/.;..,i9DIAZMASTEROFMEXICOF.L.Clarke,Photo.. MexicoCity.PRESIDENT PORFIRIO DIAZ IN His EIGHTIETH YEAR.DIAZMASTEROFMEXICOBYJAMESCREELMANILLUSTRATEDNEW YORK AND LONDOND. APPLETON AND COMPANY1911COPYRIGHT, 1911,BYD. APPLETONANDCOMPANYPublishedFebruary,1911Printed in the United States of AmericaSEENBYPREFACETHEthrilling storyof Porfirio Diaz has been toldmanytimes,yet alwaysdetached from Mexicanhistoryasawhole. Theresulthasbeenhighlyconfusing,usuallymisleading;andonehasturnedawayfromthe tale feel-ingthatmodernMexicohas notbeenexplained.In therawattempttoapplytheperfectedinstitutionsofAnglo-Saxoncivilization to the descendants of theduskyraceswhichinhabitedMexicobeforethediscoveryofAmericabyColumbus,the Mexican statesmen of1824 puttheprinciplesofdemocraticgovernmentto a terrible ordeal.Withoutkeepingthisexperimentinmind, it isquiteim-possibleto realize theprofound significanceof Diaz'sextraordinarycareerand theimportanceof his worktoall students of statecraft. Hewassummonedtopowerfromayouthofpovertyandobscuritybythe necessitiesofhisdividedanddemoralizedcountry;andheisastrulya creation of the weakness of hispeopleas thepeacefulandprogressiveMexicoofto-dayislargelytheproductof hisstrengthand common sense. In these times ofradicalagitation,when sentimentaldemocracyscreamsitsepigramsagainstthehard,rough,slowworkthatcon-frontsorganizedsocietyinallcountries,there ismuchtobe learned in the life of thisgreatestLatin-Americanleader,fromhisbrilliant,rightingyouthto his white oldvPREFACEage,inwhichhesitstheacknowledgedmasterofprogressandcomparative plenty.Theauthorhashadtheadvantageofmanyextendedconversations with President Diazandthe otherleadingmen of the Mexicanrepublic.Much has been drawnfromthe President'sprivatememoirs.Manybooksandrecords have been searched andmany partsof Mexicovisited. All financial statements are to beunderstoodasinMexicancurrency.Theobjectof this work is neither to attack nor todefend,but toexplain,the mostinterestingmanof themost misunderstood andmisrepresented countryin theworld.j.c.NEWYORK,1910.CONTENTSCHAPTERPAGEI. THEQUICKANDTHEDEAD iII. OPPRESSED MEXICO TRIES ANGLO-SAXON INSTITU-TIONS . . . 12III. BIRTH AND BOYHOOD OF DIAZ32IV. DIAZTURNSFROMTHEPRIESTHOODTOTHELAW .43V. DEFYING THE DICTATOR SANTAANNA ...54VI. ONTHE THRESHOLD OF CIVIL WAR . ..63VII. DIAZ'S FIRST BAPTISM OF BLOOD ....73VIII. FIGHTING FOR THE REPUBLIC IN TEHUANTEPEC . 80IX. DIAZ RESCUES His NATIVE CITY . . ..98X. DEATH GRAPPLE OF CHURCH AND STATE . .106XI. DIAZ IN A TALKATIVE CONGRESS . . ..115XII. NAPOLEON PLANS A MEXICAN EMPIRE . . .126XIII. BATTLE OF THE FIFTH OF MAY143XIV. DIAZ is CAPTURED AND ESCAPES . . ..154XV. NAPOLEONENTHRONESMAXIMILIAN IN MEXICO .171XVI. DIAZKEEPSTHEREPUBLICALIVEINTHESOUTH .184XVII. THEEMPERORMAXIMILIANTRIESTOTEMPTDIAZ .194XVIII.DIAZ,TAKENPRISONER,AGAIN ESCAPES . .204XIX. OAXACA'SHERORENEWSTHEWARAGAINSTMAXI-MILIAN223XX. IN BATTLE AGAIN FOR His BIRTHPLACE . . .233XXI. NAPOLEONDESERTSMAXIMILIAN BAZAINETEMPTSDIAZ241XXII. DIAZDESTROYSMAXIMILIAN'SPOWERINBATTLE .256XXIII. THE MERCIFUL SIEGE OF MEXICO CITY . . .270viiCONTENTSCHAPTER PAGEXXIV.EXECUTIONOF MAXIMILIAN284XXV. BRINGING ORDER OUT OF CHAOS....294XXVI. DIAZABANDONSJUAREZANDTURNSFARMER . .302XXVII. UNSHEATHING His SWORD AGAINSTJUAREZ. .319XXVIII. FIGHTING FOR AN ENDURING MEXICO . . .326XXIX. HowDIAZWONTHE PRESIDENCY ....335XXX. THE SOLDIER BECOMES A NATION'S MASTER . .346f XXXI. ORDERWAITS ONSTRENGTH,LAWON ORDER .358>,becameawareof the factthat oneof themightiest railway systemsin the UnitedStates asystemthat had swalloweduponerailwayafteranother,until itspowerin business andpoliticsin the United States was asubjectofwidespread pro-test andgovernmental investigationwasattemptingtobuycontrol ofthe MexicanCentralRailway,whichwasfinanciallyembarrassedandlikelytobeunabletopaytheinterestonits bonds.Therecould benodoubt that this wouldbe the firststepin the economicconquestof Mexicoby foreigners,aconquestthat musteventuallyinvade the domesticpolitics,andultimatelythegovernment,of therepublic.With thegreattrunk lines in the hands offoreigncor-porations,and theconnecting railwaysat themercyof26391DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOthe centralmonopoly,theindustryandagricultureofMexicowouldbeinthegripofaliens.Already,in1903,thegovernmenthadpreventedamergerof the MexicanNational and the Mexican Central linesby buyingthestockcontrol ofthe MexicanNational. Butin1906thesignsof aproposedconquestofMexicothroughagiantrailway monopolywereagainformidable. As Mr. Li-mantoursaid to theMexicanCongress:"In the event of ourrailways beingabsorbedbymorepowerful systems beyondourborders,andbeingoperatedlike thosesystems by companies organizedun-derforeignlaws,and from whicheveryMexican ele-menthadbeenexcluded,couldanyclause thatmightbeinserted in a concessionpreventourcountryfrombeingexploitedas a sort oftributary territoryorkeepthosecolossalcorporationsthemselves from a more or lessthinlyveiled intervention in the economic andpoliticallife of the nation?"With thehearty approvalof PresidentDiaz,Mr.Limantour,supported bytheCongress, preparedaplanthroughwhichthenationmightbesavedfromthethreat-enedforeign railway despotismand Mexicokept openand free for both native andforeigninvestors inagri-culture,mining,andmanufactures;for it wasclear thatif arailwaytrust couldhamperandfrightena nationwith suchcourage, energy,andindividualpowersofresistance as thepeopleof the UnitedStates,the en-gulfingandcontrollingforce of such a combinationwould be all the more terrible in apartly developed,languid,andeasy-going peoplelike the Mexicans.The result of Mr. Limantour's labors was amergerofthefollowinglines,withthestockcontrol inthehandsof the MexicanGovernment,thusavertingforeveranydangerofaprivaterailwaytyrannyin therepublic:392RESULTS OF DIAZ'S RULETHENATIONAL RAILWAYS OF MEXICONationalRailwaysof Mexico6,166.456milesInteroceanicRailwayof Mexico733-837"Mexican SouthernRailway292.043"Texas-MexicanRailway,.161.853"Pan-American Railroad284.276"Vera Cruz and IsthmusRailroad292.043"Total7,930.508"Inadditionto this thegovernmentownstheTehuan-tepecNationalRailway Company,whose lines are207mileslong,with themagnificentmodern harbors ofSalina Cruz and Puerto Mexico a direct ocean-to-oceansystemthat wasopened byPresident Diaz in1907.In theattemptto minimize theimportanceof thiscourageousandfar-seeingachievement of 'Mexicanstatesmanship,someof the evilagitatorswhodelightinall that hurts thenameof theircountryhavewhisperedabout insinuations that Mr. Limantour"unloaded"hisownrailwaypropertiesintothegovernmentcombination.Thetruth is thatMr.Limantourneverownedashareofrailwaystock in his life.ThegreatMexicanrailwaymergerwonderfullycom-binesgovernmentcontrol withprivate operation.Itsauthorizedcapitalstockis$447,492,706.66,andits bonds$270,907,280.This,with the stilloutstandingandguaranteedstocks of the National RailroadCompany($95,480,000)and of the Mexican International($20,-113,000), bringsthe total authorizedcapitalizationofthemergedlinesuptoatotal of$833,592,986.66.Thesefigures,ofcourse,allrepresentMexicancurrency. Onlyapartoftheauthorizedsecuritieshasbeenissued. About$250,000,000are held in reserve. Generousprovision393DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOhas been made- for the extension of the old lines andtheacquisitionofnewlines.Althoughthegovernmenthas avotingcontrol,itsfixedpolicyis not to interfere withrailwayadministra-tion,reservingitspowerfor mattersconcerningfree-dom of commerce and theprotectionanddevelopmentofthecountry.It will be seen thatbythisintelligent arrangementthelargeminority,representingprivateownership,whichactuarymanagestheoperationofthe7,930.508milesofmergedlines,preventsthe destructive tendencies of ab-solutegovernment ownershipandmanagementwhichmightwreck thesystem by ignoringcommercial con-siderationsandyieldingtopoliticalfavoritism;whilethepowerofthegovernmentto interveneprotectscommerceand thecountry generallyfrom agreedy policythatwould sacrificeeverythingto anappetitefor immediateand enormousprofits, considering onlythepresentdivi-dendsoftherailwaysandforgettingMexicoas a whole.Notonlyhas therailway mergerwarded off apro-found nationaldanger, preservedthelibertyof com-merce,andleft Mexicanfields ofinvestmentmoresecurethanever,butthe lines aremanagedmoreeconomically,the service isbetter,and theprofitsaregreaterthanunder the oldsystem.ThereportforJune 30, 1910,shows totalgross earningsof$31,593,557.78and netearningsof$20,968,735.61.This isimmenselybetterthan when the roads were ownedseparately;nor hascommerce beencompelledto bear the burden of theadmirable result.Besides,the lines are now secureagainstbankruptcy,andinstead ofthetwo-per-centdivi-dendswhichwereguaranteedonthe firstpreferredstockfromtheearningsof theyearendingJune30, 1910,thecompanyhas fortwoyears actuallypaidfourpercent.394RESULTS OF DIAZ'S RULEIt wasthoughtthat thedrainageof theValleyofMexico,atacostof$15,967,778;thepaving,sanitation,andbeautification ofthecapital,andthe construction oftheTehuantepec railway,with its two terminalports,markedhighwaterin thetideofimprovementsachievedbyMexico under the rule of PresidentDiaz;but therailwaymergersurpassesall otherevents infar-reachingimportancesince he firstextinguishedrevolutions andbrigandage,met the national debts ontime,andgavethesignalfor thegeneral railway developmentof thecountry.CHAPTER XXXIVTHE REAL MEXICAN PROBLEMFORthirty yearsPresident Diaz hasgovernedMex-ico with thepowerofan autocrat. Nomonarch in theworld has been able to exercise suchauthorityover apeople.So much have Mexicans fallen into the habitofrelyinguponhisjudgmentandcarryingouthiswishesthat he can name thegovernorsof thetwenty-sevenstates,the members of theCongress,thejudgesof thecourts. Allthingsin the life of the nation fall intoorder and moveaccordingto