development the quality of life- indicators
TRANSCRIPT
DEVELOPMENT & THE QUALITY OF LIFE
THE WORLD OF UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS:THE CORE PERIPHERY MODEL
REASONS FOR UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT FACTORS AFFECTING LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
STRATEGIES TO ALLEVIATE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES
1. WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES
3. THE WORLD OF UNEVEN DEVLOPMENT INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Different Viewpoints, Continuous Process, Dependence of several Factors, Wide Range of Measurements, Positive and Negative Impacts, Emotional Issues
Developed Countries & Less Developed Countries
Economic Indicators: Income Per Capita, Employment Structure
Demographic Indicators: Life expectancy, Infant Mortality Rate, Urban Population
Social Indicators: Access to water & sanitation, Adult literacy rate
Unmeasurable Aspects of Development: Human Development Index
2. MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
THE CORE PERIPHERY MODEL Unequal Development Between Countries
Unequal Development Within Countries
Limitations of Model
Social and Cultural Factor
UNEVEN LEVELS OF DEVELOPMENT
FACTORS AFFECTING DEVELOPMENT
Environmental Factor
Historical Factor
Economic Factor (Cumulative Causation)
Political Factor
STRATEGIES TO ALLEVIATE UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT
Agricultural Development
NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Industrial Development
Case Study: Industrial Development in South Korea
DEMOGRAPHIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Population Growth
Case Study: Population Policy in India & China
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES
Healthcare services & Education Case Study: Healthcare services & Education in Singapore & Thailand
Case Study: Africa Ethiopia
STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT
International Cooperation: ADB, World Bank, Foreign Aid
THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
International Agreements: UN Millennium Project, Law of the Sea & Trade Agreements
THE FUTURE?
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES
Different Viewpoints, Continuous Process, Dependence of several Factors, Wide Range of Measurements, Positive and Negative Impacts, Emotional Issues
Developed Countries & Less Developed Countries
All countries want to achieve positive economic growth and improvement in the standard of living and the quality of life of
people.
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?
• Economic Growth: level of wealth that the people in a country have achieved.
• Standard of living: goods and services available to people in the environment they live in
• Quality of life: Well Being of the people
ECONOMIC GROWTH + STANDARD OF LIVING + QUALITY OF LIFE =
DEVELOPMENT
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?
• Development is an ongoing process to improve the standard of living and quality of life
Living conditions in which people live
Measured in terms of the (dis)satisfaction with one’s living conditions and lifestyle.
In general….• Different countries are at different levels of
development
• It is a continuum – development at different points of time
Z
Japan USA
X
YEthiopia
Canada
Ethiopia
Z X Canada
Japan USA
Y
Developing
Developing
Developed
Developed
Level of development in the year 1980
Level of development in the year 1999
• Different Viewpoints: different people have different ideas
• Continuous Process: there is no end point to development
• Dependence on Several Factors: success or failure is never dependant on one or two factors
• Wide range of Measurements: many different factors within a society – depending on what is important to the society
• Positive and Negative Impacts: development is measured in terms of its good, its bad and its unfairness
• Emotional Issue: labeling of a country
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT?
WHAT?
Used to explain the process of development
Describes as a process that changes a country from:
MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
agricultural– based economy (primary industry)
industrial economy (secondary industry)
Dominant tertiary economy
(service industry)
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT? CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVELOPMENT
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES
Different Viewpoints, Continuous Process, Dependence of several Factors, Wide Range of Measurements, Positive and Negative Impacts, Emotional Issues
Developed Countries & Less Developed Countries
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES 1950s:
First World (Rich), Second World (non-democratic countries), Third World (Poor) More political than economical
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES
Present:
Developed Countries (DCs)
Less Developed Countries (LDCs): Early stages of development
MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
THE CORE PERIPHERY MODEL Unequal Development Between Countries
Unequal Development Within Countries
Limitations of Model
MODEL TO EXPLAIN: CORE-PERIPHERY MODEL?
