are Independent and they are considered

more success in L2 acquisition.

Deductive –Inductive.- Deductive learners predict rules while inductive learners start with exemplifications to find the

rule.

Focus on meaning and form.- Subject focuses more in forms instead of

meaning and it depends of the age of the learners and in the way they learn.

PERSONALITYThere are some personality traits and most of them are: Anxious, Self- confident, risk-avoiding, Risk-taking, Shy, Adventuresome, Introverted, Extroverted, Inner-directed, Other-directed, Reflective, Impulsive, Imaginative, Uninquisitive, Creative, Uncreative, Empathetic, Insensitive to others, Tolerant of ambiguity and Clouse-oriented.

The personality that called more the attention is Anxiety

Learners with lower anxiety are more risk-taking or more adventuresome behaviors and of course no success language learners.

Extroverts are not so good in school than introverts because they talk a lot.

LEARNING STRATEGIES

They could be:  

MeThey could be:

Tacognitive: It involves planning and monitoring.

How and when use strategies to solve

the problems.

Social/Affective: Learners learns

working with others and control social

and affective aspects of learning.

Cognitive: This strategy includes direct

analysis, organizing, repetition, summarizing and guessing meaning

from the context.