hiswill,following,ofcourse,the mainpurposesandgenerallines rather thanthe strict letter of the Constitution.Afterthirtyyearsofalmostabsolutepower,hiswholefortune consists of about$200,000and the house heoccupiesinMexicoCity.Healsoowns$17,000ofMex-icanbonds,givento him formilitaryservice;but thesehe has turned over to hiswife,being unwillingtopre-sentthem forpaymentwhilehe is President of Mexico.With30,000soldiers and a fewthousand rurales hehasbeenabletomaintainpeace,andmakelife andprop-ertyalmost as safe in the MexicanrepublicastheyareinFrance,England,orGermany;andthepopulationhasincreased toabout16,000,000persons.Beneath the nationalgovernmentare the27stategovernors,with their295 politicalchiefs,orjefes po-liticos,1,798 municipal presidents,and4,574 justices396THE REALMEXICANPROBLEMof thepeace,orcomisarios.These,with thegovernorof the FederalDistrict,representtheexecutive instru-mentalities of the nation.No one has understood better thanPresident Diazthefutilityofattemptingto deal with hispeopleasthough theywereAnglo-Saxonsdeveloped by ancestry,tradition,racialinstinct, education,and habit to sustainthe individual burdensandresponsibilitiesofcitizenshipcontemplated bytheirAnglo-SaxonConstitution. Thetruthis,thatprobablynot more than one tenth of thepopulationof Mexico ever casts a vote at an election.Nevertheless,the Constitution endowseverymale adultwith therightto vote. This condition ofthingsislargelydue to the natural laziness andpoliticalindiffer-enceoftheIndiansandpartIndianswhoconstitutemorethanthreequartersofthewholecitizenshipofthe coun-try.It is alsopartlythe result of ageneral feelingamongthemasses,either thatthingsare bound togoonwell underthe direction of PresidentDiaz,or that iwould.beworse than useless toattempttooppose any-thinghe favored.Thereis nogentler,nomorepoliteandlovablepeoplein theworldthanthegreatbodyofthe Mexicans. Noris thereany countryin which the domestic affectionsshowmoretenderly,evenamongthepoorestand mostignorant.The Indian blood flowersconstantlyin theprofessions,andamongthe descendants of the ancientraces are to be found brilliantlawyers, physicians,en-gineers,andothermenoftrainingand culture. Skilledlabor hasbeguntoorganizeitself. Adeepbond ofsympathyand historical consciousness unites the tradi-tionallyexclusive members of fashionablesocietywiththe most wretched anddegraded peonsaspirit quitepatriarchal,butnonethelessgenuine.Yet,unfortunate-397DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOly,theaverage ^Mexicanis imbuedwithasortofpoliticalfatalism,afeelingthatsomehowthegovernmentwillgoonby itself;and President Diaz hasconstantlycom-plainedthat hiscountrymen,as awhole,do not take asufficientandrational interest inpolitics.Hehasanin-extinguishablefaith in the future of hispeople,and isintensely proudof theiramiabilityandtalents,butfrankly acknowledgestheirpresent politicalshallowness.Togetat the heart of Mexicanpoliticsandgovern-ment,onemustalwaysrememberthatthegreatmajorityof the inhabitants areprobablyderived from Orientalraces,and then hark back over the track of less thanfour centuries to the time when their ancestors wereidol-worshiping subjectsofkings,warriors,andpriests,givenover to cannibalism.Theyhadtemples, palaces,fortresses, laws, arts,and a distinct civilizationmanycenturies beforethearmedSpaniardsburstinuponthemfromthesea,but there wasno trace of democraticaspi-rations, instincts,orcapacities amongthem,either thenor in theagonizingcenturies ofSpanishmisgovernmentandoppression.For more than half acenturythe Mexicanpeople,particularlythe Indiansandhybrids, gavethrillingproofof theirwillingnessandabilitytofightand die forindependence.However,historyis full of instancesshowingthatpeopleswillfightforcollective,ornational,independencewhocare little ornothingabout thepolit-icalsovereigntyof theindividual,which is the mainburdenofpolitical philosophyinAnglo-Saxoncountries.It is thepracticeofthosewhocriticise or attack thegovernmentofMexicotocomparepoliticalconditions inthatcountrywithpoliticalconditionsintheUnitedStates,simplybecause the two nations aregeographical neigh-bors,andbecause their writtenconstitutions are alike in398THE REAL MEXICANPROBLEMessentials. It wouldbemoreto thepoint,andin accordwith facts andcommonsense,tocompare politicalcon-ditions in Mexico withpoliticalconditions in the otherso-called Latin-Americanrepublics.There are some races to whomabsolutedemocracyis likesunlight, bringingoutclearlythe hard realitiesoflife,andrevealingin all their naked difficulties theproblemsofsocietyas a whole in their relation to theindividual. In such races thetendencyof the citizen isnotmerelyto insistuponhispersonal privileges,but toshowajealousregardforhisdutyto takeuponhimself,in his ownprivatestation,a full share of thestress,strain,andpainofgovernment.There are other races to whomdemocracyis likemoonlight, throwingromantichalf-lights; givingan airof solemnbeautyanddignityto theuglyand the evilalike with the fair andthegood; revealingtheimagina-tive andsentimental,butconcealingthepractical.Insuch racesdemocracybecomes avaguesentiment,andtheindividual wholookstothegovernmentforallthings,rejectingorignoringhis ownresponsibilitiesin main-tainingorder andpromotingthegeneralwelfarepro-claiminghisrightsbutforgettinghisduties,andigno-rant of the fact that theprocessofgovernment beginswithpersonalself-restraint isapttoregardarmedriot-ing against temporaryor individual discomforts or dis-advantagesasequally justifiablewith wardeliberatelyundertakenagainstunjustandintolerablegovernment.The Mexicanpeoplehave notyethad a fair chanceto show theirpossibilitiesundercompleteconditions ofdemocraticliberty.That isyetto come. Meanwhiletheworkofmoral, economic, social,andpolitical prepa-ration,for the lack of which allpreviousdemocraticexperimentshavebrokendown,hasbeengoingforward399DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOunder thesupervisionand direction of President Diazand hisassociates;and the elements ofstabilityandconservatismalready developed bycontinuouspeace,in-dustry,and education furnish astrong promisefor thefuture,when the venerable master of Mexico shallpassaway.It is said that President Diaz selects thegovernorsof thetwenty-sevenMexicanstates,and that the execu-tivepoweris sogreatthat statesovereigntyis in somerespectsatheoryrather than a fact. In a sense this istrue. Such is his influence that he has but to indi-cate the name of the candidate heapproves,and theelection becomes a formal ratification of hispoliticaljudgment.ButstatesovereigntyinMexicois ofnecessityacon-stitutional fiction. Inthis,as in otherthings,manyhavebeen ledastray bycomparisonswith the localsovereign-ties of the United States. Theoriginalthirteen Amer-ican states metasindependentnations.Beingindepend-ent andsovereign, theycreated a nation with definedand limitedsovereign powers, reservingtheresiduarysovereigntyto themselves. InMexico, however,the na-tionalgovernmentexisted first as the sole andoriginalsovereign,and in the lastanalysisthe statesare,inspiteofthelanguageoftheConstitution,meresubdivisionsofthe nationalpowerfor convenience of local administra-tion. Eventheelectoralsystemthroughwhichthe Pres-ident and Vice President are chosen does notrecognizestate lines. Itmustberemembered,too,thatthecolonieswhich formed the United States werethroughall theirhistory separateandwholly independentof eachother;and,although theyweresubjectto a commonsovereignacross theseas,theyhad differenthistories, laws,tradi-tions,andhabits;so that whentheycametogetheras400THE REAL MEXICAN PROBLEMfree statestheywere in allrespects independentof eachother. TheMexicanprovinceshadnosuchantecedents,but were themerelyadministrative districts of asingleSpanish colony,ruledbyaviceroyand a council.Events and the necessities of thepeoplehave madethe dominantprincipleofauthority throughoutMexiconational and executive rather than federative orlegis-lative. Otherwise therepublic mighthaveperishedthroughsheer executive weakness.Injhe^days oi^|ua^rez andLerdo,manyof the statesdisputed"'tETautEor-ityof the nationalgovernment,and it was not untilPresident Diaz broke thepowerof the various leaderswhohadattemptedto set themselvesupas virtual dic-tators in their ownstates such as Canales in Tamauli-~~~pas, PesqueirainSonora,Alvarez inGuerrero,TrevinoinNuevoLeon,Terresas inChihuahua,andTraconis inYucatan that the national life of Mexico becamepos-sible."Theprincipleof nationalauthority justifiesitselfmoreand more inMexico,"saysPresident Diaz."Ifit is sohardtofindonemanto directtheFederalgovern-ment,howmuchmoredifficultmustit beto findtwenty-sevenmen togovernthe stateswiselyand inharmonywithour interests as a nation."It would bepreposteroustosaythatgovernmentinMexico or conditions in Mexicoapproach perfection.The interminabledelaysof officialprocesses;the re-strictedpress;the immense landmonopolies;the lackofirrigationfacilities inagriculturaldistricts;the bru-talizinganddestructive traffic inpulque,oneof themostdemoralizingintoxicantsknown;thepoliticalcharacteroftheadministrationofjustice;thesystemofdebtservi-tude onfarms;the habit ofimprisoningcitizens fortrivial orpoliticalcauses;the extremerigorof the401DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOchurchlaws;thcostlyand often ornamentalimprove-mentsinthenationalcapitalandothergreatcities,whilethecountryroads and the small towns andvillagesareneglectedthese are some of thethingsthat must bereformed in the futuredevelopmentof therepublic.Whetherthere can beanyreform in thepopularhabitswhichsupport 117bullrings,1 1lotteries,and389pawn-shopsis amoredoubtfulquestion.Therearesomethinglike2,000militarybandswhichregularlyfurnish concerts in theparksandplazasofMexicothroughouttheyear.The time mustyetcomewhenthe masses of thepeoplewill be less satisfied