Attempts to explain the differences in regional development
Countries can be divided into 2 main groups: the core and the periphery
Core: A region that has high concentration of people, wealth and high standard of living
richer countries, the DC
Periphery: A region that is a low concentration of people, little wealth and a low standard of
living
the poorer, the LDC
MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
What’s a core-periphery relationship?
the way in which a core country and a periphery
country interacts
CORE – PERIPHERY MODEL The core has better infrastructure and labour and income
as compared to its periphery
The core countries have the military might and economic power to take control of the periphery’s resources e.g. war or unfair trading rules
The core has more educational, health and transport amenities
The core has higher employment opportunities, esp. service and investment sector
The core is typified by modernity and advancement
The core has a generally higher standard of living
MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
CORE – PERIPHERY MODEL Periphery countries have the natural resources that the
core would need to maintain development
The periphery become dependant on the core for trade and development.
The periphery economic growth is slowed down or stagnated by exploitation
Less developed regions/countries/city centers
greater involvement in agricultural activities
less advanced transport and communication systems
limited educational and health services
less employment opportunities
MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
CORE – PERIPHERY MODEL
Development was brought about by natural advantages e.g. natural resources
These advantages initiate and stimulate the process of development as people are attracted to it
The region gain some form of reputation
Good reputation more investment
Investment increase until a core is formed
MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
1: Pre-industrial
2: Transitional
3: Industrial
4: Post-industrial
1: independent of each other & no interactions
2: peripheries provide resources allowing core to grow
MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
THE CORE PERIPHERY MODEL Unequal Development Between Countries
Unequal Development Within Countries
Limitations of Model
CORE – PERIPHERY MODEL
Unequal development within the country
More obvious in the LDCs than the DCs
As in the LDCs the Urban centre has higher living standards than the Rural Area
So the Urban Centre becomes the core and the rural area becomes the periphery
MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
CORE – PERIPHERY MODEL
Unequal development within the country
The core may expand and stimulate or prevent development in periphery regions
The core can benefit the periphery spread effect inequalities between the core and periphery becomes reduced
The core can have a negative effect on the periphery backwash effect negative impact affected by growth of the core region wider inequalities between the core and periphery
MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
BACKWASH EFFECT
MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
THE CORE PERIPHERY MODEL Unequal Development Between Countries
Unequal Development Within Countries
Limitations of Model
CORE – PERIPHERY MODEL
Limitations
Failed to explain the rapid growth rates of some East Asian and Southeast Asian countries who were once colonies of core countries
In some countries people are actually moving away from the core
E.g. Singapore
MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT
MODEL OF THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
THE CORE PERIPHERY MODEL Unequal Development Between Countries
Unequal Development Within Countries
Limitations of Model
RECAP
THE WORLD OF UNEVEN DEVLOPMENT INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Economic Indicators: Income Per Capita, Employment Structure
Demographic Indicators: Life expectancy, Infant Mortality Rate, Urban Population
Social Indicators: Access to water & sanitation, Adult literacy rate
Immeasurable Aspects of Development: Human Development Index
WHAT?
Has to do with money and employment
How much a country or a person in the country earns
If the country earns more money more developed
As with more money this means that the country can provide necessities and the people are able to afford a good quality of life
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – ECONOMIC INDICATOR
1:GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
Income Per Capita
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) : Total value of goods and services produced by the people of a country in a given year.
Higher the population likely a larger GDP
GDP per capita: average income earned by each citizen
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – ECONOMIC INDICATOR
Gross National Product
total income of the country
GNP per capita is the average income of each member of
the population
Generally countries with very rapid population growth have low GNP per capita
Increase in GNP does not mean higher SOL and less
poverty
GNP = income from goods and services produced in a country + (income from goods and services produced by citizens investing and working abroad – income produced by foreigners)
GNP Per Capita = GNP ÷ Population Of Country
People living on 1 dollar
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Telecom billionaire
GDP Per Capita of Selected Countries (1998)GDP Per Capita of Selected Countries (1998)
1: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
Generally DC higher GDP per capita than LDC. Why?
Because… in DC there are more secondary and tertiary industries which makes more profit than primary industries
Primary industries focuses on agricultural activities which do not generate much income.
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – ECONOMIC INDICATOR
1: GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP) GDP does not give a true picture. Why?
GDP are average figures does not show individual and regional differences.
Especially when there are extremes in the country (the very rich and the very poor)
It does not take into account the local cost of living
Does not reflect the informal economic activities(eg: Tutoring)
It does not take into social and environmental costs brought about by economic growth
Lag time in between collecting of data and time of published (published data may not be reflective of current situation
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – ECONOMIC INDICATOR
TypicalEmployment Structure
Industries Primary Secondary TertiaryNature Extracting /
gathering of raw materials
Manufacturing or production of goods
Sales and services
Examples Logging, mining, agriculture etc.
