Major Developmental Theories

Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Bandura, Kohlberg,

Kubler Ross

Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development

Oral Stage

Birth to 18 months

• Oral fixation• Oral personality

Anal Stage

18 months to three years

• Anal Retentive• Anal Expulsive

Phallic Stage

Three to Six years

• Oedipus Complex• Electra Complex

Latency Stage

Six to Puberty

• Repression of sexual desires• Same sex peers

Genital Stage

Puberty on

• Reawakening sexual urges• Attention returns to

opposite sex peers

Id, Ego, Super Ego

Eric EricksonEight-Stage Theory of

Psycho-Social Development

2. Early Childhood: 18 Months to 3 Years

Autonomy vs. Shame

Basic Strengths: Self-control, Courage, and Will

Learn to master skills for ourselves.

Learning finer motor development, toilet training.

Build self-esteem and autonomy, gain more control over our bodies and acquire new skills, learning right from wrong.

Can be very vulnerable

May feel great shame and doubt of our capabilities and suffer low self-esteem

Most significant relationships are with parents.

3. Play Age: 3 to 5 Years

Ego Development Outcome: Initiative vs. Guilt

Basic Strength: Purpose

-Experience a desire to copy adults around us -Take initiative in creating play situations, playing out roles in a trial universe-Experimenting with what we believe it means to be an adult-WHY?-become involved in the classic "Oedipal struggle" and resolve this struggle through "social role identification." -If frustrated over natural desires and goals, may easily experience guilt.-The most significant relationship is with the basic family.

4. School Age: 6 to 12 Years

Ego Development Outcome: Industry vs. Inferiority

Basic Strengths: Method and Competence

-Stage often called the Latency-Capable of learning, creating and accomplishing numerous new skills and knowledge, thus developing a sense of industry-Very social stage of development, if we experience unresolved feelings of inadequacy and inferiority among our peers - can have serious problems in terms of competence and self-esteem-Most significant relationship is with the school and neighborhood. -Parents no longer the complete authorities - although they are still important.

5. Adolescence: 12 to 18 Years

Ego Development Outcome: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Basic Strengths: Devotion and Fidelity

Adolescence - life getting more complex - attempt to find our own identity, struggle with social interactions, and grapple with moral issues.

Discover who we are as individuals - now members of a wider society

If unsuccessful in navigating this stage, will experience role confusion and upheaval.

Establish a philosophy of life

May develop strong devotion to friends and causes.

Most significant relationships are with peer groups.

6. Young adulthood: 18 to 35

Ego Development Outcome: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation

Basic Strengths: Affiliation and Love

-Initial stage of adulthood - seek one or more companions and love. -Generally begin to start a family-If negotiating this stage is successful - experience intimacy on a deep level-If we don't find it easy to create satisfying relationships, our world can begin to shrink as, in defense, we can feel superior to others.-If not successful, isolation and distance from others may occur. -Significant relationships are with marital partners and friends.

7. Middle Adulthood: 35 to 55 or 65

Ego Development Outcome: Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation

Basic Strengths: Production and Care

-Work most crucial-Occupied with creative and meaningful work/family. -Expect to "be in charge“-Strength comes through care of others and production of something that contributes to the betterment of society (generativity) - often fear inactivity and meaninglessness-Faced with major life changes - mid-life crisis – Need to find new meanings and purposes-Lack of success in this stage may lead to self-absorbtion and stagnation-Significant relationships within workplace, community and family.

Late Adulthood: 55 or 65 to Death

Ego Development Outcome: Integrity vs. Despair

Basic Strengths: Wisdom

IntegrityCan often look back on lives with happiness and are content, feeling deep sense that life has meaning and made a contribution to life

Strength comes wisdom that world is very large Now have detached concern for whole of life, accepting death as completion of life.

DespairMay reach this stage and despair at experiences and perceived failures -may fear death as they struggle to find a purpose to life -"Was the trip worth it?"

Significant relationship is with all of mankind

Stage Characterized By

Senso-rimotor

(Birth-2 yrs)

Differentiates self from objects Recognizes self as agent of action and begins to act intentionally: e.g. pulls a string to set mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise Achieves object permanence: realizes that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense

Jean Piaget - Stages of Cognitive Development

Pre-operational

(2-7 years)

Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words. Thinking is still egocentric: has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others Egocentrism, centration and irreversibilityClassifies objects by a single feature: e.g. groups together all the red blocks regardless of shape or all the square blocks regardless of color

Concrete operational

(7-11 years)

Can think logically about objects and events Achieves conservation of number (age 6), mass (age 7), and weight (age 9)

Classifies objects according to several features and can order them in series along a single dimension such as size.

Formal operational

(11 years and up)

Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically.

Becomes concerned with the hypothetical, the future, and ideological problems.

Piaget Development Stages Video

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRF27F2bn-A

Bandura

• Social Learning Theory posits:• Humans learn from one another–Observation– Imitation–Modeling

• Reciprocal Determinism

Necessary Conditions for Effective Modeling

• Attention• Retention• Reproduction• Motivation

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development

Pre-Conventional Morality

Stage 1 Obedience or Punishment Orientation

Stage 2 Self-Interest Orientation

Conventional Morality

Stage 3 Social Conformity Orientation

Stage 4 Law and Order Orientation

Post-Conventional Morality

Stage 5 Social Contract Orientation

Stage 6 Universal Ethics Orientation

In Europe, a woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was one drug that the doctors thought might save her. It was a form of radium that a druggist in the same town had recently discovered. The drug was expensive to make, but the druggist was charging ten times what the drug cost him to make. He paid $200 for the radium and charged $2,000 for a small dose of the drug. The sick woman's husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew to borrow the money, but he could only get together about $ 1,000 which is half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay later. But the druggist said: "No, I discovered the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz got desperate and broke into the man's store to steal the drug-for his wife. Should the husband have done that?

The Heinz Dilemma

Phase 1

Pre-Conventional Morality

Stage 1 Obedience or Punishment Orientation

Stage 2 Self-Interest Orientation

Phase 2Conventional Morality

Stage 3 Social Conformity Orientation

Stage 4 Law and Order Orientation

Phase 3

Post-Conventional MoralityStage 5 Social Contract OrientationStage 6 Universal Ethics Orientation

Kohlberg Video

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTzBrjxKHLg&feature=related

Elisabeth Kubler-Ross5 Stages of Grief

DenialAnger

BargainingDepressionAcceptance