withmusicsuppliedat thepublic expensethan with cleanstreets,modernsewerage,andmoreschools.Onehears bittercomplaintof thejefes politicos,orpoliticalchiefs. There are295ofthem in therepublic.These officersrepresentthepowerof the state in theirdistricts,andcompletelyovershadow the local author-ities. Yet it is difficult to see howthe essentials of thesystemcanbe abolished. Thejefepoliticoispracticallythe moderncounterpartof thecaciqueof the ancientMexicans,from an administrativestandpoint.TheSpaniards destroyedthecacique,buttheyhad to inventthejefe politico.Heis,or is intended tobe,the officialcorrective of local sloth andcarelessness;but when heisincompetent, corrupt,ortyrannous,he hasamazingpowersof irritation.However,thehistoryof the MexicanpeopleunderPresidentDiaz is anunbrokenrecordofprogressagainstdifficulties thatmighthave crushed a weaker or less de-votedman;and the love which hispeoplebear towardhim,theirrecognitionof hispure patriotismand wisestatesmanship,and theirwillingnessto follow andsup-porthim inspiteof harshness orerrors,areamongthe402THE REALMEXICANPROBLEMsurestproofsof thegrowingmental, moral, social,andpoliticalsteadinessof the Mexicannationas awhole.Atremendously significant signof the soberchangethat has come over the nation is that President Diazwho knows hiscountrybetter thananyoneelse in theworld has beendrawingcivilians rather than soldiersto hisside,statesmen like Mr.Limantour,Mr.Molina,Mr.Creel,and Mr.Corral,who worktogetherin thegreat designofpeace through enlarged industryandprosperity, followingout the President's idea that rail-ways, telegraphs,factories,and schoolsgradually,butsurely,take theplaceof soldiers aspeace-makers.It has been saidbyone of the mostthoughtfulandresponsibleof modern Mexican statesmen that Mexicois like averylonganimal,with thehead farawayfromthe tail. There is muchtruth in this idea. ThestronglycentralizedtendenciesofthegovernmentunderPresidentDiaz,havingin mindpeace,absolutepeace,as the onegreat prerequisiteof all otherthings,haveproducedadevelopmentin the Federal District and in the centralstates out of allproportionto the state ofthingsin themoreremotepartsof therepublic.Untilvery recentlytheguerrillawarfareandfiercebrigandageof theYaquiIndians in Sonorapreventedanyseriousattempttoopenupthe full resourcesof that rich state ofthe Northwest.Even now the treacherousbushwhackingandthuggeryof some of the irreconcilableMayaIndians in unsettledpartsof theterritoryofQuintanaRoo, 2,000miles dis-tant fromSonora,discourages enterprisein that fertileextremityof the Southeast.Fora fullgenerationPresident Diazhas endeavoredto endpredatorywarfare in these two remoteregions,onlyto bedisappointed by repeatedtreacheries andbar-barities,and to becompelled againandagainto resort403DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOtomilitaryforce. Yet theenergyof thegovernmentindealingwiththeseincorrigibleenemiesofprogressanddevelopmenthas beencruelly misrepresented.Oneof the most atrocious falsehoodsspreadabroadbythe foes ofthe MexicanGovernment is the statementthat actual humanslavery, openandrecognized,existsin variouspartsof therepublic, particularlyin Yuca-tan. The author of this book has takenpainsto in-vestigatethe hideoustales,in which the tortures ofthe slaves are setforth;thewhippingto death ofmenunwillingor unable towork;the wholesale andundisguised debaucheryof their wives anddaughters;themiseryand horror of servile life on thegreathene-quen,orhemp, plantations;the connivance of the courtsandexecutive officialsrespectingthe vast scene ofbond-age, brutality, injustice,and even deliberate murder ex-istingbeforetheireyes;andthegrossandopenimmoral-ityof thewealthy rulingfamilies.Manyweeks werespentinYucatan,both with theplantersthemselves andamongtheworkersinthefields,bothMayasandYaquis.Totestthenatureoftheworktheauthoractuallylaboredin thefields,cutting henequenwith his ownhands un-der thenoonday tropicalsun,andcarryingtheheavybundles of leaves on his back to theappointed places,havingacompanion keeptime with a watch and countthenumberofleaves cut in agivenperiod byonewhosehandsandmusclesweresoft,andwhowasunaccustomedeither to the workor the climate.The truth is that the sensational writers and theirrevolutionary accompliceswho have thrilled the unin-formed American and Britishpeopleswith stories ofslaveryinYucatan,and havepicturedthecaptureofhonest andpatriotic Yaqui populationsinoppressedSo-noraand theirdeportationtoYucatan,wheretheywere404THE REAL MEXICANPROBLEMsoldintoslavery,to beworkedtodeathamongthetrem-blingandbeatenMayaslavesofthecountry,havemixeduptwoquestionsin their desire towrongthe Mexicanname,andhave inventedmuchof the rest.The'Yaquitrouble is amilitary question pureandsimple,whiletheso-calleddebtservitudepracticedamongtheMayasonthehenequenplantationsis afeature,notofslavery,butofpeonage,the result ofpatriarchalcon-ditionsandhabitsmanycenturiesold.It is undeniable that there aremanyevils attendantonthiscustomofallowing,orenticing,henequenworkerstogo heavilyin debt to theiremployers,and that hereand there aplantertakesadvantageof hispowerandisolatedpositionto be cruel orunjust; yet,takenlargeandsmall,the conditions of labor in Yucatan are notmuchworsethantheywere in someofthe coal fields ofPennsylvaniaunder the oldcompany-store system.TheYaquitribes and theirallies,who inhabit thesouthern half of the state ofSonora,alongthe shoresof theYaquiandMayorivers,wereneversubdued,nordidtheysubmit to the laws and constituted authoritieseither of theSpanishGovernment at the time ofSpan-ish dominion or of the Mexican Government after-wards. Thearmed forcesrepeatedlysentagainstthemwereneverabletoovercomethemdecisively.Aftertheywere defeatedbytheexpeditionswhich undertook topacifythem,the variousgovernmentsalwayswere satis-fiedwiththeprotestationsofpeacewhichthe tribes thenmade and withdrew theirtroopsto otherpartswherethey mightbe needed.The Indians remained atpeace onlyfor briefspells.Therewasnoforcewithintheirterritorytoinspirethemwithaweandnoauthoritysave that of theirchiefs,andtheysoonreturned to thewarpathandraided theneigh-405.DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOboringtownlets-andvillages, burning, murdering,androbbingasthey proceeded.Then thegovernmentwasagain compelledto take the fieldagainstthemandkeepupthefightinguntiltheysued forpeace.The with-drawalofthetroopswouldbe followedbyashortperiodof relativequiet, again interrupted by uprisings,incen-diarisms, assassinations,and thefts.The ideal of theYaquishas been to maintain theirabsoluteindependencein a certainterritorywhichtheyconsidered as their own.Theydid notwillingly permitthe intervention of the nationalgovernment,nor of thestategovernment,norsubmissiontoanyof thelawsandregulations obeyed byall other citizens.Theyinsistedupon havingtheir owngovernment,carried onbytheirchiefs,under theirwhimsical,unwrittenlaws,withoutrespectforanythingelse. For a time theYaquisandtheir allies maintained thisindependentstatus under theterrible chiefCajeme,who armed andequipped 5,000men to maintain theirindependenceandfightthe Mex-ican Government to the lastextremity.But in timeCajeme'sforces were overcome in the field and he wasexecuted for his barbarous crimes.The IndiansalongtheMayoRiver submitted to thegovernment,andtheflourishingconditionoftheirregionto-dayshowshowwiselyandgenerouslytherepublichasdealt with them. Foratime, too,theYaquispretendedtosubmit,andfreely acceptedthefood,clothing,ani-mals,agricultural implements,and seeds distributedamongthembythe Mexican Government in thehopethatthey might begina new lifealong peaceful, pro-ductive lines.Yet,after twoyears,theYaquisarosesuddenlyalongthewholeriver.Theyattacked the Fed-eraltroops, religiousorders of bothsexes,and slew allthe whitesthey caught,with theexceptionof the nuns.406THE REAL MEXICAN PROBLEMThenensued another horribleperiodofsavage raiding,after whichthe Indians weredriven to their mountains.Thegovernment troopsdrove them from theirstrong-holds,and for a time there seemed to bepeace. Againthere was another outburst of massacres andburnings.The Indians nolonger foughtinlargebodies.Theysprangforth in smallpartiesall over the state. Alltravelers weremercilesslybutchered.Towns,villages,mines,andlumbercampswere forsaken.In1906the situation in Sonora had become intol-erable. Thedevelopmentof thegreatstate wasimpos-sible while theYaquiscontinued to assert theirprepos-terous claim ofindependenceandperpetuateareignofmurder,plunder,and incendiarism.Capitaland enter-prisestoodreadyto enter Sonora. All that wasneededwaspeace.President Diaz was confronted with but two alter-natives: either theYaquismustbeexterminated ortheymust bedeportedto some otherregion.Allattemptsto conciliate the tribe had failed.Thereuponthe Pres-ident had5,000or6,000Yaquistakenbyforce to dis-tantYucatan,where labor was ingreatdemandon thehenequen plantations,and wheretheywere distributedas laborersamongsuchplantersas would belikelytoprevent anyof them fromreturningto Sonora. Thisstern,butcomparativelymerciful,policyhaspracticallysettled the fearfulYaqui question,andto-daya thou-sand new forces ofproductivecivilization are at workin Sonora.In Yucatan thedeported Yaquisarereally prisonersofwar. There is nopretensethattheyare free.Theyare not allowed to havearms,nor canthey goback totheirbelovednative state in the Northwest. In all otherrespects theyhave the samerightsand liberties as the2747DIAZ,MASTER OFMEXICOnatives ofYucatan,andtheyreceive the samepayforthe samework.Acarefulinvestigation bythe author revealed thefact that the laborers on thehenequen plantationssel-dom,ifever,workmorethaneighthoursadaycuttingorcleaning henequen.On some of theplantationsitwas found that the work in the fieldsaveragedaboutfourhoursaday.Therewasnosignof fear orenslavementabout