Garment, shoes etc.
Banking, teaching, tourism etc.
Income potential
Low High High
2: EMPLOYMENT STRUCUTRE
Primary, Secondary & Tertiary
Primary: industries that extract natural resources directly from the Earth
Secondary: industries that use the extracted natural resources and convert them into useful products
Tertiary: services
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – ECONOMIC INDICATOR
(Employment) % Of Labour Force In Each Industry Generally workers in primary industries contribute relatively little to the country’s GNP because activities such as extraction do not generate much wealth.
Economic structure – stages of country’s development
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Stage A Stage B Stage C
PrimarySecondary Tertiary
Increasingly developing
Skill types• LDCs
– Low skill labour– Lack of education &
ability to read and write– Difficult to train for
employment in sec industry
– Product produced are of low value
– Job opportunity is limited to primary
– lack of secondary & tertiary industry
• DCs– High skill labour– High quality of
education – Allows easy training
on the job– Product usually are of
high value– Wide range of job
opportunity in secondary & tertiary industry
• 2: EMPLOYMENT STRUCUTRE
When a country becomes economically developed more people in the tertiary industry
The employment structure of a country can be represented by a triangular graph
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – ECONOMIC INDICATOR
Steps to reading the employment triangle
• Identify which side you are required to read.
• Look at the 0% which is the base. The base is the longest side
• Read your value
• When everything is added it must equal to 100%
THE WORLD OF UNEVEN DEVLOPMENT INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Economic Indicators: Income Per Capita, Employment Structure
Demographic Indicators: Life expectancy, Infant Mortality Rate, Urban Population
Social Indicators: Access to water & sanitation, Adult literacy rate
Unmeasurable Aspects of Development: Human Development Index
WHAT?
Has to do with population
Size, Structure, growth, distribution and movement of a population
Some characteristics of the population will show how developed a country is
E.g. LDCs tend to have a higher percentage of younger population
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR
1: LIFE EXPECTANCY
How long a person can expect to live in a particular country
The life expectancy of people in the DCs is often longer than those living in LDCs
High fertility and life expectancy good healthcare & people can access the healthcare
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR
This is a reflection of the standard of health and safety of the country.
A high life expectancy means that people:
1. Have better hygiene habits
2. Are able to secure medical treatment
3. Have improved nutrition
In most developing countries,
• health facilities are comparatively poor, • there is a shortage of doctors, nurses, clinics & hospitals.
In developed countries,
• people have access to better medical facilities• there are a large number of doctors to tend to the needs of the sick.
2:INFANT MORTALITY
Number of deaths of those before the age of 1 per 1000 live births in a year
DC have lower infant mortality due to good healthcare. In LDC there is high infant mortality due to malnutrition or famine
Singapore is about 2 per 1000
Ethiopia is about 100 per 1000
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR
Rate tend to high when there are insufficienttrained health personnel and medicines to treatinfectious, respiratory diseases.
3: URBAN POPULATION
In DCs there are more people living in urban areas as compared to LDCs
DCs have the financial resources to build modern infrastructure
This means that the people tend to work in the secondary and tertiary industry
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR
3: URBAN POPULATION
In LDCs there is a lower percentage of people living in urban areas
In LDCs more of them live in the rural areas as most of them are involved in the primary industry
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR
People moving away from the urban area
3: URBAN POPULATION
But this is not an accurate indicator. Why?
As there is counter – urbanisation in some DC e.g. USA
Due to increasing congestion and pollution in the urban areas + more private car ownership
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR
3: URBAN POPULATION
But this is not an accurate indicator. Why?
In LDCs rapid growth in urban population as people are attracted to the ‘bright lights’
Insufficient housing facilities slumps and squatter settlements
Slumps: authorized housing areas that have deteriorated
Squatters: illegal makeshift homes with no proper electricity or water
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – DEMOGRAPHIC INDICATOR
Look at the difference in the Background and the Foreground – Effect of Urbanisation
São Paulo—with 18 million people the world's third largest city—sprawls from its high-rise downtown to squatter communities. Once fashionable, the downtown core has lost many businesses and wealthy residents to newer business districts and outlying surburbs. It continually expand as waves of poor people from elsewhere in Brazil arrive to build makeshift homes on undeveloped land at the city's edge. They come hoping to find jobs, education, and opportunity. Often what they find is unemployment, crime, and despair.
