DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACH

Core Study 2: Freud

BACKGROUND TO STUDY…

Core Studies: 1. Samuel and Bryant (1984)2. Bandura, Ross and Ross (1961)3. Freud (1909)

Developmental Approach

Content Page SLIDE(S)

1. Main assumptions of the approach

2. Defining Key Words

3. Theories of Behaviour

4. Related Study

5. Researching Core Study

1. Main Assumptions of the developmental approach

Psychodynamic Perspective

Sigmund Freud

Freud’s Famous Couch

Describe this picture

The psychoanalytic theory Sigmund Freud

The tripartite structure of human personality

Tripartite means - in three parts

Personality- Psychodynamic Id

Contains instincts which are biological such as aggression.

Exists completely in our unconscious mind

Propelled by the pleasure principle the principle that the id seeks gratification* We are born with this developed already—What does a baby do when they want something?

Personality- Psychodynamic Ego

Partly in the conscious mind~ partly in the unconscious

Driven by the reality principle

The ego is aware of the real environment and the need to fit into it

Delays gratification Ages (1-3)

Personality- Psychodynamic Superego

Partly in the conscious mind~ partly in the unconscious

Driven by the morality principle Represents the

internalizing of our parents’ rules & the rules of society

Disobeying the superego causes anxiety

Develops between ages 3-5

You are studying for your Psychology exam.

Your id tells you, “Go to

Lola’s party?” Your superego replies, “Keep studying. You know it is the right thing to do.”

Your ego compromises, “We’ll study for two hours. Drop by the party and then get to bed.”

Superego Id

EGO

The tripartite structure of personality

The psychological apparatus is in conflict

ID >>>> EGO <<<< SuperEGO neurotic moral

conflict conflict

Unconscious CONFLICT can be RESOLVED BYDREAMSNEUROTIC SYMPTOMSDEFENCE MECHANISMS

Freud

Personality set in childhood Psychosexual stage theory

Believed that sexual urges were an important determinate of a person’s personality

Stages named for the erogenous zone involved An area of the body from which we receive

pleasure

Freud Oral phase- 0-18 months of

life

Anal phase- 18 to 24 months

Phallic phase- 3-5 years Oedipus Crisis /Electra Crisis Penis Envy Castration Anxiety ~ Identification

Latency- 5 years-puberty

Genital- Puberty and beyond

Freud Fixations result from psychic energy,

or libido, getting stuck at a stage Oral fixation Anal retentive Anal expulsive

We either over or under compensate

Erogenous Zone in Focus: Mouth Gender Identity: Flexible & no clear differences for boy or

girls. No sense of being masculine or feminine.

Gratifying Activities: Feeding & mouth movements Interaction with the Environment: mother's

breast :food ,drink, & love/hate. id demands immediate gratification, responsive nurturing

is key. Both insufficient and forceful feeding can result in fixation

in this stage. Regression

Oral Stage (Age 0 - 1)

Smoking Constant chewing on gum, pens, pencils, etc. Nail biting Overeating & Eating disorders Drinking Sarcasm ("the biting personality") Verbal hostility Narcissism Passivity

Symptoms of Oral Fixation

Anal Stage 1.5 - 2

Erogenous Zone in Focus: Anus Gender Identity: Flexible & no clear differences for boy or girls. No sense of being masculine or feminine.

Gratifying Activities: Bowel movement and withholding of poo. Interaction with the Environment: Toilet training: taught

when, where, and how excretion is deemed appropriate by society.

Notice the pleasure and displeasure associated with bowel movements. Gift/Defy

Discover ability to control bowel movements. Power over their parents. EGO develops

Anal Fixation

Anal-Expulsive Personality: Parents are too lenient: the child will derive pleasure and success from the expulsion.

Excessively sloppy, disorganized, reckless, careless, and defiant.

Anal-Retentive Personality: Receives excessive pressure and punishment - will experience anxiety over bowl movements = pleasure to withhold.

Obsessively clean and orderly, and intolerant of those who aren't. Very careful, stingy, withholding, obstinate, meticulous, conforming and passive-aggressive.

Tight-Arse!

Stage 3 : The PHALLIC stageAge 3 – 5/6

Erogenous Zone in Focus: Genitals Gender Identity Starts!: Pay attention to others’ genitals

and notice physical differences between males and females.

The main force behind children’s gender development is their relationships with their parents. The mother is the first love object for both boys and girls, which for boys turns to lust at age 3.

The Superego develops when: The Oedipus conflict (boys) The Electra conflict (girls) Is resolved

The Oedipus complex

All young boys experience this conflict. Develop a passionate desire for their mother. Want to possess their mother for themselves. See father as rival: jealousy. Wishes father dead. Afraid father will discover their desire for their mother and

punish them by removing prize possession: castration anxiety. Recognise father more powerful than them as has a bigger

penis. Father likely to have reprimanded child for playing with

himself. Believe father has castrated mother.

Fear: castration Conflict: between lust for mother & fear of father.

The Electra complex

All young girls experience this conflict. Develop a passionate desire for their father. Resent mother as realise don’t have a penis, believe

they were castrated and blame their mother for this. Long for a penis: penis envy. Discover can’t have a penis so substitute desire for a

penis with desire for a baby. Want their father to provide them with a son so lust

after father.

Fear: losing mother’s love. Conflict: between lust for father & fear of losing

mother's love.

SUMMARY of the CONFLICTS

Child has unconscious sexual desire for opposite sex parent

Fears same sex parent and may wish them out of the way

Castration anxiety (boy) fear of punishment from the fathers for their desire for the mothers.

Penis Envy (girl): had a penis that was removed and blame mother.

Adopts characteristics of same sex parenta. to prevent castration (boy)b. to have a child by her father (girl)

Phallic Fixation Anxiety and guilty feelings about sex,

fear of castration (men), narcissistic personality, homosexuality, curiosity, exhibitionism.

Women NEVER progress past this stage fully and will always maintain a sense of envy and inferiority.

Identification

Towards the end of the Phallic stage, children resolve their conflicts by identifying with the same sex parent.

Identification develops a superego (adopting that parent’s morals), their gender identity and role.

Single Parent Families

Unable to experience Oedipus/Electra complex.

Don’t resolve conflicts necessary to develop a healthy gender identity.

Boys: homosexual

Latency (Age 5/6 - puberty)

Erogenous Zone in Focus: None Interactions with the Environment:

Sexual feelings are suppressed = focus their energy on other aspects of life: learning, adjusting to the social environment outside of home, absorbing the culture, forming beliefs and values, developing same-sex friendships, engaging in sports, etc.

Lasts five to six years, until puberty: capable of reproduction = sexuality is re-awakened.

Genital Stage (puberty +) Erogenous Zone in Focus: Genital Gratifying Activities: Masturbation

and heterosexual relationships Interaction with the Environment:

Renewed sexual interest and desire, and the pursuit of relationships.

Fixations: No fixation. Damaged already done E.g. attractions to the opposite sex can be a source of anxiety at this stage if the person has not successfully resolved the Oedipal (or Electra) conflict at the phallic stage.

 

8. Researching Core Study

1. Read the study that has been emailed to you.