theworkersinthecountry. Theyheldtheirheadsup,smiled,and looked theiremployersin thefacelikeanyotherworkmen. .Their women andchildren,almost withoutexception,wore finegoldchains,some of themdisplay-ing jewelry amountingin value to several hundreddollars.Theyhaveplentyof arms and ammunition.Sixgunswerecounted in asinglecabin. Aninvestiga-tion of the sales madebydealers in arms showed thatabout4,000 gunswere soldevery yearto the Indianson thehenequenestates,andthat,countingtheaveragelife ofthesecheapweapons,therearealways8,000gunsdistributedamongthe-YucatanIndians,tosay nothingof the universal machete. Itsurelyneeds noargumentto convince a fair-minded man that it isimpossibletomakeslaves ofanarmedpeople.There iseveryevidence that thehenequen plantersofYucatanare,as arule,menofhumanityandjustice.Most of themsupplyrent-free houses to theirlaborers,furnish medical service and medicines withoutcharge,distributeclothing freely,andmakegenerousdonationsoffood. Thereweremanycases foundinwhichplantershadspenthundreds of dollars onhospitalservice for in-dividuallaborersortheirwivesorchildren. Norcouldthemostpersistentsearchamongthe laborers ortheir fami-lies revealasingleinstance in which amanwaswhipped408THE REALMEXICANPROBLEMforrefusingtowork. Even theYaquis,who were se-cretlyquestioned,deniedanyknowledgeofthe brutalitiesdescribedbysensationalwriters;theironly complaintbeingthattheywerenotallowedto return to Sonora.The statement that actualslaveryexists in Yucatanachargethat cannot beignoredin abiographyofPorfirio Diaz is a falsehoodeasily disprovedbya visitto that wonderfulcountry.The Indian and half-breedpopulationiscleanlyandextremelyvirtuous. It isamaz-ingthatanyoneshouldimputeimmoralityto such anadmirablepeople.Noraretheremorekindly,hospitable,graceful,andmodestwomenin theworldthanthewivesanddaughtersof theplanters.The attacksuponthehomes and social life of the whitepeopleof thepenin-sula areutterlymalicious.Oneofthegreateststatesmen in therepublicis DonOlegarioMolina,the so-called"henequen king"ofYucatan. After he hadorganizedthehenequenindus-tryand,asgovernorofYucatan,had turned thecityofMerida fromafilthyhole,infected withdisease,intoabeautiful,well-paved,wholesome,moderncity,filledwithhospitals,asylums,andschools anabsolutemiraclein itswayPresidentDiaz,whohadgoneto Yucatantopersonallysee the wonderfulresult,took Sefior Mo-lina into his CabinetasSecretaryof theDepartmentofFomento(promotionandencouragementofpublicworks,agriculture,mining,colonization,etc.). It is thisstrong-willed manwho issafeguardingthe water resources ofMexico forirrigationworks,thesupreme physicalneedofamoreor less rainlesscountry.Aftermanyyearsofpainfulandsometimesdiscour-agingeffort,the extremities of Mexico Yucatan andSonoraare nowrivalingthegreatcentral states inenergy, prosperity,andloyalty.409CHAPTER XXXVWILL THE MEXICAN REPUBLIC STAND?PRESIDENT DIAZ hasplannedseveral times to retiretoprivatelife,in order that Mexicomight begintochangeherpresidents peacefullywhile he wasyetalivetosupporthis successorsagainstanyattemptto revert torevolution.Ateverysuggestionthathemightwithdrawfromthepresidencyhe has been overwhelmed withprotestsandappeals.There can be no doubtthat,inspiteof hiswonderfulvigor, increasing agehas made it harder tobear the burdens ofoffice,particularlyas hisauthorityhas becomegreaterand more direct than that ofanymonarch in theworld,and he cannot rid himself of thehabit ofattendingto allimportant thingshimself. Hehaslongedtolaydownhis workand rest. All his asso-ciatesandintimatesknowthis. Yetthepressureexertedtopersuadehim to remain at hispostofdutyapres-sure notonlyfrom his owncountrymen,but from thefriends andconnections of Mexico in all countries hasbeenmorethanhecould resist;andeven in hiseightiethyearheacceptedanothersix-yeartermofhard service.More than once the President has hadstrikingevi-dence ofwhathis retirement toprivatelife wouldmeanto thepubliccredit of hiscountry.In1901he sufferedfrom aslightillness,and went to the softer climate ofCuernavacatorecuperate.AprominentbankerofMex-410WILL THE REPUBLIC STAND?icoCityvisitedhim, and,onreturningto thecapital,privatelycausedthenewspaperstobeinformedthatDiazwas stricken with a mortal illness and would not re-cover. This newswascabled to allpartsof the world.Instantlythepriceof Mexicanbonds fell in themarketsofEuropeand America from$101to$78,aAloss of$23.Aweeklater the President returned to thecapitalingoodhealth andspirits,and when word went forththathewasinnodangerofdying,thepriceofMexicanbondspromptlywentback to$100.Incidents likethis,showingwhat a shock to thepublicconfidence wouldbe involved in his withdrawal fromthepresidency,haveprevailedagainstDiaz'snatural desire to retire fromthecontinuous toil andresponsibilityof his office.And,evenafterhehadrestoredpeaceandthe nationalcredit,each time he considered thequestionofgiving upthepresidencyhe foundhimselfconfronted withsomegreatworkofimprovementunfinished: thevastsystemforthedrainageof theValleyofMexico;thereorganizationof thearmy;theTehuantepecinteroceanicrailway;thepaving, lighting,and watersupplyof thecapital,andthelike;not to mention the revelations ofincompe-tencyof those whomightbeexpectedtospringintopoweron his retirement and theobviously corruptgroups eagerto turn thegovernmentto theirpersonaladvantage.Before the immediateapproachof thepresidentialcampaignof1904,President Diaz announced his inten-tion ofretiringtoprivatelife, and,with a solemn real-ization of thegreat questionsof economicdevelopmentuponwhichthecontinuedpeaceandhappinessofMexicomustlargely depend,heurgedDonJoseYves Liman-tour,thedistinguished SecretaryofFinance,to be hissuccessor,promisingtosupporthiscandidacy.For the411DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOfirst time a Vice "President was to be elected. SenorLimantour,an administrative statesman of thehighestorder,waswhollywithoutpoliticalambition. He ex-plainedto the President that he did not feel himselfto be fitted forpolitical leadership,andparticularlyin-sisted that hehadnopopularityamongmilitarymen.The Presidentthereuponcalled General BernardoReyes,apopularofficer,tohim,andexplainedthe rea-sonswhy,in hisjudgment,SenorLimantour should be-come President. GeneralReyesdeclared thatheagreedinthewisdomofselectingthe foremosteconomicthinkerand administrator of therepublictoguideits-policies,and offered to make hisqualitiesand character betterunderstood in thearmyand to win over themilitaryelements to hissupport.GeneralReyeswas then taken into the President'sCabinetasMinisterofWar.Hardlyhadheassumedhisnew duties whenmysteriousand malicious attacksuponSenorLimantourbegantoappearinvariousnewspapers.Theseanonymousslanders became more and moreper-sonal and bitter. It was evident that some mind wasdirectingasystematicandmalignantattemptto discreditthe manwho had been chosenbythe President as hissuccessor.AReyesmovementhadsprungup,butGeneralReyeshadgivenhiswordtosupportthe Presidentin his desireto see SenorLimantoursucceed to thepresidency.Diazrefusedtobelievethatsogallantasoldiercouldbeguiltyofsuchtreachery.ThePresidentwasdeeplydistressed.SenorLimantourhadrenderedsupremely greatservicesto hiscountry,and it was apublic calamitythat heshould be discredited in theeyesof theignorantmasses.Effortsweremadetodiscoverthesourceoftheseattacks,but in vain. Thesecret waswellguarded.412WILL THE REPUBLICSTAND?Finallytherecameinto the handsofthegovernmentsomeof theoriginal manuscriptof the denunciations oftheSecretaryofFinance,and it disclosed the fact thatGeneralReyeswas the hiddenenemywho hadsoughttodefeatthe President'splanwhile still amemberofhisCabinet. Diazatoncesent fortheconspirator,andcon-fronted him with the evidence of hisperfidy.GeneralReyes promptly resignedhisoffice. Instead ofdrivingReyesintoprivate life,thePresident,in considerationof his former record as asoldier,used his influence tomakehimgovernorof the state ofNuevoLeon.In1908President Diaz stirred therepublicfromfrontier to frontierby publicly declaringthat he wouldrefuse another term of office. Heinvited the nation toprepareto choose hissuccessor,deploredthe fact thathiscountrymeningeneraldid not take a sufficient in-terest ingovernment,admittedtheundesirabilityofhav-ing onlyone activepolitical partyin thecountry,andwelcomed theappearanceof anopposition partywith agenuinenationalprogramme.Almostinstantlythere waspoliticalcommotion ineverystate. Thousands ofprotestsrained in on thePresident.Delegationscamefromstates, cities,andvil-lages, begginghimto continue hisgreatwork for Mex-ico. Therepresentativesofmostofthelargecommercialbodiesinthecountryappealedtohimtochangehismind.Hisold friendsandsupportersreproachedhimforthink-ingofdesertingthem. Fromothercountriescamewarn-ingsthat he was about toputthepubliccredit of hiscountryto a terrific strain in the wake of a worldwidefinancialpanic.Thenitappearedthatthenewpartywhichhiswordshad called into life wassimplyanoisy,turbulent,andslanderousdemonstrationin favor of GeneralReyesfor413DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOthe office of Vice*President. In the teeth of these factsDiazgaveuphis cherishedplanforrest,agreedto standagainfor thepresidency,andopenlyfrowned on theReyesmovement,whichcollapsedafter a few riotousincidents.Reyeshimself was not held to a too strictresponsibilityfor the bombasticrevolutionaryutterancesof his followersandassociates,nor for thecampaignofvilificationwhichtheystarted intheUnited States. ThePresident sent himonaforeignmission togathermili-taryinformation. Thewould-be revolutionistswhohadcarriedontheirpropagandaunderhisnameloudlycom-plainedthat their leader andherohadbeen exiled.Even then President Diaz would have retired couldhehavepersuadedSeiiorLimantourto succeedhim.Thenextpresidentof Mexico willprobablybe VicePresidentRamonCorral. Thisvigorousandintelligentstatesman,who