THE WORLD OF UNEVEN DEVLOPMENT INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Economic Indicators: Income Per Capita, Employment Structure
Demographic Indicators: Life expectancy, Infant Mortality Rate, Urban Population
Social Indicators: Access to water & sanitation, Adult literacy rate
Unmeasurable Aspects of Development: Human Development Index
WHAT?
Has to do with the ability of people
Are people able access necessities like water, maintain hygiene and education ?
If people are able to access such necessities higher standard of living
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – SOCIAL INDICATORS
1: ACCESS TO WATER AND SANITATION
The leading cause of death in LDCs drinking contaminated water & poor sanitation
As people in LDC have little or no access to water and sanitation
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – SOCIAL INDICATORS
Lack of running water
No proper sanitation
The bucket system
HOME
Education / Literacy rate
• Education determines the productivity of country’s population & ability of its people to maximise potential
• High level of education opens more doors and quality of life
2: ADULT LITERACY RATE
The percentage of the population aged 15 and above who are able to read, write and understand simple transactions
DCs have higher literacy rate than the LDCs
DCs have the financial resource to provide education
People in DCs have the means to send their children to school
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – SOCIAL INDICATORS
Education in developed countries
• Developed countries have better quality education and higher literacy rate because :– Invest country’s wealth in building schools
and training teachers– Students pursue higher levels of education– Most stay in school on average of 10 years
2: ADULT LITERACY RATE
In LDCs education is a luxury
Children are expected to help out in the farm or work
In some countries females are not allowed to go to school
But there are exceptions e.g. Vietnam which is a developing countries but with 94% literacy rate due to government campaigns and investments
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – SOCIAL INDICATORS
Education in developing countries• Developing countries have lower education
quality and literacy rate because:– Education is seen as luxury – schools are seen
as expensive– Children are required to work / help out in farms– Govt’s priority is somewhere else in the
economy like defense (hence not enough schools built)
– Cultural factor: inappropriate for women to work outside the house / better educated
• “Man brings home the bacon, woman stays in the kitchen”
HOME
THE WORLD OF UNEVEN DEVLOPMENT INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Economic Indicators: Income Per Capita, Employment Structure
Demographic Indicators: Life expectancy, Infant Mortality Rate, Urban Population
Social Indicators: Access to water & sanitation, Adult literacy rate
Unmeasurable Aspects of Development: Human Development Index
INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMICINDICATORS
QUALITY OF LIFEINDICATORS
GNPGNP PER CAPITA
EMPLOYMENT STRUCTUREACCESS TO RESOURCES
LITERACY RATELIFE EXPECTANCY
QUALITY OF EDUCATIONQUALITY OF HOUSING
HEALTH & MEDICAL FACILTITESINFANT MORTALITY RATE
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEXLEVEL OF URBANISATION
TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATION FACILITIESENERGY CONSUMPTION LEVEL
Some aspects of quality of life cannot be measured in terms of figures and numbers
E.g. Sense of security, fulfillment in life and freedom
You cannot put a dollar sign on happiness or freedom
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – Unmeasurable Aspects of Development
1:HUMAN DEVELPOMENT INDEX
Economic and social indicators are not enough to assess development HDI
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) created the HDI in 1990
HDI: Economic factor (GDP per capita) + social expectancy (adult literacy rate) + demographic indicator (life expectancy)
HDI values range from 0 to 1 and it is divided into three categories high, medium & low
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – HDI
1:HUMAN DEVELPOMENT INDEX
HIGH = 0.800 – 1.00
Medium = 0.500 – 0.799
Low = 0.499 and below
It measure economic plus quality of life
Countries that have high GDP does not necessary have high HDI ranking
A country may be rich in terms of GDP but may have poor quality of life
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT – HDI
2005 UNDP Human Development Report
WHERE DO YOU THINK SINGAPORE
LIES?
Assessing the Level of Development
• Limitations of HDI.
• More difficult to obtain information from LDCs than DCs due to large informal sector.
• Fails to consider human rights and freedom.
• Time lag between time of publishing and year of data published.
THE WORLD OF UNEVEN DEVLOPMENT INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT
Economic Indicators: Income Per Capita, Employment Structure
Demographic Indicators: Life expectancy, Infant Mortality Rate, Urban Population
Social Indicators: Access to water & sanitation, Adult literacy rate
Unmeasurable Aspects of Development: Human Development Index
RECAP