is alsoSecretaryof theInterior,doesnotowe hisrightof succession to thepresidencyto theinterference ofDiaz,butratherto hisownkeenpoliticalabilityandactivity.He is apowerin Sonora and theNorthwest,as well as in thecapital.Hewas aminer,then ajournalistand soldier. In time he was electedgovernorof Sonora. Thenhe becamegovernorof theFederal District. In1904hewaselected Vice Presidentof Mexico. Sefior Corral hasstrongfriends and bitterenemies. AsSecretaryofthe Interiorhehasdonemuchto aid President Diaz inadjustingthe relations of thestates to the nationalgovernment,and,inspiteofmuchabuse,he has won the confidence of Mexican businessmen. His election as Vice President in1904,andagainin1910,showstheincreasingfreedomofpoliticaleventsin therepublic,fornothingis moreeasilydemonstrablethan that President Diaz consented to this choice of asuccessorsimplybecause Sefior Corral had shown him-414WILL THEREPUBLICSTAND?self to bepolitically strongerthananyof his rivals forthe vicepresidency.Therearethosewhoinsist thatwhenPresidentDiazdies there will come ageneralanddestructiveupheavalin Mexico.Theyarguethat it is hisstrengthand skillandtheholdwhichhehasonthe confidenceof theMex-icanpeoplethatpreservesthepeacein therepublic,andthatassoonashepassesawaythe nation will bethrownintowidespreadconditionsofconfusionandconflict.The trouble with thisalarming theoryis that it isusuallyadvancedbyagitatorswhohavedenouncedDiazas amilitary despot,andwho,at thesametime,in theirdesire to make the future lookblack,declare that thepeoplehaveconfidence inhim,but will trust noone elsewithsuchpoweras hehaswielded.InhiswhiteoldagethemasterofMexicohasdeeplystudied the future of hiscountry.It has been his con-stantthought.Hehas made his life abridge throughwhich hispeoplehavepassedfromchaos,poverty,anddegradationintopeaceandstability. Lookingto thedaysthat are tocome,he has drawn into thesupportofthegovernmentelements whichwere at war for halfacentury. Althoughthe letter ofthelawgrinds cruellyin its details on theChurch,thepolicyofexecutingithasbeenoneofhumaneconsideration. Onefinds Arch-bishopGillow,ofOaxaca,and otherprelates praisingthe President fordoingthe best he can toprotecttheChurchinpeacefullyprosecutingitsreligiouswork. Yetnooneis sternerin hisdeterminationtokeepecclesiasticsfromintruding againinto thepoliticsof therepublic.The brilliant andprogressive governorof the FederalDistrict is Don GuillermoLauda,a devoted churchmanandrepresentativeofoneoftherichestandmostintenseCatholic families in Mexico.AlthoughDiazhelpedto415DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICObreak the ecclesiasticaltyrannyin thecountry,he hasencouragedtheold Catholicaristocracyto assist inmak-ingtherepublica meansthroughwhich all races andreligionsmayworkpeacefullyfor thegeneral upliftandsecurity.Hehas said that no nation can succeed with-outreligion,buthe insists thattheactivities ofthepriestshall be confined to thereligiousand moral domain ofthe Church and not beentangledwithpoliticsandgov-ernment. He is not anenemyofreligion,but a deter-minedopponentofchurchinterference in secular affairs.Whena Mexicancensus taker asked himwhat his reli-gionwas,he said :"I,PorfirioDiaz,as aprivatecitizen,professthefaith ofmyparents,Roman CatholicApostolic;butI,PorfirioDiaz,President of the United MexicanStates,do notprofess anyfaith,as I amnotpermitted bytheConstitution to do so."Sointelligentlyhas he attracted theleadingchurchfamilies either to serve therepublicor tosupportit,that it iswhollyimprobable, quiteaside fromthe restric-tions of theConstitution,that Mexico will everagainbe divided in arms on the churchquestion.There areabout4,000CatholicchurchesinthestatesandterritoriesofMexico,with more than6,000priestsand7,000,000activemembers,of whomsome3,000,000are children.Nooneinterferes,andnoonethinksofinterfering,withtheir freedom ofworship.Withthe oldspecterofarmed ecclesiasticism laid initsgrave,it ispreposterousto talk about a reversion oftheMexicanpeopleto the oldrevolutionaryhabit.Diaz^jhas done his work well. He has held hiscountrymenVi|still,byharshness and force whennecessary,until the15,000miles ofrailways,the20,000miles oftelegraphs416WILL THE REPUBLIC STAND?andtelephones,the$454,910,775ofannualforeigncom-merce,the$160,232,876ofyearly mining products,theimmensegrowthofmanufacturesandofagriculturerep-resentinghundredsofmillionsofdollarsofMexicanandforeign capital,thegreatchain of solventbanks,the12,599schools,with their15,000 professorsand teach-ers,andall thethousandproductiveresults of continuedpeace,havemadecivil warunattractive toanyimportantofnumerouspartofthe nation.TheMexicanpeopleare toobusytofighteachothernow.Theyknowthattheinfluenceoftherailwaysalonehas notonlymadecommerceandindustry possible,butthat thewagesofagriculturallabor havepracticallydoubled since Diazgavethesignalfor ageneralrail-waydevelopmentin therepublic. Theyalso know thateven the humblest business man can borrowmoneyatrates undreamed of in the olddaysofimaginativede-mocracyandanarchy.Life andpropertyare safe.Thepoorestpeonunderstands that what he can earnhe cankeep.The vastsystemofhospitals, asylums,libraries,museums,and schoolsdaily preachthegospelofpeace.Notonlyare therecollegesin the variousstates,butin the FederalDistrict are to be found doors ofoppor-tunity openedin the NationalPreparatory College,theNationalCollegeofJurisprudence,the National MedicalCollege,theNational SchoolofEngineers,the NationalCollegeofAgricultureandVeterinarySurgery,theHighSchoolof Commerceand Administration,the NationalSchoolofFineArts,theNationalConservatoryofMusicandDeclamation,theNationalSchoolofArtsandTradesforMen,the School of Arts and Trades forGirls,the NormalCollegeforMen,the NormalCollegeforWomen,and otherimportantinstitutions.417DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOThere isgreat povertyin therepublic,and that initself has been heldupas areproachto thepolicyofbuildinga$10,000,000nationaloperahousein the beau-tifulcapitalofMexico;but it would be unfair to con-sider this criticism without alsotakinginto account thewonderfulgeneralhospitalandotherhumaneinstitutionsestablished in MexicoCityand its suburbs before theoperahousewaseventhoughtof.TheBelemprison,which is thegeneral jailof deten-tion in thecapital,isunspeakably filthy,crowded,andoften infected with disease. It is anopenshame to theauthorities.However,thepenitentiaryof the FederalDistrict isperhapsthe mostperfectandwell-managedinstitution of its kind in the world. Thehorrors of theBelemjailareasurvivalofMexico'sdarkdays;still,thegovernmenthasplannedacommodiousmodernstructureto take theplaceof the old convent which has servedsolongas anexampleofMexicanmisrule.It is undeniable that President Diaz has thepowerof anautocrat;but thatpowergrewout of the necessi-tiesoftheMexicannation. Hisrulehasnotbeenalwaysgovernment bythepeople,but it hasinvariablybeengovernmentfor thepeople.Hehasmadethe executiveauthority supremeandpracticallyirresistible in what istheoreticallyagovernmentof balancedpowers,and hisastonishing prestigeandpopularity,both as soldier andstatesman,have convertedpopularelections into virtualratifications ofhisknownopinionsandwishes. Yetevenhis bitterest foes have notsuggestedthat he has shownthe faintest inclination tobringabout ahereditary per-petuationof his rule. Hisson,Colonel PorfirioDiaz,Jr.,an able and successfulengineer-architect,earns hisincomeas aprivatecitizen,andhasnotbeenencouragedto seekpolitical promotion;and hischarmingwife and418WILL THEREPUBLICSTAND?daughtersareamongthe mostretiringofMexicanwomen. He has had togovernsometimesbysheerstrength,but he hasreally governedand he is still acomparatively poorman;and he haskeptthe Constitu-tionunchangedforthefuture,whenthe Mexicanpeoplewillbereadyfortheheavyburdensofindividualrespon-sibilitywhich it confers.In thegreat hymnofvictorywhich burst from thelipsof therepublicand its friends in the celebration ofthe centennialanniversaryof Mexicanindependencein1910,President Diazwasthesubjectofmanyeulogies,butnoneofthemcomparedwith the tributepaidtohimtwoyearsbeforebyElihuRoot,theSecretaryof Stateof the UnitedStates,whenhe said:"It hasseemedtomethatof all themennowliving,GeneralPorfirioDiaz,ofMexico,wasbestworthseeing.Whether one considers theadventurous,daring,chival-ric incidents of hisearlycareer;whether one considersthevastworkofgovernmentwhichhiswisdomandcour-ageandcommandingcharacteraccomplished;whetheroneconsidershissingularlyattractivepersonality,noonelivesto-daythat I wouldratherseethan PresidentDiaz.If I were apoet,I would writepoetic eulogies.If Iwere amusician,I would writetriumphalmarches. IfI wereaMexican,I should feelthatthe steadfastloyaltyof a lifetime could not be too much in return for theblessingsthat he hadbroughttomycountry.As I amneitherpoetnorMexican,butonlyan American wholovesjusticeandliberty,andhopesto see theirreignamongmankindprogressandstrengthenand becomeperpetual,I lookto PorfirioDiaz,the PresidentofMex-ico,asoneofthegreatmentobe heldupfor the hero-worshipofmankind."In thelightof such a life it is notsurprisingthatPresident Taft broke allprecedentsin1909by crossing419DIAZ,MASTER OF MEXICOthe Mexican frontier to shake hands with thegreatestmanoftheAmericancontinent,whomPresident Roose-velt described as"thegreateststatesmannowliving";nor is it matter for wonder that-Mexicowas theonly;Latin-Americannationinvitedtotakepartinthe famousinternationalHagueconference for the conservation ofthepeaceof theworld;or that therepublic,under thedirection of PresidentDiaz,maintains such admirablerelations with other nations that it has not been foundnecessaryto buildupaMexicannavy.Manygreatnations havehungtheir decorations onhisbreast,beside themedalswononMexicanbattlefields.Statesmenand authors in all countries havepraisedhiswork.Emperors, kings,andpresidentshavepaid opentribute to hisstrengthand wisdom. Hiscountryhumswith the new life awakenedbyhiscourageandenergy.But as hepacesthe terrace ofChapultepecCastle,highabove the ancient rock and thetowering cypressesthatonce knew Montezuma and his blood-stainedpriests,therecanbenosimpler,nomanlierfigurethanthewhite-haired President.Lookingout fromtheflowery steepsat his feet overthe wonderfulvalleywithin whoseringof mountainsthestatelyMexicancapitalstands insightof snow-crowned,dead volcanoeseloquentof Mexico'sdistant,troubledpastacross theold,thrillingscenes ofbeautyin which somanyheroes,martyrs,traitors,and buf-foonshaveplayedtheirparts,hesumsuphisknowledgeof mankind in a few words:420WILL THE REPUBLIC STAND?"Menaremuchthesameall overtheworld,andna-tions are like men.Theymustbecarefullystudied andtheirmotivesunderstood. Ajustgovernmentisnothingmorethanthe collective ambitions of apeopleexpressedinpracticalform. True statecraft is astudyof the in-dividualman. It is thesameeverywhere.Theindividualalwayshas apersonalmotive insupportinghisgovern-ment. Theambitionmaybegoodorotherwise, but,atthebottom,it ispersonal.Thebeginningof realgov-ernment is thediscoveryof what that motivereallyis,andstatesmanshipshouldseek,not todefeat,but toregulate,thegratificationofindividual ambition. It hasbeenmyaimto dothat indealingwithmycountrymen,whoare agentle, affectionate,andgrateful people,fol-lowingtheir hearts oftener than their heads. I havetried to know what the individual wants andexpects.Even in hisworshipof God a manlooks for some re-turn,and how can humansociety expectto findany-thinghigherin its members?Experiencehastaughtmethatprogressive governmentshouldtrytogratifyindi-vidual ambition as much aspossible,but that it mustprovideanextinguisherto be usedwhenindividual am-bitionburnstoofiercelyforthegeneral good."Mexico was once without a middleclass,but shehasonenow. Themiddle class isalwaysthe active ele-mentofsociety.Thericharetoomuchdevotedto theirpossessionsand their social rank tohelpmuch in thegeneral progress,and their childrenmake little effort toimprovethemselves. Thevery poor,as arule,are tooignorantto exertpower.Ademocracymustbeworkedoutbythemiddleclass,drawnlargelyfromthepoor,butsomewhatfromtherich,theenergetic, striving,self-im-provingmiddleclass,whichsincerelytakes an interestinpoliticsandthegeneralwelfare."It is agreatcomfort to me inmyoldageto feelthatthe futureofMexicois secureat last."INDEXAbdication ofMaximilian, 231,243, 250, 287.Acultzingo,battleof, 139.Agriculture during Spanishrule,26.Aguirre, 310.Alatorreappealstotroopstostand withJuarez againstDiaz, 320;defeatedbyDiazatTecoac, 343;Rochaand,sentby Juarez againstOax-aca, 319.Alcabalas,abolitionof, 390.Almonte, 112;arrives in VeraCruz, 135;master of ceremo-nies underMaximilian, 180;proclaimshimselfPresident,140.Altamirano,116.Alvarez, 56;asPresident, 63;Diaz casts votefor, 59; op-posesDiazgovernment, 359;resignsfromPresidency, 67.American man-of-war visitsVentoso, 92;naval officers en-tertained atTehuantepec, 93;railway question, 354.Anglo-Saxoninstitutionstried,12.Antillonsupports Iglesiasaspresident against Lerdo, 343.Aragon, 59, 60,61.Arista asPresident, 55.Armamentcargo,conductionof,from Minatitlan toVentoso,93-ArmydisbandedbyJuarez, 300;ofEast, new, 223;of Reor-ganization, 331; privileges of,abolitionof,66.ArroyoinsistsuponexecutionofDiaz, 337.Arteaga, 2;defeated at ElChiflon, 191 ;defeated at Ma-joma, 191 ;defeatedbyMen-dez at Santa AnnaAmatlan,228;evacuatesGuadalajara,190;forceof, disbands, 191;joins Juarez, 190; joinsRe-gulesandPalacio, 191 ;shotbyMaximilian'sdecree,228.Assemblyofnotables, 172, 173.Assassinations atTehuantepec,96.Atlixco,battleof,226.Austria and UnitedStates, 230.Avendafio, 87.Ayotla,Diazat,168.AyutlarevoltagainstSantaAnna, 56.Aztecs,Cortes'sconquest of,21;origin,16.Ballesteros, governorof Oax-aca, 187;transferred to Con-vent de laCompafiia, 212;423INDEXtransferred to Santa Catarinaconvent,211.BancaMinera, 387.Bandits,summaryexecutionof,33> 3J3J summaryexecutionof,underDiaz, 346.Bank ofLondon, Mexico,andSouthAmerica, 386.Banking systems, 386.Bankruptcy,Diaz saves Mexicofrom, 370.Banks ofMexico, 386; specificfunctionsof, 388.Barrios'sattemptto become dic-tator of Central Americanrepublics, 378.BattalionMorelos, 141.Battle,Diaz'sfirst,61;of Acult-zingo, 139;ofAtlixco, 226;ofCalpulalpam, 113;of Chi-huahua, 324;of ElTablon,240;ofEscamela, 138;ofEtla, 204;of Fifth ofMay,140, 143;ofIcamole, 334;ofIxcapa, 74;ofJalapa, 85;ofJalatlaco, 119;ofJamiltepec,226;of LaBufa, 324;of LaCarbonera, 238;of LosJica-rasranch, 86;ofMatamoras,333;ofMiahuatlan, 234;ofMineral delMonte, 124;ofMixtequilla, 89;of Oaxaca in1860, 99, 102;of Oaxaca in1866, 234, 259;of Oaxaca un-der GovernorOrdoz,81;ofPachuca, 124;ofPuebla, 140,143;of SanDomingodelValle,101;of San MateoSindihui, 320;ofTacubaya,108;ofTecoac, 343;of Teo-tongo,61;ofTlacolula, 99;ofTlapa, 225;ofTulcingo,224.BazemissarytotemptDiaz, 271.Bazaine, 171 ; captures Oaxaca,207;commandsagainstDiazatOaxaca, 204;continuesconquest, 182; departswithtroops, 251 ;Diazand,meetatMontoya, 208; occupiesGuadalajara, 190; pursuesDiaz afterescape, 224;Diazsurrendersto,atOaxaca, 207;tempts Diaz, 252;tries to dis-creditJuarez, 253.Belize,Britishauthoritycon-firmedin, 363.Benitez defends Diaz in Con-gressof1861, 122; secretaryofOaxaca, 186;transferredto Convent de laCompania,212;transferred to SantaCatarinaconvent,211.Bernard abandonsTlapa, 225.BerriozabalescapesfromFrenchafterPuebla, 167;evacuatesMorelia, 189;Minister ofWar, 170.Bishops,salariesof, 41.BlackDecree, 227, 267.Bleichroederloan, 378.Boca del Rio reachedbyDiazon return from UnitedStates,341-Bonds, duringGonzalez's ad-ministration,371 ;valueof,370, 382.BourbourgonDiaz, 96.Bournof, 248.Bravo, 30.Brigandage, 302, 313, 349;afterexpulsionofFrench, 302, 313,349;ofMaya Indians, 403;ofYaqui Indians, 403;underDiaz, 346, 403.Belemprison, 418.424INDEXBritishHonduras,confirmationofBritishauthority in, 363.Britishintervention,in.BritishLegation, Miramon steals$660,000 from,no.BrownsvilleheadquartersofDiazagainst Lerdo, 332.Bullet,extractionof,from Di-az'swound, 93.Bustamente, 39.Cabinet ofDiaz,civiliansin,403.Cadenaagainst Juarez govern-ment, 319;defeatedbyRochaat Lo deOvejo, 310;marchesagainstGuadalajara, 310;Mar-tinezand,defeat Guerra atVillaNueva, 311.Cajeme, 406.Cajiga resigns governorshipofOaxaca,186.California,Diazin, 321.Calpulalpam,battleof, 113.Calvo,DonJuan, 87.Canal fordrainageofValleyofMexico, 278, 367, 395.Canalize,deathof,100.CannibalisticperiodofMexico,17.CarbajalandDiaz,strained re-lationsbetween,120.Carlotagoes mad, 247;inter-cedes withNapoleonfor hus-band, 244, 245;intercedeswithPopeforhusband, 247;letter from Maximilianto,beforeexecution, 291 ;sailsforEuropeto intercede forhusband, 244, 245.CarpinterodefeatedbyDiaz atPixtala, 223.Ceballos defeatsrevolutionists,320.Central Americanrepublics, Bar-rios'sattemptatdictatorshipof, 378.ChapultepecCastlemortgaged,373-Character ofMexicans, 397;studyofDiaz, 2, 43, 277, 420.Chavarrie rebelsagainst Juarez,316.Chiapasfreed from Mexicantraitors,187.Chihuahua,battleof, 324;Diazreturnsto,to take commandofrevolutionary army, 324;Juarezreturnsto, 231 ;seat ofJuarez government, 191.Cholulans,massacreof, 23.Christianization ofMexico, 24.Church asmoney-lender, 27;demandsignored byMaxi-milian, 183; privileges of,abo-litionof, 66; property,saleof, 69;under Diazrule, 415;wealthof,in1833, 41-Church andState,deathgrap-ple between, 56,106.City ofHavana carries Diaz toMexico, 335.CityofMexico,Diaz's entranceinto, 294;Diaz's entranceinto,after Lerdo'sflight, 344;fallstoDiaz, 283;home ofDiaz,368; occupied by Liberals,113, 114;rebelsagainst Jua-rez, 316; siege of, by Diaz,270.Civilwar, 37;in UnitedStates,costof, 213;in UnitedStates,Mexicoand, 129, 137;onthresholdof, 63.Civilians in DiazCabinet, 403.425INDEXCivilizations ofAmerica,an-cient, origin of,16.Clericalparty, origin of, 39.Clothes-pressonvessel,Diazhidesin, 338, 339.CoastimprovementsunderDiaz,385.Cobos defeatedbyFelix Diaz atLaSeda, 104.Cobosbrothers, 80; capturedTehuantepec, 94;defeated atSanDomingodelValle,101;defeatedby Diaz, 84, 85;Diaz's assault onstrongholdof, 84;Diaz's serviceagainst,81.Commerce of Mexicoabroad,383-Comonfort,i;as substitutePresident, 67; flight of, 77;murderof, 185;Puebla's re-liefby, 162, 165;reflectedPresident, 76;treasonof, 76.Conchado, 80;atTehuantepec,86;deathof,86.CongressafterexpulsionofFrench, 306, 307;of1861, 115;of1870,Diazdeputy in, 314;of1874,Diazdeputy to, 329.Conservativeparty, origin of,39-Conspiracyin Convent of SanFrancisco, 76.Constitution,amendmentto,for-biddingPresident to succeedhimself, 353;amendmentto,permittingPresident to suc-ceedhimself, 379;of1857, 70.Constitutionalgovernment, adop-tionof, 31.Constructiveprogrammeaddedto Plan ofTuxtepec, 332.Convent de laCompania,Diaztransferred from Santa Cata-rinato,212.Corellaconquers insurgents, 311.Corona and EscobedobesiegeQueretaro, 258.Corona inSimaloa, 191.Corral, 414;nextPresident,414;SecretaryofInterior, 414.Cortes's battle withTlascalans,23;defeat ofCuauhtemoc,24;invasion ofMexico, 9,21.Cosio, prisonerofFrench,166.Cottonmills, 386.Count deRegla,26.Creel, 387;startsbank, 387.Criminal methods ofClericals,no.Croix'sproclamationto Mexi-cans, 27.Csismadia, 213.Cuauhtemoc, 24.Customhouses, inland,abolitionof, 390; mortgages on, 372.Dano orderedimprisoned byJuarez, 298.Debtservitude, 405.Degollado, 108;deathof, 114;disgracesLiberalCause,112.Del Barrio on Carlota'sjour-neyto Paris tointercede, 245.Dianabugle-flourish, 83.Diaz, Bernal, descriptionofteocaliby, 19.Diaz, Josede laCruz, 33, 34.Diaz, Porfirio, administratingability of, 296;at Institute ofArts andSciences, 46, 49;autocratic ruleof, 396, 418;Berlinportfolioofferedto, byLerdo, 329;birthof, 32;birthplace of, 35; boyhood426INDEXof, 32; brigadier-general, 119;brigadier-general againstNa-poleon's invaders, 137; briga-dier-generalinpermanentarmy, 164;cabinet memberunderGonzalez, 366;candi-date for PresidentagainstJuarez, 315; captainin Na-tionalGuard, 73;characterof,asboy, 43, 44;chief ofstaff atPachiica, 124;colo-nel in NationalGuard, 95;colonel inregular army, 104;commander in chief ofArmyofReorganization, 331 ;Con-gressman, 115, 314, 329;deathof, probableresultsof, 415;decides between law orpriest-hood, 43; deputytoCongressof1861, 115; deputyto Con-gressof1870, 314; deputytoCongressof1874, 329>fare-well addressof,after firstterm asPresident, 366;farm-er, 302, 309, 325;first bat-tleof,61;firstbaptismofbloodof, 73;first commandof, 60,61;fortuneof, 396;general, 125; generalinchief,170; generalofdivision, 186;"godfather," 342; governorofOaxaca, 186, 367; gov-ernor ofTehuantepec, 85;In-dian and white bloodin, 14;knowledgeofmankindof, 421 ;Latinteaching of, 46;lawstudent, 49;leavesCongressto return tomilitaryduties,119;librarian ofInstitute, 51;lieutenant-colonel, 89;love ofcountryof, 75; majorin Na-tionalGuard, 86;malarial vic-tim atTehuantepec, 92;mar-ries Senorita CarmenRubio,368;marries Senorita DelfinaOrtega y Reyes during siegeof MexicoCity, 279; militarydutiesof,atTehuacan, 301,305; ministryto Berlin of-feredby Lerdo, 329;motherof, dies, 88;movementfor,330;nation'smaster, 346; pa-rentage of, 33; personality of,2, 277, 420; President, 7, 11,345. 37o;President secondtime, 376; President,wonder-ful resultsduringserviceas,381 ;refuses anotherterm,413; religion of, 416; resignsasgeneralin chief ofArmyofEast, 299; resignsfromarmy, 308;resourcefulnessof,inboyhood, 44;retires fromPresidencyafter firstterm,365;retires toCityof Mex-ico tolive, 368;retires toOaxaca ascitizen, 309;re-trenchment of second termof,376;return to Chihuahua totake command of revolution-ary army, 324;return to mili-taryduties, leaving Congress,119;returns toPresidency,370;saviour of MarcosPerez,51;schoolfights of, 45;schooling of, early, 43;serv-iceof,tosocietyofMexico,349-352;sonof, 418;states-manship of, 5, 349; sub-pre-fect ofIxtlan, 63; sugargrower, 326;teacher ofLatin,46; typhusvictim, 104;villi-fied inCongressof1861,122; winning Presidency, 335;workof, comparedtoJua-rez, 7.427INDEXDiaz, Felix, 104; against Juarezgovernment, 319;defeats Co-bos, 104;enters Oaxaca in1866, 236; joinsbrother atOaxaca in1866, 234; Juarezferments revolutionagainst,319;madegeneral, 239;mur-dered, 320;takenby French,138;takesrefugeinforests,320.Diaz, Porfirio, Jr., 418.Domenech,onNapoleon'sinva-sion, 141.Drainagecanal forValleyofMexico, 278, 367, 395.Dublan, 195.Dunlop, Commodore, 133.Ecclesiasticaloverthrow, 9;ruleat time of Diaz'sbirth, 36.Ecclesiastics,refranchisementof,306.Ecuadorminister, expulsion of,114.Educational work atOaxaca,367;underDiaz, 388, 417.ElChiflon, Arteagadefeatedat,191.Election orderedby Diaz, 345;orderedby Juarez, 305; post-poned by Juarez, 233.ElTablon,battleof, 240.English debt,Gonzalezpro-poses recognition of,372, 375.Escamela,battleof, 138.Escamilla,268.Escobedo calls for aid fromQueretaro, 273;Coronaand,besiege Queretaro, 258, 284;invades Mexico from Texasagainst Diaz, 359;made Min-ister ofWar, 332; pardonedby Diaz, 359;relievedbyDiazatPuebla, 157;takesQuere-taro, 276.Espinoza,Diaz's defeatof,atMixtequilla, 89.Estrada, 39, 127;heads Mexi-candeputationtoMaximilian,176;receives cross of Orderof OurLadyofGuadalupe,179; suggestsMaximilian,174;traitor, 127;visits MiramarCastle, 174.Etla,battleof,204.European intervention, in, 112;seizure of Mexicanrevenues,131.Execution ofMaximilian, 284,291 ;Diazon, 293.ExecutiveabilityofDiaz, 296.Executive officers ofMexico,396.Expulsionof clericalministers,114.FamilyofDiaz, 418.Farias, 38.Fifth ofMay,battleof, 140,143-FinanceSecretaryunderDiaz,Limantouras, 378, 381.Financial condition underJua-rez, 312.Fischer, 247;intercedes withDiaz for Maximilian'slife,274.Floating bridgefrom San Cris-tobal to Penon de losBag-fios, 274.Floating debt,Diaz'splantopay, 377-Foreign debts,Diaz's actionon,377; suspensionofpaymentson, 130.Foreign trade, 383.428INDEXForey, 149;atPuebla, 151;ex-travagance of, 172;nationalprogramme of, 172.France,conductof, regardingdebt, 131, 132;United Statesand, 241 ;withdrawstroops,229, 230, 243, 251.Franco, 195.Freemasonry,introductionof,40.French,Diazcaptured by,andescapes from, 154;interven-tion, 112; invasion, 38;na-tionalprogrammeinMexico,172.Friant in Maximilian'sCabinet,231.Frontier ofSonora,sale toUnited Statesof, 56.Fuero arrestedby Teran, 360;arrives in Vera Cruz fromNewYork, 360;saved fromdeathby Diaz, 360; sharp-shootersof, captured byNa-ranjo, 334.Galland, capture of, by Diaz,161.Garcia,as foe ofLiberals,68;joined byDiaz afterescape,222;treasonof,68.Garza, 169.God ofhell, 19.God ofwar, 19.Goldproduction, 385;standardofcurrency, 390.Gonzalez, 83;administrationof,bond issuesduring, 371 ;ad-ministrationof,nickel cur-rency during, 371 ;adminis-trationof,ruinous courseof,370;atOaxaca, 102; attempttopunish,formaladminis-trationof, 378;financial ruinbrought uponMexicoby, 370;joinsMexican forces at Pue-bla, 155; proposes recogni-tion ofEnglish debt, 372, 375;succeeds Diaz asPresident,365.Government of Mexico andUnitedStates, comparison,18;Government officials ofMexico,396.Graviere, 133.GreatBritain,conductof,re-garding debt, 131, 132.Greenjade, significance of, 14,15-Grijalva,21.Guadalajara,evacuationof, byJuarez, 78; governmentseatofJuarez, 77; occupied byBazaine, 190; recaptured byLiberals, 113.Guadalupe prisoners paroled byDiaz,268.Guatemalaminister, expulsionof, 114.Guerraagainst Juarez govern-ment, 319;defeatedbyRochaat LaBufa, 324;killing of,335-Guerrero, i, 30;rebellionagainstJuarez, 310.Guerrero, Oaxaca, Mexico,andQueretaro,Diaz's marchthrough, 185.Gyves, 91.HaguePeaceconference,Mexi-corepresentedin, 420.HarborimprovementsunderDiaz, 385.Havana,Diazin, 321.Hemp gathering,404, 408,429INDEX"Henequen King," 409.Henequen planters, 408;work-ers, 404, 408.HernandezdenouncesLerdo,33i.Herrera asPresident, 55;Diazand,60.Hidalgo's insurrection, 29.Holmes,Motley'sletterto,onMaximilian, 178.Honduras,Britishauthorityconfirmedin,363.Hotse comes to relief of Oro-noz atOaxaca, 236;defeatedat LaCarbonera,238;Diazstealsawayfrom Oaxacasiegetostrike, 237.Huajtiapam,Diaz flees to VeraCruzfrom, 320;Diaz's head-quarters against Juarez, 319.Huerta,rebellion ofpartisansof,307.Hugo's greetingto BenitoJua-rez, 4.Huitzilopochtli, 19.Humboldt onChristianizationofMexico, 25.Icamole,battleof,334.IglesiasdenouncesLerdo, 343;flees, 345;President ad inte-rim, 343;tries tocompromisewithDiaz, 345.IndependenceofMexico, 29.Independenciacrewrebels, 361.Indianpopulation, origin of, 13.Indians,Maya,brigandage of,403;ofIxtlan,64;ofJuchi-tan, 87, 88, 90;ofJuchitan,insubordinationof,at Tlaco-lula, 99;ofJuchitanmurderFelixDiaz,320;ofJuchitan,uprising of, 90;submissionof,toSpanish rule, 27;Ya-qui, 403; Yaqui,brigandageof, 403; Yaqui, deportedtoYucatan, 407.Industry during Spanish rule,26.Inhuman decree ofMaximilian,227, 267.Inland custom housesabolished,390.Inquisition, 27.InsolvencyofMexico, 130.Institute of Arts andSciences,Diaz studentin, 46, 49.InsurgentsmarchagainstGua-dalajara, 310.InteriorportfolioheldbyCor-ral, 414.Isthmus ofTehuantepec,rail-way across, 368.Iturbide, 29, 323.Ixcapa,battleof, 74;Diazwoundedat,74;French de-featedat, 187.Ixtlan asgovernmentseat ofOrdoz, 92.IxtlanIndians, 64;Diazorga-nizes, 64; greetDiaz on re-turn from UnitedStates, 341.Jade, green, significance of, 14,15-Jalapa,battleat, 85;Diazat,149.Jalatlaco,battleof, 119.Jaliscorebellionagainst Lerdo,330.Jamiltepec,battleof, 226;re-bellionagainstConstitution of1857, 73-Jecker letters,seizureof, byMexicansoldiers, 151 ;loans43INDEXtoMiramon, in; Napoleon'sclaimof, 132.Jefes politicos, 396, 402;of Te-huantepec,86.Jimenez, 91;Diaz borrows sol-diersfrom, 225."Joaquin Iturbide," 323.Joinville, 38.Juarezabandonedby Diaz, 302;as ChiefJusticeofSupremeCourt, 76;as constitutionalpresident, 77;asgovernorofOaxaca, 46, 68, 69;aslawyer,4;atMonterey, 188;attackedby Congress, 116;Bazainetries todiscredit,before leav-ingforFrance, 253;calls fordefense ofcountry againstNapoleon, 136;chaotic condi-tion of Mexico aftervictoryof, 115;confidenceof, againstFrench, 162;Constitution in-spired by, 70;deathof, 324;deathof,National financesat, 326;Diazappealstogov-ernmenttroopstojoin against,319;Diaz chooses betweenMexicoand, 317, 318;Diazdenouncesgovernment of,317;Diazdisappearsfromsight duringrevoltagainst,321;Diaz enviedby, 299, 311,312;Diazorganizesrevolu-tionagainst, 319;Diaz's let-terto, regarding flightto SanLuisPotosi, 169;Diaz'smeet-ing with, 47;Diaz's visitto,afterJalatlaco, 124;dismissesarmy, 300;dividesrepublicinto fourmilitarydivisions,231 ;elected in1871 illegally,315;entranceof,intoCityofMexico, 114;ferments revo-28*431lutionagainstFelixDiaz, 319;flees fromZuloaga's army,78;flees toChihuahua, 191;flees toSaltillo, 188; govern-mentof, recognized by.UnitedStates, 229, 241 ; Hugo'sgreeting to, 4; ignoresDiaz'sletters ofresignation, 299;imprisoned by Comonfort, 76;imprisoned by Landa, 77;im-prisoned bySantaAnna, 51 ;issues final decrees ofLawsofReform, no;jealousy of,ofDiaz, 299, 311, 312; joined byArteaga, 190; joined byPato-ni, 190;Lawof, 67;letterfrom Maximilianto,beforeexecution, 290;Maximilian'sproclamation regarding flightof, 227;nationalexpensesandresourcesunder, 312; Negreterevoltsagainst, 307, 310;notsoldier, 107; opposed byDiazforPresident, 315,"ordersDanoimprisoned, 298;orderselection, 305; politicalideal-ist,302, 303; postponeselec-tion, 233; proclaimsnationalbankruptcy, 130;rebellionsagainst, 307, 309, 314;re-elected, 306;removes Diaz'sfriends fromoffice, 305;re-movesJuanN. Mendez fromoffice, 305;removes to SanLuisPotosi, 169;renouncedby Trevino, 316; reply of,toMaximilian's offer of safeconduct, 194;returnof, 63;returns tocapital bankrupt,299;returns toChihuahua,231;sendsmessageto Diazthrough Romero, 212;slan-dering of, in;tombof,DiazINDEXat,i; urged byDiaz to enactlaw forsummaryexecutionofbandits, 303, 313;weak-nessof,asruler, 302;workof, comparedtoDiaz's, 7;Zuloaga, against, 77.Juchitan Indians, 87, 88, 90;in-subordinationof,atTlacolula,99;murder of Felix Diazby,320; uprising of, 90.Justice corrupted, 375.Kerschel,letter leftto, byDiazafterescape,221.Khevenhiiller disarmed andleavesMexico, 296;offers towithdraw from MexicoCity,276.Kidnapping, 302, 313, 349;afterFrenchexpulsion, 302, 313,349;underDiaz, 346.KublaiKhan, conquests of,16.Labastida officiates atmarriageof Diaz to CarmenRubio,369-LaBufa,battle of; 324.LaCarbonera,battleof, 238;prisoners paroled by Diaz,268.Lagovisits Diaz before MexicoCity, 277.Landa, 77;atOaxaca,101; plottokill,101;treasonof,77.LaNoria,Planof,317.La Noriafarm, 309; sold, 326.Larranaga joinsrevolutionistsagainst Juarez, 310.LasJicaras ranch,battleat,86.LaSoledad, treaty of, 134, 135.Lawcompellingsale of landedchurchproperty, 69;ofJua-rez, 67.Laws of Reformincorporatedintoconstitution, 328;finaldecreesof,no.LegionofHonor, Diaz's, 263.Leon rebellionagainst Diaz,362.Lerdo,abilitiesof, 327, 328;at-temptsrebellionagainst Diaz,359;deathof, 344;denouncedbyHernandez, 331 ;denouncedby Iglesias, 343;Diaz attendsfuneralof, 344;Diaz ordersgeneralelection after down-fallof, 345;Diazorganizesrevolutionagainst, 332; flightof, 344; incorporatesLaws ofReformintoConstitution,328;makes Escobedo Minister ofWar, 332;rebellionagainst,330;reflectedby packedCon-gress, 343;removesMejiaasMinister ofWar, 332;re-questsUnited States tosup-pressinvasionby Diaz, 332;Rocha rebelsagainst, 330;succeedsJuarez, 324, 325.Libertad crewrebels, 360.Limantour, 378, 381 ;abolishesalcabalas, 390; banking sys-temand, 388; beingdiscred-ited, 412; changes monetarystandard, 390;declines to runforPresident, 411;on rail-waymonopoly, 392; SecretaryofFinance, 378, 381.Loaeza defeats Teran at SanMateoSindihui, 320.Loan authorizedbyMaximilian,179;fromBleichroeder, 378;paidUnited StatesbyDiaz,352; penalty money on, 374,375;securedbyDiazuponenteringMexicoCity, 297;toMiramonby Jecker, in;to432DONJOSEYVESLIMANTOUR,MEXICO'S GREATSECRETARY OFFINANCE.INDEXMiramonby Jecker, Napo-leon's claimof, 132.Lo deOvejo, insurgentsdefeat-edat, 310.Lopez, 87;atsiegeofQuere-taro, 285, 286;sentbyMaxi-milian to askpassportout ofMexico, 285.Lorencez arrives fromFrance,135; dispatch of,toNapoleonshowingcriminalintent, 136;flees toOrizaba, 148; procla-mationof,to soldiers afterdefeat atPuebla, 147.Loretofort,Diazprisoner in,210; prisoners paroled byDiaz,268.Lozada, 322; attemptsover-throw of Lerdogovernment,327;Diaz casts bellfor, 323;executed, 327;meetsDiaz,322, 323; plan of, 327.Macedo, 360.Majoma, Arteagaand Patonidefeatedat, 191.Manufacturing industries, 386.Manzanillo,Diaz landsat,afterflight, 321.Marquez, 78, 108;atOrizaba,148;comes to relief of Pue-bla, 260;dashes from be-siegedMexicoCity, 279;de-featedbyDiaz on road toMexicoCity, 270;defeatedatJalatlaco, 119;defeated atPachuca, 124;defeatsUragaatMorelia, 189;Diaz's huntfor,in1861, 119; disappearsfrombesiegedMexicoCity,281; military governorofcapitalunderMaximilian, 254;Miramon's orderto, regard-ingmassacre ofTacubaya,109;occupies Morelia, 189;officer ofLegionofHonor,172; proclamationafter mas-sacre ofTacubaya, 109;re-ceives cross of Order of OurLadyofGuadalupe, 179;re-turns andjoins Maximilian,251.Martinez,Cadenaand,defeatGuerra at VillaNueva, 311;defeatedby Trevino, 311;de-serts atOaxaca, 207;headsrebellion in SinaloaagainstJuarez, 307; joinsrevolution-istsagainst Juarez, 310.Massacre ofCholulans, 23;ofTacubaya, 108;of VeraCruz,358, 361.Matamorascaptured byDiazfrom Lerdogovernment, 333.Maximilian, 9, 126;abdicationof, 231, 243, 287;abdication,of,demandedby Napoleon,250;accountof, 174;address-estroopsbeforeexecution,292;arrives inMexico, 180;askspassportfromMexico,285;atsiegeofQueretaro,284;authorizesloan, 179;Black Decreeof, 227, 267;charge against, 287;courtof,180-183;defiesNapoleon, 251;desertedby Napoleon, 241 ;Diaz renews waragainst,223;efforts to save lifeof, 289;entersQueretaro, 258;en-throned, 171, 180;executionof, 284, 291 ;executionof,Diazon, 293; extravagancesof, 179;Fischer intercedeswith Diaz for lifeof, 274;flees toOrizaba, 248;hears433INDEXnews ofCarlota,"248;hesi-tates toaccept crown, 175,176; ignoresdemands ofchurch, 183;inhuman decreeof, 227, 267; joined byMar-quez, 251 ; joined byMira-mon, 251 ; joins Clericals,232,247, 248;leadsforces, 258;letterof,toCarlota,beforeexecution, 291 ;letterof,toJuarezbeforeexecution, 290;Motley on, 177;"offersJuarezsafeconduct, 194; plunderingof, 256; popularvotefor,T77:78; power of, destroyedin battleby Diaz, 256;Prin-cess Salm-Salm intercedes forlifeof, 275, 288, 290; procla-mationregarding flightofJuarez, 227;sails with wifeforMexico, 180;sentencedtodeath, 289;straitsof,in1865,214; suggested by Estrada,174;takenprisoner byEsco-bedo, 276;takesoath,178;tempts Diaz, 194, 248;tries toescape punishment, 286, 287;visits Diaz inprison, 215;wishes toparole Diaz,210.Maya Indians, 12, 13, 403; brig-andage of, 403.Mejia, 2, 78,81;attacksCapitalwithCongressinsession, 117;defeated atTeotitlan, 94;de-featsNegreteinNorth,188;Diaz leavesCongresstorepel,117;executionof, 291;re-ceives cross of Order of OurLadyofGuadalupe, 179;re-moved as War MinisterbyLerdo, 332;sentenced todeath, 289;surrenders Mata-moras torepublicans, 231.Mendez, Juan N.,commands incapitalunderDiaz, 345;de-featsArteagaat Santa AnnaAmatlan, 228;removed fromofficeby Juarez, 305.Merida, conspiracy against Jua-rezin,310.Mesonde laSoledad, 35.Metternich, Prince,128.MexicandeputationofferscrowntoMaximilian, 176; EmpireofNapoleon, 126; history,Diaz'sescapefromCompaniaaturning point in, 216, 217;independence, 29; leaders,I;navy, 420; problem, 396.Mexican CentralRailway, 354.Mexican NationalBank, 387.MexicanWar, 54.Mexicans,cannibalisticage of,17;characterof,397; originof, 13;submissionof,toSpanish rule, 27.Mexico,areaof, 13 ; regenera-tionof,underDiaz, 381; rep-resented atHaguePeaceConference, 420;ruinsof, 12;United Statesand, govern-mentsof, compared,18.Michoacan,rebellionin,307.Mihuatlan,battleof, 234; pris-onersparoled byDiaz,268.Milicua, 252;shotbyMaximil-iandecree,228.Militarybands inMexico, 402;divisions ofMexico, 231.Mineral delMonte,battleof,124.Mining rights, 385.Minister ofWar, Reyes as,412.Mintsmortgaged, 373.Miramon, 2, 78, 108;arrested434INDEXbyBritishCommodore, 134;ascriminal, no;asPresident,79;borrows fromJecker,111;defeated atCalpulalpam, 113;defeated at VeraCruz, 109,no;executionof, 291; flightof, 113;order toMarquezre-gardingmassacre of Tacu-baya, 109;returns and is ar-restedby Dunlap, 134;returnsandjoins Maximilian, 251 ;sentenced todeath, 289;steals$660,000from BritishLega-tion,no.Miranda arrives fromFrance,135-Mitla,ruinsof, 13.MixtecoIndians, 33.Mixtequilla,battleat, 89.Molina, 409;leads rebellionagainst Juarez, 314; secretaryofDepartmentofFomento,366, 409.MonarchyadvocatedbyEstra-da, 127.Monasticorders, powers of, 40.Mongolconquests,ancientAmer-ican civilizationsand,16.Monks,laxnessof, 40, 41.MonroeDoctrine,Mexican in-dependenceand, 31 ; plantoenforce, against Napoleon,213.Monte de las Cruces clearedofguerrillas,119;rebellionagainst Juarezin, 307.Monterey, governmentforce de-featedby insurgentsat, 324;seat ofJuarez government,188.Monterrubio,deathof,100.Montezuma,Cortes's defeatof,21; reignof,18.Moreliaoccupied by French,189.Morelos, 29, 112, 140; battalion,141.Mori, 33.Morny, 133, 174.Mortgageson customhouses,372;on nationalincome, 372,373-MotleyonMaximilian, 177, 178.Naphegyi,sent to SewardbySantaAnna, 242.Napoleon,claim ofJeckerbondsby, 132;defiedby Maximilian,251 ;demands abdication ofMaximilian,250;desertsMax-imilian, 241 ;enthrones Max-imilian, 171 ; Juarezcalls fordefenseagainst, 136;letterof,toForeyatPuebla, 152;nationalprogramme of,inMexico, 172; plansMexicanEmpire, 126; plans of,re-vealed inJecker letters, 151 ;plans of, Wyke's descriptionof Mexicoand, 134; reply of,to defeat of Fifth ofMay,149;United Statesand, 229,241;withdrawstroops, 229,230, 243, 251.Naranjo, against Juarez govern-ment, 319; capturesFuero'ssharpshootersatIcamole, 334;Trevinoand,defeatgovern-ment force atMonterey, 324.Nationalcemetery,Diazat,i;control ofrailways, 392, 393;credit underDiaz, 352, 370;expensesand resources underJuarez, 312;finances at deathofJuarez, 326;finances dur-ingDiaz's firstterm, 370;435INDEXfinancesduringDiaz's secondterm, 372;income in1877-78,381;income in1906-07, 382;income in1908-09, 382;in-comemortgaged, 372, 373;mounted ruralpolice, 347;opera house, 418; palacemort-gaged, 373.National Railroad ofMexico,354-NavyofMexico, 420.Negrete attemptsrebellionagainst Diaz, 359;defeatedbyMejiainNorth, 188;rebelsagainst Juarez, 307, 310, 316.Neigrestirsuptroubleregard-ing worshipof Protestanttroops, 189.NewOrleans,Diazin, 321.New Year's festivities at Te-huantepec,88.NewYork, Diaz, disguised,journeys from,toTampico,335-Newspapersattack Diaz in re-tirement, 311, 312.Nickel used ascurrency duringGonzalezadministration, 371.Niox oncourageof MexicansatPuebla, 156.Noriega besieged byDiaz atPuebla, 258, 259.Oaxaca,Alatorre and Rochasentagainst, by Juarez, 319;armsof, 33;arrivalat,fromnorth, 186;Ballesterosgov-ernorof, 187;battalionof,65;battleof,in1866, 234,239;battleof,under Gover-norOrdoz,81;Bazaine com-mandsagainst, 204;demorali-zation atsiege of,204-207;desertionsat, 204;Diazcap-turedat,andescapes again,204, 209, 216;Diazgovernorof,186, 367;Diaz marchesto,fromNorth, 185;Diazorga-nizes newinfantry brigade at,187;Diazrescues,from Co-bos, 98, 102;Diaz retires fromarmy to, 309;DiazsupportsJuarez at, 68, 69;Diazwound-edat, 103;educational workat, 367;falls toFren